TYPES AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF BIOLOGICAL SOIL CRUST IN METAL TAILINGS PONDS
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摘要: 为对金属尾矿库生物土壤结皮进行研究, 2016年对湖北省黄石市的两个废弃尾矿库开展了生物土壤结皮调查, 并采用空间代替时间的方法来研究结皮发育演替过程中的物种组成及变化。结皮中蓝藻、真菌和苔藓的绝对丰度分别为(0.63—2.01)×108、(0.19—1.53)×108和(0.08—3.34)×107 copies/g DW soil, 随着结皮的演替蓝藻和真菌丰度降低, 苔藓的丰度增加。从微生物组成来看, 从两个尾矿库的生物土壤结皮中共分析出41门的物种, 其中变形菌门、蓝藻门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门、疣微菌门、酸杆菌门、浮霉菌门、芽单胞菌门及热微菌门是主要组分, 它们在不同结皮中累计丰度均达到90%以上。金属尾矿库中的生物土壤结皮物种组成及其变化规律与荒漠化地区类似, 蓝藻在其中具有不可替代的作用。研究表明生物土壤结皮在金属尾矿库中广泛分布, 同时可以起到增加尾矿库土壤养分的作用, 可广泛应用于金属尾矿库的生态修复。Abstract: The metal tailings pond is a typical degraded habitat with high soil heavy metal content, low fertility, poor matrix structure and low vegetation coverage. To study the biological soil crust, samples were collected from two abandoned tailings ponds in 2016 from Huangshi City, Hubei Province to assess the species composition by spatial sequence method rather than time successional sequence. The absolute abundance of cyanobacteria, fungi and moss in the crusts were (0.63－2.01)×108, (0.19－1.53)×108 and (0.08－3.34)×107 copies/g DW soil, respectively, and the abundance of moss increased with the decreased abundance of cyanobacteria and fungi. A total of 41 species were analyzed from the biological soil crusts, in which Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes and Thermomicrobia were the main components. The accumulative abundance in different crusts was more than 90%. The composition and successions of biological soil crust in the metal tailings ponds are similar to those in the desertified area, and Cyanobacteria have an irreplaceable role. Studies have shown that biological soil crust can be widely distributed in metal tailings ponds, and can enrich the soil nutrients in the tailings pond, which can be widely used for ecological restoration of metal tailings ponds.
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Keywords:
- Biological soil crust /
- Heavy metals /
- Tailings ponds /
- Species composition /
- Ecological restoration
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图 2 JLS和NTS尾矿库中结皮层与土壤层的色素含量
A组和B组分别代表鸡笼山和牛头山来源的结皮类型。小写字母用于标注结皮层之间的显著性差异(P<0.05), *用于标注结皮层与土壤层之间的显著性差异(P<0.05)
Figure 2. The contents of pigments in the soil crust layers and their underlying soil layers of the two tailings ponds
Group A and group B represent the crust types from JLS and NTS respectively, the lowercase letters are used to mark the significant difference (P<0.05) between different crust layers, * is used to mark the significant difference (P<0.05) between crust layers and soil layers
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图 3 结皮中蓝藻16S rRNA基因、真菌25—28S rRNA基因及苔藓叶绿体rps4基因绝对丰度(小写字母用于表示样品间的差异性, P<0.05)
Figure 3. Gene copies of cyanobacterial 16S rRNA, fungal 25—28S rRNA and moss chloroplast rps4
in crusts, significant differences between samples are marked with lowercase letters (P<0.05) ![]()
图 4 结皮中苔藓rps4基因、真菌25—28S rRNA基因及蓝藻16S rRNA基因丰度的百分比
Figure 4. The percentage of total gene copies present as gene copies of moss chloroplast rps4, fungal25—28S rRNA and cyanobacterial 16S rRNA
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图 5 尾矿库水平微生物的物种数、chao1指数、ACE指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数
*用于表示组间的差异(P<0.05)
Figure 5. Observed species, chao1 index, ACE index, Shannon index and Simpson index between the two tailings ponds
Significant differences between the two tailings ponds are marked with * (P<0.05)
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图 6 结皮中门水平Top10微生物的相对丰度
Figure 6. Relative abundance of the Top10 microorganisms at phylum level in crusts
表 1 尾矿库样品采集情况
Table 1 Samples of biological soil crusts in different tailings ponds
尾矿库Tailing pond 结皮编号Number of the crusts 结皮类型Type of crust 生境Habitat 藻类盖度Algae coverage (%) 苔藓盖度Moss coverage (%) JLS J.PC 物理结皮 平地 0 0 J.A 藻结皮 平地 84—86 0—4 J.MA 藓-藻结皮 小斜坡, 草本植物旁 32—40 57—66 J.M 苔藓结皮 斜坡, 少许草 3—6 85—90 NTS N.PC 物理结皮 平地 0 0 N.A 藻结皮 尾矿库边缘的小斜坡 90—98 7—10 N.AM 藻-藓结皮 平地 50—60 25—35 N.M1 早期苔藓结皮 平地 0 45—55 N.M2 后期苔藓结皮 平地 0 97—100 
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表 2 蓝藻、真菌、苔藓目的基因及引物
Table 2 Primers for cyanobacteria, fungi and moss
目标基因
Target gene引物Primer 序列Target sequence (5′－3′) 16S rRNA CYA359f GGGGAATYTTCCGCAATGGG CYA781r
(A)GACTACTGGGGTATCTAATCCCATT CYA781r
(B)GACTACAGGGGTATCTAATCCCTTT 25-28S rRNA NL1f ATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAG LS2r ATTCCCAAACAACTCGACTC rps4 rps5′ ATGTCCCGTTATCGAGGACCT trnS TACCGAGGGTTCGAATC
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表 3 JLS和NTS尾矿库土壤的理化指标
Table 3 Physical and chemical parameters of soils from the two tailings ponds
尾矿库
Tailing pondpH 含水量
WC (%)有机质
OM (g/kg)总氮
TN (g/kg)总磷
TP (g/kg)总钾
TK (g/kg)速效氮
AN (mg/kg)速效磷
AP (mg/kg)速效钾
AK (mg/kg)JLS 8.19±0.19a 19.68±6.03a 8.92±3.15a 0.19±0.07a 0.02±0.00a 0.17±0.03a 17.08±6.16a 1.04±0.39a 25.32±12.22a NTS 8.82±0.14b 11.88±11.17a 1.39±1.00b 0.09±0.07b 0.02±0.01a 0.12±0.06a 12.80±9.14a 1.02±0.27a 2.41±2.11b 注: *小写字母a、b用于表示不同尾矿库之间理化指标的显著性差异(P<0.05)Note: *lowercase letters a and b are used to indicate the significant difference of physical and chemical parameters between different tailings ponds (P<0.05)
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表 4 JLS和NTS尾矿库土壤的重金属含量及重金属污染评价
Table 4 Heavy metal contents of soils and Nemerow multi-factor index in the two tailings ponds
尾矿库Tailing pond 土壤重金属含量Heavy metal content in soil (mg/kg) 内梅罗综合污染指数Nemerow muti-factor index 污染水平Pollution levels Cu Zn As Ni Cd Pb Cr JLS 428.99 214.33 85.15 9.29 1.33 53.06 18.39 3.26 重度污染 NTS 162.48 54.88 6.17 8.29 0.10 4.17 21.23 1.18 轻度污染
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