SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF WATER QUALITY IN LONGGAN LAKE BASED ON PRINCIPLE COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) AND SELF-ORGANIZING MAPPING NEURAL NETWORK (SOM) MODELLING
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摘要: 为评估湖泊渔业模式转型阶段水环境的时空动态, 选择长江中下游典型湖泊龙感湖为研究地点, 于2017—2018年对该湖的黄梅水域和宿松水域进行周年季度水质监测, 通过主成分分析(PCA)和自组织特征映射人工神经网络(SOM)模型定量分析了水体理化参数的时空变化特征, 采用综合营养状态指数法(TLI)对水体富营养化状况进行了评价。PCA分析结果表明, 龙感湖宿松水域和黄梅水域的水质差异较小, 季节动态明显。全湖氨氮夏季平均浓度高达0.64 mg/L; 总氮夏季平均浓度为2.30 mg/L, 冬季平均浓度为1.04 mg/L; 叶绿素a夏季平均含量达95.28 μg/L, 秋季平均浓度为28.30 μg/L; pH夏季最高, 达9.27; 总磷冬季最高, 平均为0.22 mg/L; TLI指数表明龙感湖除秋季属于轻度富营养水体外, 其他3个季节均属于中度富营养状态。SOM模型结果具有可视化强的优点, 能够更清晰和直观地反映龙感湖水质的时空分布动态。围栏拆除和禁渔等管理措施有助于湖泊渔业环境修复和资源恢复, 建议对渔业模式转型后的湖泊生态系统变化进行长期跟踪监测评估。
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关键词:
- 湖泊渔业模式转型 /
- 水质时空变化 /
- 主成分分析(PCA) /
- 自组织特征映射人工神经网络(SOM) /
- 湖泊生态系统
Abstract: In order to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of water quality during the transformation stage of lake fishery model, we selected Longgan Lake, a typical lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, as our research site. From 2017 to 2018, seasonal water quality monitoring were conducted on the Huangmei waters and Susong waters of the lake. Principle component analysis (PCA) and self-organizing mapping neural network (SOM) modelling were used to analyze the spatiotemporal changes of physical and chemical parameters of water body. The eutrophication status of water body was evaluated by the method of comprehensive trophic level index (TLI). PCA results indicated that the water quality of Susong and Huangmei waters in Longgan Lake had little difference, while the seasonal dynamic was obvious. The average concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the whole lake was the highest (0.64 mg/L) in summer. The average concentrations of total nitrogen in summer and in winter were 2.30 mg/L and 1.04 mg/L respectively. The average concentrations of chlorophyll a in summer and autumn were 95.28 μg/L and 28.30 μg/L respectively. The pH value was the highest (9.27) in summer, while the average concentration of total phosphorus was highest in winter with the value of 0.22 mg/L. The TLI index showed that Longgan Lake had a mild eutrophic level in autumn and a moderate eutrophic state in the other three seasons. The results of SOM model clearly and intuitively reflected the temporal and spatial distribution of water quality in Longgan Lake. Management measures such as eliminating purse seine and prohibiting fishing can help restore lake fishery environment and fishery resources. It is suggested that a long-term follow-up investigation and assessment should be carried out on the lake ecosystem after the transformation of fishery model. -
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图 1 龙感湖轮廓图及采样点分布
图中虚线为区分黄梅和宿松水域的示意线
Figure 1. Sketch map of Longgan Lake and the distribution of sampling sites
The dotted line in the map is a schematic line to distinguish Huangmei and Susong waters
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图 2 龙感湖黄梅水域和宿松水域综合营养状态指数(TLI)的季节动态特征
图中每个点代表一次采样, 矩形框包含了50%的TLI数据, 框内水平线表示数据的中位数
Figure 2. Seasonal dynamics of comprehensive trophic level index (TLI) for Huangmei and Susong areas of Longgan Lake
Each point in the figure represents a sample. The rectangular box contains 50% of the TLI data. Horizontal lines in the box represent the median of the data
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图 3 龙感湖水质参数的主成分分析
a. 季节动态; b. 水域差异; 图中点和椭圆的不同颜色代表相应季节或水域; HM. 黄梅水域; SS. 宿松水域; 水质参数符号含义见表 3
Figure 3. Principal component analysis (PCA) on water quality parameters in Longgan Lake
a. indicating seasonal dynamics; b. indicating spatial differences. Different colors of dots and ellipses in the graph represent corresponding seasons or waters. HM. Huangmei water area; SS. Susong water area. See Tab 3 for the meaning of codes of water quality parameters
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图 4 龙感湖水质时空动态SOM模型
a. 输出层神经元的等级分类; b. 各样点在输出层模式图上的分布; Sp. 春季; Su. 夏季; A. 秋季; W. 冬季; HM. 黄梅水域; SS. 宿松水域
Figure 4. The SOM modelling of spatio-temporal dynamics of water quality in Longgan Lake
a. Hierarchical classification of the neurons on the output layer. b. Distribution of all the sampling sites on the patterned map; Sp. Spring; Su. Summer; A. Autumn; W. Winter; HM. Huangmei water area; SS. Susong water area
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表 1
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Table 1
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参数Parameter Chl.a SD COD Mn TP TN rij 1 –0.83 0.83 0.84 0.82 $r^2_{ij} $ 
1 0.6889 0.6889 0.7056 0.6724 
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表 2 湖泊(水库)综合营养状态指数TLI (∑)与营养状态的对应关系[9]
Table 2 The corresponding relationship between the comprehensive trophic level index TLI (∑) and trophic level of lakes (reservoirs)
综合营养状态指数TLI (∑)
Comprehensive trophic level index TLI (∑)营养状态
Trophic levelTLI (∑)＜30 贫营养Oligotrophic 30≤ TLI (∑)≤50 中营养Mesotrophic TLI (∑)＞50 富营养Eutrophic 50＜TLI (∑)≤60 轻度富营养Lightly eutrophic 60＜TLI (∑)≤70 中度富营养Moderately eutrophic TLI (∑)＞70 重度富营养Severely eutrophic
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表 3 2017—2018年龙感湖水质参数的季节变化(平均值±标准误)
Table 3 Seasonal variations of water quality parameter in Longgan Lake during 2017—2018 (Mean±SE)
参数Parameter 冬季Winter 春季Spring 夏季Summer 秋季Autumn 水深WD (m) 0.83±0.25 0.99±0.20 2.52±0.25 1.55±0.27 透明度SD (m) 0.14±0.05 0.34±0.06 0.40±0.12 0.39±0.08 水温WT (℃) 8.54±1.08 24.87±1.52 32.63±0.82 14.98±0.60 气温AT (℃) 10.13±1.30 25.19±1.97 35.03±2.47 17.67±0.71 溶解氧DO (mg/L) 10.55±1.41 7.67±1.20 8.83±2.54 12.11±1.93 电导率Cond (μS/cm) 161.59±36.50 221.02±48.46 256.93±15.85 211.99±21.60 pH 8.60±0.40 8.98±0.25 9.27±0.36 8.72±0.12 总氮TN (mg/L) 1.04±0.90 1.14±0.32 2.30±0.64 0.98±0.24 亚硝态氮 ${\rm{NO}}^-_2 $ -N (mg/L)
0.08±0.10 0.09±0.08 0.03±0.03 0.06±0.07 氨氮 ${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $ -N (mg/L)
0.19±0.19 0.21±0.14 0.64±0.31 0.12±0.06 总磷TP (mg/L) 0.22±0.14 0.12±0.04 0.11±0.04 0.11±0.06 化学需氧量CODMn (mg/L) 7.80±0.82 5.94±0.92 8.20±0.69 5.32±0.84 叶绿素a Chl.a (μg/L) 62.00±48.40 60.83±35.32 95.28±49.30 28.30±12.68
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表 4 龙感湖不同采样点富营养化状态分级统计
Table 4 Classification statistics of eutrophication status at different sampling points of Longgan Lake
综合营养指数TLI (∑) 富营养化程度
Eutrophication degree处于该营养状态下的样点数(个)
Number of sample points in this state占总样点数的百分比
Percentage of total sample points (%)黄梅水域Huangmei 宿松水域Susong 黄梅水域Huangmei 宿松水域Susong (0, 30) 贫营养Oligotrophic 0 0 0 0 [30, 50] 中营养Mesotrophic 0 0 0 0 (50, 60] 轻度富营养Lightly eutrophic 5 14 9.43 26.42 (60, 70] 中度富营养Moderately eutrophic 17 14 32.08 26.42 (70, 100] 重度富营养Severely eutrophic 1 2 1.89 3.77
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