SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF FISH LARVAE AND JUVENILES IN LAKE WULI, LAKE TAIHU
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摘要: 为探究五里湖仔稚鱼群落结构及分布特征，于2016年4—10月对五里湖仔稚鱼进行系统调查。期间共采集仔稚鱼70678尾，共鉴定出鱼类20种(属)，隶属于7目8科18属。五里湖仔稚鱼密度均值为3825尾/100 m3，主要优势种为䱗属(Hemiculter sp.)，其数量占比为68.76%。五里湖仔稚鱼主要采集于4—8月，密度高峰期为6月，各物种密度高峰期存在差异，最早的为鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus，4月)，最晚的为短吻银鱼属(Salangichthys sp.，8—9月)。五里湖仔稚鱼分布具有显著的空间差异，沿岸带仔稚鱼密度显著高于(P<0.05)敞水区，密度分别为5650和310尾/100 m3。西五里湖仔稚鱼的密度高于东五里湖，密度分别为4482和3600尾/100 m3。典范对应分析结果显示，水温、溶解氧、浮游植物和浮游动物密度是与仔稚鱼分布显著相关的环境因子(P<0.05)。研究结果显示，五里湖鱼类主要繁殖期为4—8月，主要产卵和育幼水域为沿岸带，其中西五里湖的育幼功能优于东五里湖，因此进一步维持对西五里湖的生境保护，加强东五里湖沿岸带植被恢复及入湖支流水质监控，控制外源污染物，对促进五里湖生境优化及鱼类资源自然增殖具有积极意义。Abstract: To explore the scale and distribution characteristics of fish larvae and juveniles, a systematic investigation was conducted in Lake Wuli from April to October 2016. A total of 70678 larvae and juveniles were collected, and 20 species of larvae and juveniles from 18 genera, 8 families, and 7 orders were recorded. The density of annual average larvae and juveniles in Lake Wuli was 3825 ind./100 m3, and Hemiculter sp. was dominant throughout the year. Based on the temporal density variation, the spawning period in Lake Wuli lasted from April to August, and the peak spawning month was June. The dominant species changed monthly: the earliest were Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratusatus (April), and the latest was Salangichthys sp. (August to September). Significant spatial differences in the distribution of larvae and juveniles were observed in Lake Wuli. The density of larvae and juveniles in the coastal zone was significantly higher than that in the pelagic zone, with densities of 5650 ind./100 m3 and 310 ind./100 m3, respectively. The density in eastern Wuli Lake was lower than that in the west, with densities of 3600 ind./100 m3 and 4482 ind./100 m3, respectively. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that water temperature (WT), dissolved oxygen (DO), and phytoplankton and zooplankton abundances were strongly correlated with the distribution characteristics of larvae and juveniles. The study showed that in Lake Wuli, the main breeding period of fish is from April to August, and the main spawning and parenting waters are coastal belts. Additionally, the results determined that the breeding function of western Wuli Lake is better than that of eastern Lake Wuli. Therefore, further maintaining the habitat protection of western Lake Wuli, enhancing the vegetation restoration in the coastal area of eastern Wuli Lake, and improving water quality monitoring of the tributaries in the lake, and controlling the external pollutants are of great importance for habitat optimization and natural proliferation of fish resources in Wuli Lake.
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图 2 五里湖仔稚鱼资源密度的时间特征
Figure 2. The temporal characteristics of the density of larvae and juveniles in Lake Wuli
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图 3 五里湖仔稚鱼密度百分比月变化
Figure 3. The percentage variation in larvae and juveniles in Lake Wuli from April to August
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图 4 主要优势种密度及时间特征
Figure 4. Abundance of dominant species of larvae and juveniles in Lake Wuli
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图 5 五里湖仔稚鱼及优势物种密度的空间特征
Figure 5. The spatial characteristics of the density of larvae and juveniles and the dominant species in Lake Wuli
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图 6 五里湖仔稚鱼和环境因子之间的典范对应分析结果
SP1. 波氏吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius cliffordpopei; SP2. 红鳍原鲌Cultrichthys erythropterus; SP3. 䱗属Hemiculter sp.; SP4. 鲫Carassius auratus; SP5. 间下鱵Hyporhamphus intermedius; SP6. 鲤Cyprinus carpio; SP7. 麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva; SP8. 兴凯鱊Acheilognathus chankaensis; SP9. 短吻银鱼属Salangichthys sp.; SP10. 中华鳑鲏Rhodeus sinensis; SP11.子陵吻虾虎鱼 Rhinogobius giurinus
Figure 6. Biplots of the first two axes of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination of larvae and juveniles in Lake Wuli larva and juvenile scores of environmental variables and species
表 1 五里湖仔稚鱼采样时间
Table 1 Sampling times of the fish larvae and juveniles in Lake Wuli
月份Month 第一频次采样时间The First sampling time 第二频次采样时间The Second sampling time 第三频次采样时间The Third sampling time 4 4月7日 4月11日 4月19日 5 5月12日 5月22日 5月28日 6 6月13日 6月21日 6月26日 7 7月7日 7月16日 7月26日 8 8月2日 8月16日 8月26日 9 9月6日 9月19日 / 10 10月11日 / / 
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表 2 五里湖水体理化指标
Table 2 Physicochemical parameters of Lake Wuli
指标Item 月份Month 4月April 5月May 6月June 7月Jul. 8月Aug. 9月Sep. 10月Oct. Tur (NTU) 10.88±4.45 14.51±6.58 29.68±11.16 18.09±7.52 23.48±6.85 30.75±7.53 26.14±5.53 pH 8.38±0.36 8.7±0.36 8.68±0.37 8.47±0.46 8.15±0.43 7.88±0.33 7.79±0.14 WT (℃) 18.5±2.1 22.6±1.3 26.6±1.1 29.7±2.8 31.5±0.8 25.9±1.7 20.9±0.4 DO (mg/L) 10.5±2.12 10.87±1.97 8.13±1.63 8.37±1.72 6.09±1.53 5.5±0.99 7.35±0.77 SD (cm) 54.55±19.9 53.26±16.55 41.26±14.16 49.67±7.24 36.82±9.75 28.33±3.77 28.8±5.10
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表 3 五里湖仔稚鱼物种组成
Table 3 Species composition of larvae and juveniles in Wuli Lake
目Order 物种Species 月份Month 仔稚鱼出现时期Period of appearance of ichthyoplankton 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 鲱形目Clupeiformes 刀鲚Coilia nasus + + + + 6月13日—9月9日 颌针鱼目Beloniformes 间下鱵Hyporhamphus intermedius + + + + + 5月21日—9月19日 鳉形目Cyprinodontiformes 青鳉Oryzias latipes + 6月26日 胡瓜鱼目Osmeriformes 短吻银鱼属Salangichthys sp. + + + + + 6月21日—10月11日 鲤形目Cypriniformes 鳊Parabramis pekinensis + + + 7月7日—9月9日 䱗属Hemiculter sp. + + + + + + 5月12日—10月11日 鲫Carassius auratus + + + + 4月7日—7月16日 鲤Cyprinus carpio + + + 4月11日—6月21日 麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva + + + 5月12日—7月16日 黑鳍鳈Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis + 5月12日—5月24日 兴凯鱊Acheilognathus chankaensis + + + + + 5月21日—9月19日 中华鳑鲏Rhodeus sinensis + + + + 5月12日—9月9日 高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus + 6月13日—6月26日 红鳍原鲌Cultrichthys erythropterus + + + + 6月4日—8月2日 鲌属Culter sp. + + + 5月24日—8月26日 鲈形目Perciforms 小黄䱂Micropercops swinhonis + 6月21日—6月26日 子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus + + + + + + 5月12日—10月11日 波氏吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius cliffordpopei + + + + + 5月24日—9月19日 粘皮鲻虾虎鱼Mugilogobius myxodermus + + 6月21日—9月9日 鲇形目Siluriformes 黄颡鱼Pseudobagrus fulvidraco + + 5月24日—6月26日 注：+代表采集到仔稚鱼Note：+ represents fish larvae
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表 4 五里湖仔稚鱼优势度及优势种的时间特征
Table 4 Monthly variation in the dominant species of larvae and juveniles in Lake Wuli
物种Species 月份Month 4月April 5月May 6月June 7月Jul. 8月Aug. 9月Sep. 10月Oct. 鲫C. auratus 0.64 0.22 – – – – – 鲤C. carpio 0.04 – – – – – – 波氏吻虾虎鱼
R. cliffordpopei– 0.10 0.02 0.03 – – – 䱗属Hemiculter sp. – 5.10 0.77 0.79 0.78 0.45 – 间下鱵H. intermedius – 0.11 – – – – – 麦穗鱼P. parva – 0.10 – – – – – 兴凯鱊A. chankaensis – 3.78 0.03 – – – – 中华鳑鲏R. sinensis – 0.29 – – – – – 子陵吻虾虎鱼R. giurinus – 1.11 0.09 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.03 红鳍原鲌C. erythropterus – – – 0.02 – – – 短吻银鱼属Salangichthys sp. – – – – – 0.10 0.10
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表 5 五里湖仔稚鱼优势度及优势种的空间特征
Table 5 Spatial variation in the dominant species of larvae and juveniles in Lake Wuli
物种Species 采样点Sampling site 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 䱗属Hemiculter sp. 0.35 0.62 0.50 0.50 0.28 0.65 0.55 0.59 0.46 0.24 0.35 0.60 0.66 子陵吻虾虎鱼R. cliffordpopei 0.17 0.06 0.09 0.16 0.09 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.08 – – 0.09 0.03 间下鱵H. intermedius – – 0.05 – – – – – – – – – – 波氏吻虾虎鱼R. cliffordpopei – – – 0.03 0.02 – – – – – – – 红鳍原鲌C. erythropterus – – – – – – – – – – – 0.03 – 鲫C. auratus – – – – 0.02 – 0.02 – 0.05 0.10 0.09 – – 兴凯鱊A. chankaensis – – – – – – – 0.02 0.05 0.13 – –
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表 6 五里湖仔稚鱼和环境因子之间的典范对应分析结果
Table 6 Results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) based on larvae and juveniles in Lake Wuli
指标Index 轴Axes 1 2 特征值Eigenvalues 0.415 0.108 物种与环境的相关系数Specie-senvironment correlations 0.795 0.659 物种数据的累计解释率Cumulative percentage variance of species data 29.1 36.7 物种与环境关系的累计解释率 Cumulative percentage variance of species-environment relation 74.2 93.5 典范特征值总和(CCA分析对仔稚鱼群聚的解释效率) Sum of all canonical eigenvalues 0.559
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