CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF HYDROBIOLOGY, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES TO FISH PROTECTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THREE GORGES DAM AND GEZHOUBA DAM
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摘要: 葛洲坝和三峡水利枢纽是世界上著名的大型水电工程, 对长江中下游防洪、发电、航运、水资源利用等产生了巨大的综合效益。如何减轻葛洲坝-三峡工程对长江流域生态环境及水生生物的影响经历了漫长而激烈的论证过程。中国科学院水生生物研究所(以下简称“水生所”)自始至终参加了这两个工程的水域生态环境影响评价和鱼类保护工作, 并且做出了重要的贡献。在葛洲坝工程的救鱼对象讨论中, 水生所指出救鱼的主要对象是中华鲟; 在救鱼的措施方面, 水生所科学论证了葛洲坝工程不必修建过鱼设施, 中华鲟在葛洲坝下能够自然繁殖, 中华鲟的救护措施以人工繁殖放流和产卵场的保护为主。在葛洲坝工程建设后, 水生所进一步预测了三峡工程对长江珍稀特有鱼类、重要经济鱼类以及渔业的影响, 并且建议在赤水河建立自然保护区, 作为长江上游珍稀特有鱼类的庇护所; 提出最早的生态调度想法, 通过三峡水库的调度形成人造洪峰, 刺激“四大家鱼”产卵等等。实践证明, 水生所做出的工程影响评价和鱼类保护建议是科学的、符合客观实际的, 对国家的决策起到了重要作用。Abstract: The Gezhouba Dam (GD) and the Three Gorges Dam (TGR) are the world’s largest cascade hydropower stations, which have a comprehensive efficiency on flood control, power generation, navigation and irrigation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. However, before the construction of the GD and TGD, it had undergone a long-term debate on how to mitigate their influence on the ecological environment and aquatic organisms of the Yangtze River. Throughout this process, the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IHB) made a great contribution to evaluating the impact of GD and TGD on the fish resource of the Yangtze River and mitigation measures. In the discussion of conservation priority, the IHB pointed out the Chinese sturgeon was the most critically endangered species. To save this species, the IHB demonstrated Chinese sturgeon could reproduce naturally below the GD and the artificial propagation and spawning ground protection were the main conservation measures, which could be used as the substitute for the unnecessary measures of fish passages. After the construction of GD, the IHB further predicted the TGD would have adverse effects on the fish resources of the Yangtze River and suggested establishing the Chishui National Nature Reserve, which could give shelter to the rare and endemic fishes in the upstream Yangtze River. With the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), the IHB first proposed to create artificial floods to induce the spawning of four major Chinese carp species. This is the so-called “ecological schedule”. Up to time now, most of the mitigation measures proposed by the IHB had been proved scientific and effective. For the long-term efforts to fish protection, the IHB has played a positive role in the ecological conservation of the Yangtze River and sustainable development of fishery resources.
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Keywords:
- Gezhouba Dam /
- Three Gorges Dam /
- Institute of Hydrobiology /
- Fish protection /
- Mitigation measures
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