COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND THE WATER QUALITY DURING DIFFERENT HYDROLOGICAL PERIODS IN POYANG LAKE
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摘要: 为阐明鄱阳湖不同水文期浮游生物群落结构特征及其影响因素, 研究于2017年8月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)在鄱阳湖湖区典型水域设置5个采样点进行浮游生物采样调查。研究期间共鉴定浮游植物8门75属186种, 丰水期与枯水期均以硅藻门和绿藻门为主。共鉴定浮游动物4类76种, 丰水期与枯水期均以原生动物和轮虫为主。方差分析显示: 浮游植物密度与生物量在不同水文期之间的差异均为极显著(P<0.01), 浮游动物丰水期密度高于枯水期, 但无显著差异(P>0.05), 浮游动物生物量(P<0.05)在不同水文期差异显著。冗余分析(RDA)显示: 丰水期透明度和浮游生物呈显著负相关关系, 电导率和浮游生物呈显著正相关。透明度、电导率与营养盐是影响丰水期浮游生物群落结构的主要环境因素, 枯水期水温和溶解氧是驱动鄱阳湖浮游生物群落生态分布的主要环境因素。基于Shannon-Wiener(H′)、Margalef(d)和Pielou(J)等生物多样性指数的水质评价结果表明: 鄱阳湖研究区域水质状态处于寡污-中污之间。研究揭示了2个水文期对通江湖泊浮游生物的影响: 季节变化不改变湖泊浮游生物的物种组成及优势种, 但显著影响浮游生物的丰度及多样性。Abstract: Poyang Lake is a large Yangtze-connected lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its water level fluctuates periodically with the hydrological rhythm. In order to clarify the characteristics and influencing factors of plankton community structure during different hydrological periods, the survey on plankton structure was conducted at five typical sampling sites of Poyang Lake in August (wet season) and December (dry season) of 2017. The results indicated that phytoplankton assemblage was composed of 186 species and 75 genera, belonging to 8 phylum. Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta dominated in wet and dry seasons. Zooplankton was composed of 76 species, belonging to four taxonomic groups. Protozoa and Rotifers were dominant during wet and dry seasons. The density and biomass of phytoplankton were statistically significantly higher during wet season than those during dry season (P<0.01). The density of zooplankton in wet period was higher than that in dry water period, but there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The biomass of zooplankton (P<0.05) was significantly different in different hydrological periods. Redundancy analysis suggested that there was negative correlation between the plankton community structure and transparency. The conductivity showed a positive correlation with the plankton community structure. Transparency, conductivity and nutrient were key factors affecting the community structure of plankton during wet season, whereas water temperature and dissolved oxygen were key factors affecting the community structure of plankton during dry season. Based on the diversity indices of Shannon-wiener, Margalef and Pielou, the results showed that the water quality of Poyang Lake was at low-to-medium pollution level. Our findings revealed the impact of two hydrologic periods on the plankton of Yangtze-connected lakes. Seasonal change did not change the species composition and dominant species of plankton in Poyang Lake, but affected the abundance and diversity of plankton greatly.
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图 2 不同水文期浮游植物(a)和浮游动物(b)的密度
Figure 2. The density of phytoplankton (a) and zooplankton (b) during different hydrologic periods
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图 3 不同水文期浮游植物(a)和浮游动物(b)生物量
Figure 3. The biomass of phytoplankton (a) and zooplankton (b) during different hydrologic periods
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图 4 丰水期浮游生物优势种与环境因子的RDA排序图
“△”代表浮游植物, “○”代表浮游动物
Figure 4. RDA analysis of dominant plankton species and environmental factors during wet season
Triangles and circles represent phytoplankton and zooplankton, respectively
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图 5 枯水期浮游生物优势种与环境因子RDA排序图
“△”代表浮游植物, “○”代表浮游动物
Figure 5. RDA analysis of dominant plankton species and environmental factors during dry season
Triangles and circles represent phytoplankton and zooplankton, respectively
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图 6 不同水文期浮游植物多样性指数
Figure 6. Diversity indices of phytoplankton during different hydrological periods
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图 7 不同水文期浮游动物多样性指数
Figure 7. Diversity indices of zooplankton during different hydrological periods
表 1 多样性指数评价标准
Table 1 Evaluation standard of diversity indices
多样性指数
Diversity indices评价标准Evaluation standard Shannon-Wiener index 0—1
重污1—2 α-
中污2—3 β-
中污>3 寡污
或无污Margalef index 0—1
重污1—2 α-
中污2—3 β-
中污>3 寡污
或无污Pielou index 0—0.3
重污0.3—0.4
α-中污0.4—0.5
β-中污>0.5寡污
或无污
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表 2 鄱阳湖不同水文期的浮游生物优势种
Table 2 Dominant species of plankton during different hydrological periods in Poyang Lake
水文期Period 门类Category 优势种Dominant species 优势度Dominance index 丰水期
Wet season浮游植物 硅藻门 颗粒直链藻极狭变种 Melosira granulata var.angutissima 0.04 蓝藻门 水华束丝藻 Aphanizomenon flos-aquae 0.11 拟短形颤藻 Oscillatoria subbrevis 0.07 小形色球藻 Chroococcus minor 0.07 细小平裂藻 Merismopedia minima 0.09 卷曲鱼腥藻 Anabaena circinalis 0.02 伪鱼腥藻 Pseudoanabaena sp. 0.02 绿藻门 双对栅藻 Scenedesmus bijuga 0.02 浮游动物 轮虫 纤巧异尾轮虫 Trichocerca tenuior 0.02 针簇多肢轮虫 Polyarthra trigla 0.02 枝角类 颈沟基合溞 Bominopsis deitersis 0.04 简弧象鼻溞 Bosmina coregoni 0.25 桡足类 广布中剑水蚤 Mesocyclops leuckarti 0.10 枯水期
Dry season浮游植物 硅藻门 颗粒直链藻极狭变种 Melosira granulata var. angutissima 0.03 梅尼小环藻 Cyclotella meneghiniana 0.02 蓝藻门 不定微囊藻 Microcystis incerta 0.05 绿藻门 双对栅藻 Scenedesmus bijuga 0.02 小球衣藻 Chlamydomonas microsphaera 0.04 卵形衣藻 Chlamydomonas ovalis 0.19 隐藻门 卵形隐藻 Crytomonas ovata 0.02 浮游动物 原生动物 湖沼砂壳虫 Difflugia urceolata 0.02 枝角类 简弧象鼻溞 Bosmina coregoni 0.09 桡足类 右突新镖水蚤 Neodiaptomus schmackeri 0.14 广布中剑水蚤 Mesocyclops leuckarti 0.05
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表 3 鄱阳湖丰水期与枯水期的环境因子特征
Table 3 Characteristics of environmental factors during wet and dry seasons in Poyang Lake
水文期
Period采样点
Sampling site水温
WT(℃)透明度
Transparency(m)电导率
Cond(μs/cm)pH 溶解氧
DO(mg/L)TP
(mg/L)TN
(mg/L)$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}}^ +_4 $ -N
(mg/L)丰水期Wet season 吴城 30.46 0.49 142.68 7.75 7.42 0.03 1.59 0.29 星子 29.67 0.50 110.80 7.53 6.82 0.03 1.21 0.29 都昌 31.50 0.58 101.40 7.76 7.40 0.04 0.95 0.29 鄱阳 31.53 0.53 92.47 8.29 7.46 0.04 0.83 0.20 余干 31.33 0.30 133.40 7.82 7.02 0.06 1.06 0.30 平均 30.90 0.48 116.15 7.83 7.22 0.04 1.13 0.27 枯水期Dry season 吴城 13.03 0.33 106.13 7.98 8.01 0.06 1.75 0.27 星子 11.80 0.38 145.07 7.64 7.82 0.05 1.91 0.3 都昌 8.23 0.33 105.77 7.66 9.40 0.05 1.11 0.15 鄱阳 8.47 0.24 88.97 7.65 10.54 0.03 0.91 0.08 余干 8.90 0.39 101.1 7.37 9.12 0.09 2.03 0.36 平均 10.09 0.33 109.41 7.66 8.98 0.06 1.54 0.23 t检验 P<0.01 P<0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P<0.01 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 丰水期×枯水期 注: P<0.05和P<0.01表示差异性显著Note: P<0.05 and P<0.01 indicate significant difference
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表 4 RDA排序图中的浮游生物物种及其编号
Table 4 The species and codes of plankton for RDA analysis
编号Code 物种Species 编号Code 物种Species sp1 颗粒直链藻极狭变种Melosira granulata var. angutissima sp12 简弧象鼻溞Nauplius sp2 水华束丝藻Aphanizomenon flos-aquae sp13 广布中剑水蚤Mesocyclops leuckarti sp3 拟短形颤藻Oscillatoria subbrevis sp14 梅尼小环藻Cyclotella meneghiniana sp4 小形色球藻Chroococcus minor sp15 不定微囊藻Microcystis incerta sp5 细小平裂藻Merismopedia minima sp16 小球衣藻Chlamydomonas microsphaera sp6 卷曲鱼腥藻Anabaena circinalis sp17 卵形衣藻Chlamydomonas ovalis sp7 伪鱼腥藻Pseudoanabaena sp. sp18 卵形隐藻Crytomonas ovata sp8 双对栅藻Scenedesmus bijuga sp19 湖沼砂壳虫Difflugia urceolata sp9 纤巧异尾轮虫Trichocerca tenuior sp20 右突新镖水蚤Neodiaptomus schmackeri sp10 针簇多肢轮虫Polyarthra trigla sp11 颈沟基合溞Bominopsis deitersis
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