THE CONTROL OF LAKE EUTROPHICATION: FOCUSING ON PHOSPHORUS ABATEMENT, OR REDUCING BOTH PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN?
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摘要: 关于湖泊富营养化的治理, 有充足的全生态系统实验和湖泊治理实践表明, 只控磷(P)就可使湖泊贫营养化。但也有不少人认为需要氮(N)和P皆控。由于N和P皆控的成本可达只控P的4—15倍, 故确定富营养化治理是否必须既控P又控N是一个重大而现实的科学问题。针对这个问题, 文章对所有相关观点及其证据的科学性进行了系统辨析。首先, 系统总结了关于富营养化营养驱动与控制的研究历史。其次, 对判定营养控制的主要依据——限制因子的概念发展及判定方法进行了全面回顾与分析, 明确指出该概念的目的是确定促进生物生长的因子。第三, 介绍了新概念——减控因子, 其定义是: 在生态系统管理中, 能够抑制生物个体、种群和群落过度繁盛的必需环境因子, 或直接减灭生物本身的物理(机械)、化学和生物因子, 且成本效益最大。随后, 举例说明了确定减控因子的五个步骤, 即必需性、可控性、可行性、成本分析及实验和应用验证, 证明非限制因子也可成为减控因子, 而限制因子不一定是减控因子。第四, 基于减控因子分析, 指出湖泊富营养化的减控因子是P; 进而, 总结了加拿大和中国的全生态系统实验及大量湖泊治理实践的系统证据。这些充分证明: 仅控P就可控制富营养化, 而减N无助于控制浮游藻类总量, 反而会诱导固氮蓝藻大量生长。第五, 对控N观点的逻辑和实验依据逐一批驳, 指出这些争论或将限制因子混同于减控因子, 或缺乏大尺度的实验证据。第六, 系统辨析了高N的生态效应, 初步确定: 只有总氮和氨氮>5 mg/L时, N才对水生植物等有一定的负面影响且可促进沉积物P的释放。建议先把地表水Ⅰ—Ⅴ类的总氮和氨氮标准限值均放宽至2 mg/L, 后逐步放宽至5 mg/L左右。最后, 指出富营养化治理必须采取系统对策, 以修复物理、化学、水文和生物完整性。在维护湖盆物理完整性的基础上, 最根本的措施是控制外源P负荷总量; 若内源P负荷较大, 则可采取钝化等方法。次之, 应开展水位调控, 以修复水生植被, 实现浊-清稳态转换。综上所述, 湖泊富营养化治理应采取“放宽控N、集中控P的策略”, 以大幅度降低治理成本。Abstract: In terms of eutrophication control, quite a lot of whole-lake experiments and lake rehabilitation practices have shown that reducing phosphorus only can reverse lake eutrophication; however, many people still argue that both phosphorus and nitrogen should be reduced. Since reducing both phosphorus and nitrogen costs 4—15 times as much as reducing P only, it is of the utmost importance to conclude whether dual nutrient control is a must. Focusing on such an essential question, we critically scrutinize all relevant viewpoints and their evidences. First, we systematically summarize the research history about nutrients driving and controlling eutrophication. Second, we retrospect and examine the concept evolution and the experiment criterion of limiting factors, which have been considered as the main basis to judge controlling nutrients for a long time, and clearly point out that the purpose of identifying limiting factors is to determine the factors to promote growth of organisms. Third, we introduce the new term of an abating factor, which has been defined as the most cost-effective factor that can reduce overgrowth of individuals, populations or communities in ecosystem managements, being either an essential environmental factor or a physical/chemical/biological means of destroying organisms; and explain the five steps to determine an abating factor, i.e. analyses of necessity, controllability, practicability and costs, and tests, through an example, demonstrating convincingly that a non-limiting factor can become an abating factor, and a limiting factor is not necessarily an abating factor. Fourth, based upon abating factor analysis, we show that the abating factor of lake eutrophication is phosphorus; further, summarize the systematic evidences from whole-ecosystem experiments in Canada and China and lake management. These fully prove that only phosphorus abatement can effectively mitigate eutrophication, whereas only nitrogen reduction cannot decrease phytoplankton biomass, even can induce massive growth of N-fixing cyanobacteria. Fifth, we refute logical and experimental bases of the opinion of reducing nitrogen one by one; such arguments either confused abating factors with limiting factors, or lacked support from large-scale experiments. Sixth, we critically analyze the ecological effects of high nitrogen concentrations, and preliminarily conclude that it is only when total nitrogen and ammonia are more than 5 mg/L that nitrogen can have some stresses on organisms (submersed macrophytes, fishes, etc.) and promote sediment phosphorus release; then suggest to loosen total nitrogen and ammonia standards for Class Ⅰ—Ⅴ surface water first from ≤0.2—≤2 mg/L (China: GB 3838-2002) to the same value of 2 mg/L, and gradually to ca. 5 mg/L. Last, we recommend a systematic strategy in eutrophication control, with the purpose to rehabilitate physical, chemical, hydrological and biological integrity. On the basis of maintenance of lake basin integrity, the most fundamental measure is intercepting external phosphorus loading; if internal loading is heavy, in-lake phosphorus inactivation is the first choice. Next, the key action in shallow lakes is regulating water level to recover aquatic vegetation and switch ecosystems from turbid-to clear-water states. In conclusion, we advocate loosening N control and focusing on P abatement in eutrophication mitigation so as to reduce costs substantially.
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图 1 限制因子(A)和减控因子(B)概念示意图(以具多板闸门的水箱说明)
A. 加长最短板是升高水位的唯一选择; B. 钱币表示缩短各板至同一长度的费用, 缩短斜纹板(如图示, 不一定是最短的)是降低水位最经济有效的办法[57]
Figure 1. Diagrams of limiting factor (A) and abating factor (B) concepts, each using a water box with a multi-boards gate
A. lengthening the shortest board is the only way to raise the water level. B. coins indicate costs to shorten each board to the same level, and shortening the diagonal board (not necessarily the shortest, as shown in this figure) is the most cost-effective way to lower the water level[57]
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图 2 池塘边杂草减控因子的确定步骤
Figure 2. Procedure to determine the abating factor of pondside weeds
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图 6 1986—2011年西湖的外湖(A)、西里湖(B)和全湖(C)的总氮(mg/L)、总磷(×10–1 mg/L)和叶绿素a(×102 μg/L)的变化
Figure 6. Changes in total nitrogen (TN, mg/L), total phosphorus (TP, ×10–1 mg/L) and phytoplankton chlorophyll a (Chl.a, ×102 μg/L) in the two subareas, Waihu (A) and Xilihu (B), and the whole lake (C) of Lake Xihu (1986—2011)
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