ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND RESEARCH PROGRESS OF CYANOBACTERIAL BLOOMS RESPONDING TO LOW PHOSPHORUS STRESS BY REPLACING PHOSPHOLIPIDS WITH NON-PHOSPHOLIPIDS
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摘要:
淡水蓝藻水华在全球范围内广泛发生, 磷是限制蓝藻生长繁殖的关键元素之一, 水体富营养化被认为是引发蓝藻大量增殖的主要原因。然而, 在极低的磷环境下, 蓝藻仍可维持较高的生物量, 其可能的内在机制为, 蓝藻能以非磷脂替代磷脂, 减少藻细胞这一重要磷的组分, 降低藻细胞对磷的需求, 进而克服低磷胁迫, 取得竞争优势甚至形成水华。文章综述了典型水华蓝藻在磷胁迫条件下如何调控脂质代谢, 利用硫脂(如硫代异鼠李糖甘油二酯, SQDG)和糖脂(如单半乳糖甘油二酯, MGDG, 双半乳糖甘油二酯, DGDG)替代磷脂[如磷脂酰甘油(PG)等]响应低磷胁迫的策略, 着重探讨了这一机制的生态学意义。文章从新的视角揭示了水华蓝藻的低磷响应策略, 探讨了驱动蓝藻水华发生的机制, 从而为其控制提供了新的思路, 在现有蓝藻水华防控方法主要基于控制高营养盐理论的背景下显得尤为重要。
Abstract:Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms occur globally, with phosphorus (P) being a key limiting nutrient for cyanobacterial growth and proliferation. Eutrophication is widely recognized as the primary driver of cyanobacterial dominance. However, even under extremely low phosphorus conditions, cyanobacteria can maintain high biomass levels. A potential intrinsic mechanism involves their ability to substitute phospholipids with non-phosphorus lipids (e.g., sulfolipids and glycolipids), thereby reducing cellular phosphorus demand and overcoming P limitation, which grants them a competitive advantage to form blooms. This review synthesizes strategies employed by typical bloom-forming cyanobacteria to regulate lipid metabolism under phosphorus stress, particularly through replacing phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylglycerol, PG) with sulfolipids (e.g., sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, SQDG) and glycolipids (e.g., monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, MGDG; digalactosyldiacylglycerol, DGDG). The ecological implications of this adaptation mechanism are critically examined. By unveiling novel phosphorus-sparing strategies in cyanobacteria, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms driving bloom formation and proposes innovative approaches for bloom control. This is particularly significant given that current prevention and control methods primarily focus on reducing nutrient loads, underscoring the need to revisit conventional eutrophication management paradigms.
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碱性磷酸酶alkaline phosphatase (AP); 多聚磷酸盐polyphosphate (PolyP); 高亲和力磷酸盐转运系统high-affinity phosphate transport system (PsT); 多聚磷酸激酶polyphosphate kinase (PPK); 外切聚磷酸酶exophosphatase (PPX); 三磷酸腺苷adenosine triphosphate (ATP); 二磷酸腺苷adenosine diphosphate (ADP); 膦酸盐ABC转运体基因簇Phosphonate ABC transporter gene cluster (PhnCDE)
Figure 1. Physiological response pattern of cyanobacteria in response to low phosphorus stress
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图 2 蓝藻以非磷脂替代磷脂响应低磷胁迫
sqdB. 用于 SQDG 合成; mgdE. 用于 MGDG 合成; sqdB. involved in SQDG synthesis; mgdE. involved in MGDG synthesis
Figure 2. Cyanobacteria respond to low phosphorus stress by replacing phospholipids with nonphospholipids
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图 3 非磷脂替代磷脂代谢途径示意图
磷酸二羟基丙酮Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP); 3-磷酸甘油Glycerol phosphate (G3P); 磷脂酸Phosphatidic acid (PA); CDP甘油二酯CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG); 磷脂酰甘油磷酸酯Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate (PGP); 1, 2-二酰基-sn-甘油Diacylglycerol (DAG)
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of non-phospholipid substitution for phospholipid metabolism pathway
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