CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY IN XIANGXI BAY DURING THE LATER IMPOUNDMENT PERIOD OF THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR
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摘要: 为了解三峡水库蓄水后期香溪河库湾浮游甲壳动物群落结构及其时空变化, 于2015年1月至2017年12月对香溪河库湾浮游甲壳动物进行了逐月采样分析。共鉴定出浮游甲壳动物23种, 其中枝角类10种, 桡足类13种。出现频率较高的物种均为长江流域常见种, 生物量和密度峰值分别出现在5月和6月, 在1月和2月则未能采集到标本, 生物量和密度在年际间差异显著, 但群落组成差异不显著, 群落季节变化规律表现为春季-夏季以蚤状溞(Daphnia pulex)和僧帽溞(Daphnia cucullata)大型枝角类占优势, 秋季以简弧象鼻溞(Bosmina coregoni)小型种占优势。库中生物多样性指数高于库首和库尾, 库首和库尾生物多样性指数差异不明显, 生物多样性在季节上同样具有一定差异。CCA分析表明水温、叶绿素浓度和水深是解释浮游甲壳动物群落变化重要因素。我们的研究结果表明尽管香溪河库湾营养盐、水温、浮游甲壳动物生物量和密度均未达到稳定状态, 但群落组成在年际间无显著性差异, 浮游甲壳动物物种丰富度也高于蓄水初期, 生物多样性指数存在一定的时空差异, 适当程度的干扰有利于维持浮游甲壳动物较高的生物多样性。Abstract: To understand the community structure, temporal and spatial changes of crustacean zooplankton in Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir during the later impoundment period, monthly sampling from January 2015 to December 2017 and analysis of crustacean zooplankton in Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir were conducted. A total of 23 species of crustacean zooplankton were identified, of which 10 species belong to Cladocera, and 13 species belong to Copepoda. Species with a higher frequency are the common species in the Yangtze River Basin. The peaks of biomass and density occurred in May and June, respectively. We did not collect specimens in January and February. The interannual differences in biomass and density vary significantly, and the difference of community composition was not significant. Community seasonal pattern in spring and summer was dominated by large size Cladocera (Daphnia pulex and Daphnia cucullata), and in autumn was dominated by small size Cladocera (Bosmina coregoni). The biodiversity index in the middle reservoir was higher than that of the upper regions and downstream parts. There was no significant difference in biodiversity index between upper regions and downstream parts, and there was also difference in biodiversity index of some seasons. Results from CCA showed that water temperature, chlorophyll concentrate and water depth were important factors explaining the change of crustacean zooplankton community. The results showed that nutrient, water temperature, crustacean zooplankton biomass and density all have not reached a stable state, but the community composition in different years was not significant. The richness of Crustacean zooplankton species was higher than that of early reservoir. The biological diversity index has a certain difference in time and space, and an appropriate degree of interference may help maintain high biodiversity diversity.
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图 1 采样点在三峡水库香溪河库湾中的位置
Figure 1. Location of sampling sites at Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir
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图 2 三峡水库香溪河库湾TN、NO3-N、TP、PO4-P时空变化
Figure 2. Spatial and temporal variations of TN, NO3-N, TP and PO4-P in Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir
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图 3 三峡水库香溪河库湾浮游甲壳动物密度、生物量时间变化
Figure 3. Temporal variations of crustacean zooplankton density and biomass in Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir
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图 4 香溪河库湾不同区域基于个体自疏曲线
实线表示模型插值部分, 虚线表示模型外推部分, 阴影区域表示估算值95%的置信区间; 下同
Figure 4. Individual-based rarefactions curve for each areas in Xiangxi Bay
Solid lines refer to the interpolation component of the model, dotted lines refer to the extrapolation component of the model. Shaded areas indicate the 95% confidence interval of the estimative. The same applies below
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图 5 香溪河库湾不同季节基于个体自疏曲线
Figure 5. Individual-based rarefactions curve for each seasons in Xiangxi Bay
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表 1 三峡水库香溪河库湾水体理化指标的统计描述
Table 1 Statistical description of physical and chemical indexes of Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir
环境因子Environmental factors 2105 2016 2017 P 平均值Mean 标准差Standard deviation 平均值Mean 标准差Standard deviation 平均值Mean 标准差Standard deviation 水温Water temperature (℃) 17.77 7.38 21.48 5.56 20.16 5.22 <0.01 总氮Total nitrogen (mg/L) 1.75 0.19 1.68 0.32 1.84 0.19 <0.01 硝氮Nitrate nitrogen (mg/L) 1.58 0.26 1.54 0.33 1.70 0.15 <0.01 氨氮Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.58 总磷Total phosphorous (mg/L) 0.16 0.08 0.16 0.11 0.10 0.05 <0.001 磷酸盐Phosphate (mg/L) 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.10 0.09 0.04 <0.001 可溶性硅Dissolved silicon (mg/L) 3.50 0.62 3.35 0.55 3.19 0.78 0.09 溶解碳Dissolved carbon (mg/L) 1.82 0.68 1.71 0.47 1.78 0.94 0.93 电导率Conductivity (μs/cm) 372.11 50.92 331.97 19.80 349.49 38.87 0.19 pH 8.60 0.42 8.85 0.73 8.66 0.82 0.29 浊度Turbidity (NTU) 4.02 3.92 3.59 3.14 4.85 3.89 0.42 水深Depth (m) 39.73 15.63 37.23 13.49 36.10 12.99 0.38 透明度Secchi depth (cm) 199.83 90.60 200.00 78.89 176.88 76.64 0.34 叶绿素a Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 10.00 13.29 9.85 12.03 7.37 7.96 0.06 
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表 2 三峡水库香溪河库湾浮游甲壳动物不同年际相对丰度、出现频率
Table 2 The relative abundance and frequency of crustacean zooplankton in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir in different years (%)
编号Code 物种Species 2015 2016 2017 相对丰度Relative abundance 出现频率Occurrence frequency 相对丰度Relative abundance 出现频率Occurrence frequency 相对丰度Relative abundance 出现频率Occurrence frequency SP1 裸腹溞属Moina sp. <1 2.8 1.4 5.6 3.1 13.9 SP2 短尾秀体溞Diaphanosoma brachyurum <1 16.7 <1 2.8 2.9 25 SP3 蚤状溞Daphnia pulex 9.2 16.7 5.7 16.7 11.8 27.8 SP4 僧帽溞Daphnia cucullata 48.7 30.6 6.8 19.4 18.8 30.6 SP5 点滴尖额溞Alona guttata <1 8.3 1.3 8.3 <1 13.9 SP6 简弧象鼻溞Bosmina coregoni 13.0 38.9 10.8 22.2 4.2 19.4 SP7 低额溞属Simocephalus sp. 0 0 3.1 5.6 1.1 8.3 SP8 圆形盘肠溞Chydornus sphaericus <1 16.7 <1 8.3 1.3 16.7 SP9 透明薄皮溞Leptodora kindti <1 5.6 <1 2.8 1.1 11.1 SP10 网纹溞属Ceriodaphnia sp. <1 8.3 <1 5.6 <1 5.6 SP11 汤匙华哲水蚤Sinocalanus dorrii 1.6 16.7 17.5 19.4 1.4 19.4 SP12 大型中镖水蚤Sinodiaptomus sarsi 0 0 <1 5.6 0 0 SP13 右突新镖水蚤Neodiaptomus schmackeri 0 0 <1 5.6 <1 5.6 SP14 指状许水蚤Schmackeria inopinus <1 2.8 <1 2.8 <1 5.6 SP15 球状许水蚤Schmackeria forbesi 0 0 <1 5.6 <1 8.3 SP16 长江新镖水蚤Neodiaptomus yangtsekiangensis <1 2.8 5.1 13.9 <1 8.3 SP17 英勇剑水蚤Cyclops strenuuss 1.4 30.6 3.3 16.7 1.5 11.1 SP18 广布中剑水蚤Mesocyclops leuckarti 1.7 33.3 12.5 36.1 7.1 19.4 SP19 北碚中剑水蚤Mesocyclops pehpeiesis 0 0 <1 13.9 <1 8.3 SP20 台湾温剑水蚤Thermocyclops taihokuensis 1.5 11.1 11.1 8.3 <1 8.3 SP21 毛饰拟剑水蚤Paracyclops fimbriatus <1 2.8 1.1 8.3 <1 2.8 SP22 锯缘真剑水蚤Eucyclops serrulatus <1 8.3 <1 5.6 <1 2.8 SP23 跨立小剑水蚤Microcyclops varicans 20.0 47.2 14.9 36.1 31.0 38.9
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表 3 广义线性模型的统计结果
Table 3 Statistic results of general linear models
变量
Varia-bles回归系数
Esti-mate标准误
Standard
deviationP值
P valueAIC 解释率Percentage
of explana-tion (%)密度Density Chl. a 0.22 0.07 <0.001*** 45.89 18.9 NH4-N 4.59 1.34 <0.001*** 45.75 9.5 DOC –1.15 0.42 0.007** 41.79 0.3 生物量Biomass Chl. a 1.22 0.26 <0.001*** 304.62 27.6 WT 3.34 0.87 <0.001*** 298.50 9.6 NO3-N 7.39 2.57 0.005** 292.44 2.4 PO4-P 11.11 4.01 0.007** 291.68 1.6
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