Abstract: As key components of aquatic ecosystems, fish behavioral patterns are significantly influenced by environmental conditions. Fish cope with environmental stress through behavioral adaptations, which are not only a crucial component of their survival strategies but also serve as important indicators of the stress level in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, how fish adjust their behaviors under environmental stress (for example, decreased dissolved oxygen, water temperature fluctuations, and food limitation) has become a research focus in recent years. This review systematically synthesizes research progress on the behavioral response mechanisms of fish to environmental stress over the past two decades, encompassing behavioral overview, adaptive mechanisms, influencing factors, research bottlenecks, and potential future research directions. It focuses on exploring the application value of research findings in this field for ecological restoration, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for interdisciplinary research between fish behavioral ecology and restoration ecology, and to offer a scientific basis for the sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems.