Abstract: Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are vital cellular control mechanisms modulating diverse protein properties. Proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications based on the mass spectrometry has been the key research area. Recently, it has been shown that protein post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, glycosylation and oxidation, play crucial regulatory role in various pathways of cyanobacteria. In the present article, we reviewed the recent progress on the functional studies of PTMs in cyanobacteria.