REVIEW ON PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY OF ROTIFERS AND ITS ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
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摘要: 在水域生态系统中, 单巢纲的部分轮虫具有在环境压力下快速形成形态防御的能力。这种能力是其在复杂多变的生活环境中维持生存的一种重要的防御策略。轮虫的形态防御主要表现为被甲棘刺的变化(发生、增强或缩短), 个体大小的适应和被甲增厚等形态反应。文章对目前已知的轮虫形态防御响应进行整理, 综述了诱导轮虫形态防御的主要环境因子包括捕食者和竞争者信息素、环境温度和食物浓度等, 以及影响形态防御响应的内在因素。并探讨了轮虫的形态防御特征、防御的适合度收益及适合度代价。Abstract: Some rotifers of Monogononta can quickly produce morphological defenses under different environmental factors, and the generation of defense is the essential protection strategy in a changing environment. In the presence of environmental factors, rotifers respond with morphological defenses such as longer or shorter spine, larger or smaller body, and thicker lorica. This essay categorizes rotifer defensive morphological changes and summarizes environmentally induced factors including kairomone, temperature, food deficiency, and other internal factors. We then discuss the fitness benefits and costs of the morphological responses.
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Keywords:
- Rotifer /
- Morphological defenses /
- Phenotypic plasticity /
- Kairomone /
- Maternal effect
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图 1 轮虫形态改变对比图
A1基础形态萼花臂尾轮虫(B. calyciflorus); A2防御形态萼花臂尾轮虫; B1基础形态热带龟甲轮虫(K. tropica); B2防御形态热带龟甲轮虫; C1基础形态螺旋龟甲轮虫(K. cochlearis); C2防御形态螺旋龟甲轮虫; D1基础形态B. havanaensis; D2防御形态B. havanaensis, 改自文献[7, 10, 21, 25]
Figure 1. Comparison of rotifer morphology
A1 basic form of B. calyciflorus; A2 defensive form of B. calyciflorus; B1 basic form of K. tropica; B2 defensive form of K. tropica; C1 basic form of K. cochlearis; C2 defensive form of K. cochlearis; D1 basic form of B. havanaensis; D2 defensive form of B. havanaensis. Cited from [7, 10, 21, 25]
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表 1 已知对环境因素产生形态塑形响应的轮虫种类
Table 1 Rotifer species known to respond to environmental factors at present
属Genus 学名Scientific name 信息素
Kairo-mone低温Low tempera-ture 食物缺乏Food deficiency 参考文献
Reference臂尾轮属Brachio-nus 角突臂尾轮虫B.angularis ＋ － － [28] 双棘臂尾轮虫B. bidentatus ＋ － － [19] 萼花臂尾轮虫B. calyciflorus ＋ ＋ ＋ [4, 33, 34] 剪形臂尾轮虫B. forficula ＋ － － [35] 方形臂尾轮虫B. quadridentatus ＋ － － [36] B. havanaensis ＋ － － [8] 十指臂尾轮虫B. patulus ＋ － － [37] B. sericus ＋ － － [38] 壶状臂尾轮虫B. urceolaris ＋ － － [37] 变异臂尾轮虫B. variabilis ＋ － － [39] 三肢轮属Filinia 跃进三肢轮虫F. passa ＋ － － [38] F. pejleri － ＋ － [31] F. temtinalis － ＋ － [31, 40] 龟甲轮属Keratella 螺旋龟甲轮虫K.cochlearis ＋ ＋ － [25, 41—43] K. morenoi ＋ － － [10] k. slacki ＋ － － [18] 龟形龟甲轮虫K. testudo ＋ － － [12] 热带龟甲轮虫K. tropica ＋ ＋ ＋ [10, 13, 44] 腔轮属Lecane L. stokesii ＋ － － [45] 平甲轮属Plationus P. macracanthus ＋ － － [5] 镜轮属Testudin-ella 微凹镜轮虫T. mucronata 未探明 [32] 盘镜轮虫T. patina 未探明 [32] 注: “+”表示轮虫对该种影响因素响应, “－”表示轮虫未对影响因素响应或目前没有进行观测Note: “+” represents response to the influencing factor, “－” represents no response to the factor or not determined 
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表 2 可诱导轮虫产生形态响应的捕食者
Table 2 Predators induced morphological response in rotifers
捕食者
Predators学名Scientific name 防御类型
Response参考文献
Reference捕食者
Predators学名Scientific name 防御类型
Response参考文献
Reference轮虫
Asplanchna brightwellii角突臂尾轮虫
B. angularis兜甲增厚 [28] 龟形龟甲轮虫
K. testudo尾部棘刺轻微增长 [12] 双棘臂尾轮虫
B. bidentatus尾部棘刺增长 [19] Asplanchnopus multiceps L. stokesii 尾部棘刺增长, 兜甲增厚 [45] 萼花臂尾轮虫
B. calyciflorus尾部及体后侧棘刺增长, 兜甲增厚 [4, 28] 桡足类
Epischura lacustris龟形龟甲轮虫
K. testudo尾部棘刺轻微增长 [12] 十指臂尾轮虫
B. patulus左侧棘刺和右后棘刺显著延长 [37] Mesocyclops pehpeiensis B. havanaensis 尾部棘刺适度增长 [21] 壶状臂尾轮虫
B. urceolaris前棘刺显著延长 [37] Notodiaptomus incompositus 热带龟甲轮虫
K. tropica右后侧棘刺增长 [52] 龟形龟甲轮虫
K. testudo尾部棘刺增长 [12] Tropocyclops prasinus K. slacki 尾部棘刺增长 [18] 热带龟甲轮虫
K. tropica体右后侧棘刺增长 [10] 螺形龟甲轮虫
K. cochlearis尾部棘刺增长 [25] K. morenoi 体右后侧棘刺增长 [10] 龟形龟甲轮虫
K. testudo尾部棘刺增长 [12] P. macracanthus 体后侧棘刺轻微
增长[5] Acanthocyclopsrobustus copepodites 热带龟甲轮虫
K. tropica尾部棘刺较明显
增长[52] Asplanchna girodi 萼花臂尾轮虫
B. calyciflorus尾部及体后侧棘刺增长 [51] Cyclops sp. 螺形龟甲轮虫
K. cochlearis棘刺轻微缩短 [9] 方形臂尾轮虫
B. quadridentatus体后侧棘刺增长 [36] 昆虫类
Buenoa fuscipennis热带龟甲轮虫
K. tropica棘刺缩短 [13] B. havanaensis 尾部棘刺增长 [8] Chaoborus punctipennis 龟形龟甲轮虫
K. testudo没有显著变化 [12] 变异臂尾轮虫
B. variabilis头部及尾部棘刺增长, 兜甲增厚 [39] Chaoborus flavicans 螺形龟甲轮虫
K. cochlearis棘刺明显缩短 [9] K. slacki 体型增大, 头部棘刺增长, 右后侧棘刺增长, 部分左后侧棘刺缩小 [18] 扁虫
Stenostomum leucopeB. havanaensis 尾部棘刺轻微增长 [21] 龟形龟甲轮虫
K. testudo尾部棘刺增长 [12] 介形类
Cypris pubera热带龟甲轮虫
K. tropica棘刺缩小, 左侧棘刺消失 [55] Asplanchna silvestrii 龟形龟甲轮虫
K. testudo尾部棘刺增长 [12] 鱼类
Paracheirodon innesi螺形龟甲轮虫
K. cochlearis棘刺明显缩短 [9] Asplanchna sieboldii 萼花臂尾轮虫
B. calyciflorus尾部及体后侧棘刺增长 [51, 56] Rutilus rutilus 螺形龟甲轮虫
K. cochlearis棘刺明显缩短 [43] Asplanchna priodonta 螺形龟甲轮虫
K. cochlearis尾部棘刺增长 [25] Abramis brama 螺形龟甲轮虫
K. cochlearis棘刺明显缩短 [43]
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表 3 可诱导轮虫产生形态响应的竞争者
Table 3 Interference competitors induced morphological response in rotifers
竞争者Competitors 学名Scientific name 响应类型Response 参考文献Reference 枝角类
Daphnia pulex热带龟甲轮虫K. tropica 尾部棘刺增长, 右侧棘刺略长于左侧 [50] 螺形龟甲轮虫K. cochlearis 右后侧棘刺与体长比增大 [25] 龟形龟甲轮虫K. testudo 尾部棘刺增长, 或右侧棘刺略长于左侧 [12] Daphnia rosea 龟形龟甲轮虫K. testudo 尾部棘刺增长, 或右侧棘刺略长于左侧 [12] Bosmina longirostris 龟形龟甲轮虫K. testudo 尾部棘刺轻微增长, 体宽增大 [12] Bosmina huaronensis 热带龟甲轮虫K. tropica 左后侧棘刺增长 [52] Ceriodaphnia cornuta 热带龟甲轮虫K. tropica 右后侧棘刺增长 [52] Ceriodaphnia dubia 热带龟甲轮虫K. tropica 右后侧棘刺增长 [52] Moina micrura 热带龟甲轮虫K. tropica 右后侧棘刺增长 [52] Diaphanosoma birgei 热带龟甲轮虫K. tropica 右后侧棘刺增长 [52] 桡足类
Mesocyclops edax螺形龟甲轮虫K. cochlearis 尾部棘刺增长 [25] Acanthocyclops americanus B. havanaensis 尾部棘刺轻微增长 [21]
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