ASSESSING THE CONTAMINATED LEVELS AND RISK OF TYPICAL CONTAMINANTS IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE YANGTZE RIVER
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摘要: 文章对近年来在长江上游地区开展的关于水环境中典型重金属、多环芳烃(PAHs)以及酞酸酯类(PAEs)污染物的调查研究进行了总结, 分析了三类常见的环境污染物在生物及非生物介质中的分布特征和潜在风险。长江上游地区典型重金属在环境介质中的浓度存在极大的地区差异, 部分江段的经济鱼类中个别污染物的浓度存在超出国标规定的食品中污染物限值的现象, 提示这些江段的鱼类受到重金属污染并可能对人类健康造成风险; 长江上游地区水体中PAHs的浓度与长江中下游地区的水平相当, 水相中以低分子量PAHs为主, 而沉积物中则存在更多的中高分子量PAHs, 低分子量PAHs对水生生态系统具有相对较高的风险。长江上游地区水相和沉积物中PAEs均以DEHP和DBP为主, 但鱼体内则以BBP 的含量最高, 其次为DBP; 概率风险评价也显示, DBP及DnBP等单体的生态风险可能高于DEHP。整体看来, 上游地区水环境中存在大量重金属和有机物污染, 部分污染物可能对水生生态系统造成风险。Abstract: We generally reviewed the distributions and potential risks of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River based on recent studies. The distribution of heavy metals varied significantly with locations and types of mediums, and contents of some metals exceeded the limits in food. The contents of PAHs in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were in line with those in the lower reaches. Low molecular weight PAHs were predominant in surface water, while high molecular weight PAHs were predominant in sediments, indicating low molecular PAHs may pose greater risks to aquatic ecosystems. DEHP and DBP were the predominant monomers of PAEs in surface water and sediments, and BBP and DBP ranked first and second respectively in fish bodies. The results of risk assessment also indicated that monomers such as DBP and DnBP had greater risk than DEHP. Over all, heavy metals and organic pollutants were widely distributed in the aquatic environment in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which may pose potential risks to the ecosystem.
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表 1 PAHs在水环境介质中的分布
Table 1 Distributions of PAHs in aquatic mediums
介质Medium 含量Content 采样区域Location 组成Component 参考文献Reference 水相Water (ng/L) 未检出—32.3 污水处理厂出水 Pyr> Flu>Phe>Chr> BbF> BaP> Ace>BaA>Ant [18] 13.1—42.9 市政排水 Phe>Flu>Pyr> Fl> Chr> Ace> BaA> BbF> BaP> Ant 2.02—40.3 长江支流(重庆段) Flu> Pyr>Phe> DBA> BbF> Chr> BaA> Ant> BaP 1.92—31.8 长江干流(重庆段) Fl> Phe> Pyr> Flu> Chr> Ace> BbF> BaA> Ant 83—1631 三峡库区上游 Phe, Ant>Ace, Acp>BbF, Pyr, DB(a,h)A, Fl, Flu, BaA, BkF, BghiP [20] 354—1159 三峡库区中游 Phe, >Ace, Acp, Ant > Fl> DB(a,h)A> BbF, Pyr, Flu, BaA, BkF, BghiP 23—747 三峡库区下游 Phe, Acp>Ace, Ant, Fl> DB(a,h)A> BbF, Pyr, Flu, BaA, BkF, BghiP 沉积物Sediment
(ng/g, dry weight)56.8—249 长江干流(嘉陵江-乌江) Phe > Fl, Chr, BeP > BbF> Pyr, BeP, BaP, BaA, BghiP, Pery, Mphe [22] 49.6—97.9 长江干流(江津-万州) Pery, Phe, Mphe> Fl, BeP > Pyr, Chr, BaP, BaA, BghiP 生物介质Biomedia
(ng/g, wet weight)515—2803 长江朱杨江段 Nap>Phe, Ant, Ace, BaA, Flu, BbF, BkF > BghiP, DB(a,h)A, BaP [23] 1295—8498 沱江富顺江段 BghiP, DB(a,h)A> BaP> Phe, Ant, Flu, Nap, BbF, BkF, 注: Ace. 苊; Acp. 苊烯; Ant.蒽; BaA.苯并[a]蒽; BaP.苯并[a]芘; BbF.苯并[b]荧蒽; BeP. 苯并[e]芘; BghiP.苯并[ghi]苝; BkF.苯并[k]荧蒽; Chr.屈; D[a,h]A.二苯并[a,h]蒽; Fl. 荧蒽; Flu. 芴; Mphe. 1-甲基菲; Pery. 苝; Phe. 菲; Pyr.芘Note: Ace. acenaphthen; Acp. acenaphthylene; Ant. anthracene; BaA. benz[a]anthracene; BaP. benzo[a]pyrene; BbF. benzo[b]fluoranthene; BeP. benzo[e]pyrene; BghiP. benzo[g,h,i]perylene; BkF. benzo[k]fluoranthene; Chr. chrysene; DB[a,h]A. dibenz[a,h]anthracene; Fl. fluoranthene; Flu. fluorene; Mphe. 1-methylphenanthrene; Pery. perylene; Phe. phenanthrene; Pyr. pyrene 
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表 2 PAEs在水环境介质中的分布
Table 2 Distributions of PAEs in aquatic mediums
介质Medium 含量Content 采样区域Location 组成Component 参考文献Reference 水相Water (ng/L) 1837—4839 三峡库区(枯水期) DBP, DEHP>DEP, DMP [29] 1476—10266 三峡库区(丰水期) DBP, DEHP>DEP, DMP 8.66—35.13 嘉陵江段 DBP>DEHP>DEP>DMP>DNOP [30] 122.4—2884.7 三峡库区 DBP, DEHP>DEP, DMP, DNOP [32] 沉积物Sediment
(ng/g, dry weight)436—3473.4 三峡库区 DEHP>DBP>DEP>DMP, DNOP [32] 生物介质Biomedia
(ng/g, wet weight)540.96—1818.32 长江朱杨江段 BBP>DBP, DEP>DEHP>DMP [33] 544.64—790.60 沱江富顺江段 BBP>DBP, DEP>DEHP 注: BBP. 邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯; DBP. 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯; DEP. 邻苯二甲酸二乙酯; DEHP.邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯; DMP. 邻苯二甲酸二甲酯; DnOP. 邻苯二甲酸二辛酯Note: BBP. butyl benzyl phthalate; DBP. dibutyl phthalate; DEP. diethyl phthalate; DEHP. diethylhexyl phthalate; DMP. dimethylphthalate; DnOP. dioctyl phthalate
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