THE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION DISTRICTS IN AUTUMN
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摘要: 为探究重金属污染区秋季浮游植物群落特征及其影响因子, 2019年11月对攸县和万山不同类型水体进行了采样调查, 共检出浮游植物7门52属67种, 结果显示不同类型水体间浮游植物群落结构差异不显著(R= –0.022, P=0.549), 攸县和万山浮游植物群落结构存在差异(R=0.152, P=0.083); 但均以绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻为主; 细胞密度变化范围为1.11×104—1.17×107 cells/L; 物种数分别为10—31种和6—18种, Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数分别为2.28—3.29和0.482—2.401, 均匀性指数分别为0.979—0.996和0.244—0.742, 两地的多样性指数存在显著差异(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示: 浮游植物细胞密度与CODMn、TOC、ORP呈显著正相关, 与Cr、Se、Ba、V呈显著负相关; Mantel test显示CODMn、WT、pH、TC、IC、
${\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }$ -P及Co、Ni、Zn、Cd和Pb是影响浮游植物群落的关键因子; CCA分析显示常规理化因子对攸县和万山浮游植物群落的影响大于重金属。研究表明, 重金属污染区水体浮游植物群落结构存在显著的地域差异, 重金属离子含量及常规理化因子对群落结构特征均存在显著的影响。Abstract: To study the community structure of phytoplankton in different aquatic bodies polluted by heavy metals and its relationships with environmental factors, field surveys were conducted in Youxian County and Wanshan District in November 2019. A total of 67 phytoplankton species were identified, belonging to 7 phyla and 52 genera. The community structure of phytoplankton has no remarkable difference between different water types (R=–0.022, P=0.549), but the two study areas were different (R=0.152, P=0.083). The communities were dominated by Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Cyanophyta. The phytoplankton abundance ranged from 1.11×104 to 1.17×107. The species richness of the phytoplankton community was 10—31 in Youxian County and 6—18 in Wanshan District, the Shannon-Wiener index of the phytoplankton community was 2.28—3.29 in Youxian County and 0.482—2.401 in Wanshan District, the evenness index of the phytoplankton community was 0.979—0.996 in Youxian County and 0.244—0.742 in Wanshan District. These three indices showed significant differences in different districts (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that CODMn, TOC and ORP were significantly positively correlated with phytoplankton abundance, and Cr, Se, Ba and V were significantly negatively correlated with phytoplankton abundance. Mantel test analysis indicated that CODMn, WT, pH, TC, IC,${\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }$ -P and Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb were the key factors that explain the phytoplankton community structure. The canonical correlation analysis indicated that the changes in the phytoplankton community were more related to routine physics and chemistry index than to heavy metals. There were significant differences in phytoplankton community structure in heavy metal polluted areas, and heavy metal ion content and routine physics and chemistry index had significant influences on the community structure. These results provide a research basis for isolating heavy metal tolerant algal strains and carrying out subsequent transformation. Meanwhile, the research is of great significance to the management and protection of water ecosystem. -
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图 1 采样点位图 (A. 攸县; B. 万山)
Figure 1. Distribution of the sampling sites (A. Youxian County; B. Wanshan District)
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图 2 浮游植物群落特征
A. 攸县浮游植物物种数组成; B. 万山浮游植物物种数组成; C. 攸县和万山各样点浮游植物相对丰度与叶绿素a含量
Figure 2. Phytoplankton community characteristics
A. Species composition in Youxian County; B. Species composition in Wanshan District; C. The proportions of phytoplankton and Chl.a concentrations in each sampling site
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图 3 不同采样位点浮游植物物种组成的Upset图(实心圆表示该样点用于统计物种数目)
Figure 3. The upset diagram showing the number of shared and specific phytoplankton in each sampling site (The solid circle represents the point used to conduct analysis of species numbers statistics)
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图 4 浮游植物群落结构ANOSIM分析(A. 采样区域; B. 不同水体类型)
Figure 4. Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) of the phytoplankton community structure between Youxian County and Wanshan district (A) and Different water type (B)
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图 5 浮游植物群落组成的环境驱动因素
Mantel’s p表示Mantel test的相关关系的检测水平; Mantel’s r表示Mantel test的相关系数; corr表示Pearson相关系数
Figure 5. Environmental drivers of phytoplankton community composition
Pairwise comparison of environmental factors were shown with a color gradient denoting Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Phytoplankton community composition was related to each environmental factor by partial Mantel tests
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图 6 各采样位点物种矩阵与环境因子矩阵的CCA分析
A. 采样位点聚类; B. CCA1轴与环境因子的关系
Figure 6. Biplot diagram for CCA on the relationship between environmental variables and phytoplankton community composition
A. the similarity of sample. B. the relationship between CCA1 and environmental factors
表 1 攸县和万山两地浮游植物优势种及优势度
Table 1 Dominant species of phytoplankton in Youxian County and Wanshan District
门
Phylum属种
Species拉丁名
Latin name优势度
Dominance攸县 万山 蓝藻 微小平裂藻 Merismopedia tenuissima 0.03 — 假鱼腥 Pseudoanabaena sp. 0.15 — 细鞘丝藻 Leptolyngbya sp. 0.15 — 硅藻 舟形藻 Navicula sp. 0.02 — 菱形藻 Nitzschia sp. 0.03 — 绿藻 衣藻 Chlamydomonas sp. 0.02 — 隐藻 隐藻 Cryptomonas sp. 0.03 0.03 甲藻 二叉角藻 Ceratium furcoides — 0.03 金藻 锥囊藻 Dinobryon sp. — 0.02 
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表 2 攸县各样点浮游植物多样性指数
Table 2 The phytoplankton diversity index in Youxian County
指标Index YX1 YX2 YX3 YX4 YX5 YX6 物种丰富度D 25 31 16 14 10 27 香农-威纳指数H′ 3.206 3.430 2.768 2.628 2.282 3.290 均匀性指数J 0.987 0.996 0.995 0.989 0.979 0.994
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表 3 万山各样点浮游植物多样性指数
Table 3 The phytoplankton diversity index in Wanshan District
指标Index WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 WS8 WS9 物种丰富度D 15 14 17 7 6 10 14 13 18 香农-威纳指数H′ 1.605 2.233 1.421 1.317 0.482 1.963 1.438 2.267 2.401 均匀性指数J 0.332 0.666 0.244 0.533 0.270 0.712 0.301 0.742 0.613
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表 4 攸县和万山重金属含量状况
Table 4 Means (minimum-maximum) of heavy metal elements content in Youxian County and Wanshan District
重金属含量Content of heavy
metal elements (μg/L)攸县Youxian County 万山Wanshan District df P值 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min Cd 111 1.434 4.189 0.025 0.018 0.055 0.003 1.580 0.231 Cr 52 2.614 2.928 2.323 8.158 21.761 3.107 4.726 0.049 Mn 55 796.331 4652.234 0.082 25.748 169.649 0.114 1.555 0.234 Fe 57 241.882 816.575 85.542 212.187 308.844 106.823 0.093 0.765 Co 59 13.944 80.809 0.048 0.176 0.253 0.077 1.653 0.221 Ni 60 29.906 161.710 1.535 3.671 5.382 1.746 1.542 0.236 Cu 63 7.978 37.702 0.929 1.674 2.211 1.018 1.748 0.209 Zn 66 81.926 475.322 0.650 1.287 1.984 0.527 1.638 0.223 As 75 0.652 1.202 0.226 1.874 4.345 0.495 4.555 0.052 Se 82 0.679 0.963 0.492 22.897 60.258 1.077 4.077 0.065 Sr 88 412.259 1315.375 137.471 153.930 225.770 72.637 2.969 0.109 Ba 138 14.925 26.260 6.061 85.879 128.572 33.338 28.899 0.000 Pb 208 1.453 2.898 0.008 0.027 0.033 0.021 1.531 0.238 V 51 0.260 0.420 0.097 1.434 3.584 0.358 4.777 0.048 Bi 209 — — — — — — — — U 238 1.498 7.299 0.117 1.439 2.627 0.454 0.004 0.952 Rb 85 3.066 4.781 0.755 4.995 12.513 0.745 0.972 0.342 Hg — — — — — — — —
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表 5 攸县和万山常规理化因子状况
Table 5 Means (minimum-maximum) of routine physics and chemistry index in Youxian County and Wanshan District
理化因子Physics and
chemistry index攸县Youxian County 万山Wanshan District df P值 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min TN (mg/L) 1.63 2.01 1.27 6.48 18.67 1.28 2.971 0.108 ${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N (mg/L)
0.75 1.56 0.18 5.21 13.40 0.00 3.705 0.076 ${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N (mg/L)
0.09 0.19 0.02 0.29 1.35 0.03 1.022 0.330 TP (mg/L) 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.08 0.24 0.01 1.977 0.183 ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }$ -P (mg/L)
0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.00 1.404 0.257 CODMn (mg/L) 2.46 5.51 0.73 1.13 3.43 0.23 3.108 0.101 Chl. a (μg/L) 3.56 8.62 0.27 9.59 71.96 0.28 0.381 0.548 WT (℃) 20.45 22.10 18.10 10.17 12.00 5.10 116.405 0.000 DO (mg/L) 8.08 11.00 2.50 10.20 12.90 6.80 3.226 0.096 SPC (μS/cm) 395.05 946.00 121.10 634.02 1247.00 282.80 1.172 0.213 pH 7.23 8.32 3.86 7.96 8.87 7.71 1.554 0.234 ORP (mV) 192.93 484.50 41.90 100.43 192.30 43.50 3.002 0.107 TC (mg/L) 18.74 28.79 1.20 31.33 47.61 9.49 3.888 0.070 IC (mg/L) 17.49 24.86 2.87 29.82 45.16 11.77 5.150 0.041 TOC (mg/L) 1.81 5.70 0.00 1.81 8.12 0.00 0.000 0.999
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表 6 浮游植物丰度与环境因子的Pearson相关性分析
Table 6 Pearson correlation coefficients between phytoplankton abundance and environmental factors
环境因子Environmental factor 蓝藻Cyanophyta 硅藻Bacillariophyta 绿藻Chlorophyta 甲藻Pyrroptata 隐藻Cryptophyta 裸藻Euglenophyta 金藻Chrysophyta 总计
Total${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N
–0.333 –0.513 –0.257 –0.414 –0.492 –0.692** 0.014 –0.453 ${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N
–0.517* –0.064 0.134 0.041 –0.184 –0.334 –0.071 –0.166 CODMn 0.447 0.535* 0.613* 0.434 0.477 0.539* –0.124 0.585* ORP 0.378 0.354 0.423 0.140 0.366 0.591* –0.089 0.418 TOC 0.291 0.087 0.146 0.572* 0.304 0.285 –0.085 0.289 Cr –0.774** –0.244 –0.216 –0.142 –0.477 –0.398 –0.227 –0.406 Se –0.664** –0.312 –0.274 –0.329 –0.481 –0.640* –0.322 –0.498 Ba –0.597* –0.194 –0.331 0.203 –0.142 –0.139 0.067 –0.167 V –0.515* –0.259 –0.108 –0.350 –0.546* –0.448 –0.300 –0.356 注: *. 相关关系在0.05水平(双尾检测), **. 相关关系在0.01水平(双尾检测)Note: *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed), **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
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