REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS OF GYMNOCYPRIS PRZEWALSKII IN ARTIFICIAL MIMIC SPAWNING ENVIRONMENTS
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摘要: 研究通过人工产卵环境模拟, 成功诱导青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)自然产卵受精, 通过标志跟踪和视频监控等方法对青海湖裸鲤的繁殖行为进行了研究。结果表明, 青海湖裸鲤的繁殖过程包含了追逐、伴游、潜尾、溅戏和交尾等典型行为。其中溅戏行为(单尾雌鱼或雄鱼背鳍露出水面并用尾部拍击水面)首次被观察确认, 常被误认为是交配行为。追逐、伴游、潜尾和溅戏等繁殖行为平均频次分别为: 5.7、14.7、9.3和3.5 次/d。通过采用不同性比重复配对实验发现, 在观测到的34次交配行为中, 32次(94.1%)均为1雌和1雄配对交配。研究还发现性成熟的雌性青海湖裸鲤为一次产卵类型, 短时间内多次交尾排卵, 雌雄交配(排卵授精)行为约每天3—9次, 每次排卵耗时约4—9s, 每次平均排卵量131粒(范围15—376), 每尾雌鱼可连续交配产卵3—7d。观测到34次的交配行为中, 31次(91.1%)均发生在夜间(23: 00—次日2: 00), 3次(8.9%)发生在白天(早晨6:00—7:00)。研究首次基于人工模拟产卵环境观察描述了青海湖裸鲤的繁殖行为特征, 可为青海湖裸鲤人工产卵场构建、自然繁殖监测和产卵场保护提供科学依据。Abstract: This study investigated reproductive behaviors of Gymnocypris przewalskii in artificial mimic spawning environment by visible marker tracking and video monitoring. The typical reproductive behaviors of G. przewalskii can be divided into chasing, accompanying, diving tail, attracting and mating behaviors. Among them, the attracting behavior of the broodstocks described as surface slapping with the dorsal and pectoral fins of a single female or male fish was first confirmed, which is often mistaken for the mating behavior. The daily frequency of chasing, accompanying, diving tail and attracting behaviors were 5.7, 14.7, 9.3 and 3.5 times, respectively. 32 of 34 observed mating behaviors (94.1%) were confirmed as one female with one male. The results showed that female G. przewalskii are one-time oviposition. The frequencies of mating behaviors (spontaneously ovulating and inseminating) were 3—9 times per day and the mating durations were 4—9 seconds with an average 131 (range 15—376) eggs per time. Each female can lay eggs for 3—7 days. Among the 34 mating behaviors, 31 (91.1%) occurred at night (23:00—2:00 the next day) and 3 (8.9%) occurred during the day (6: 00—7: 00 in the morning). This study first clearly described the characteristics of reproductive behaviors of G. przewalskii ex situ, which can provide basic data for mimic-natural spawning ground construction, wild broodstock conservation and natural spawning habitat protection of G. przewalskii.
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Keywords:
- Gymnocypris przewalskii /
- Reproduction behavior /
- Chasing /
- Companionship /
- Tail diving /
- Attracting
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图 2 人工产卵环境示意图和实景图
Figure 2. The sketch map and physical map of artificial spawning environment
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图 3 伴游行为
a. 顺水漂游; b. 逆水漂游; c. 首首漂游; 虚线示意雄鱼或雌鱼的游动轨迹及方向
Figure 3. Parading behaviors with a couple of male and female
a. same direction with the current; b. same direction opposite the current; c. opposite direction. Dotted line demonstrating a male’s or a female’s swimming track and direction
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图 4 追逐行为
虚线示意雄鱼或雌鱼的游动轨迹及方向; 下同
Figure 4. Chasing behaviors with a couple of male and female
Dotted line demonstrating a male’s or a female’s swimming track and direction. The same applies below
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图 8 人工环境下单日青海湖裸鲤的繁殖行为频次统计
Figure 8. Statistical frequencies of reproductive behaviors of G. przewalskii in an artificial environment
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图 9 人工环境下青海湖裸鲤的繁殖行为持续时间统计
Figure 9. Statistical durations of each reproductive behaviors of G. przewalskii in an artificial environment
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图 10 人工环境下青海湖裸鲤的交配性比统计
Figure 10. Statistical mating ratios of G. przewalskii in an artificial environment
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图 11 青海湖裸鲤的交配昼夜频次统计
Figure 11. Statistical frequencies of mating behaviors of G. przewalskii during day and night
表 1 人工产卵环境营造参数
Table 1 Parameters of artificial spawning environment
繁殖需求Reproductive need 环境参数Environmental parameters 流速Velocity of flow (20.05±8.07) cm/s 光周期Photoperiod 14D:10L/24h 水深Water depth 20 cm 温度Temperature 10.3—13℃ 底质Bottom material 小卵石(2—5 cm) 中卵石(6—9 cm)
大卵石(10—18 cm)
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表 2 人工环境下不同性比实验组繁殖效果
Table 2 Reproductive results of different sex ratio experimental group in artificial environment
不同性比实验组Experimental group with different sex ratio 重复次数(次)Times of the repetition 前24h交配频次(次)Mating frequency in first 24h 前24h产卵量(颗)Eggs released in first 24h (ind.) 受精率区间Fertilization rate (%) 产卵期时长Oviposition duration (d) 产卵期平均时长Average duration of oviposition (d) 3雌1雄 8 2—6 171—2256 76.64—91.23 3—7 4 1雌1雄 8 3—9 15—988 53.33—86.67 1雌3雄 8 1—6 134—987 67.16—82.78 3雌3雄 40 4—6 17—3274 37.91—98.53
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