COMPARISON OF FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES BETWEEN EXOTIC SPECIES LEPISOSTEUS OCULATUS AND NATIVE SPECIES CHANNA MACULATA
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摘要: 为评估外来鱼类雀鳝对本地鱼类资源的捕食效率及与本地肉食鱼类摄食的差异, 研究对眼斑雀鳝(Lepisosteus oculatus)捕食鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)、广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)和草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的功能反应进行了实验研究, 并与本地生态位相似肉食性鱼类斑鳢(Channa maculata)的功能反应进行了比较。研究分析了雀鳝和斑鳢的功能反应类型, 建立了功能反应曲线, 估计了资源消耗率相关的参数, 并结合功能反应模型和食物转化效率模拟了2种鱼类的种群增长趋势。结果表明: 雀鳝与斑鳢的功能反应类型均为Type-Ⅱ型; 2种捕食者的袭击率(P=0.383)及食物处理时间(P=0.663)均无显著性差异, 表明2种捕食者在单位资源消耗率上并无明显差别; 雀鳝的相对生长效率显著高于斑鳢(P<0.05), 而食物转化效率则无显著差异(P=0.132); 雀鳝的种群增长快于斑鳢且具有更高的稳定种群密度。研究为系统评估外来鱼类雀鳝的生态影响提供了基础, 采用的量化功能反应的方法可为其他外来鱼类生态影响的评估提供借鉴和参考。Abstract: Exotic fish garpikes have caused some social panic due to their occurrence in the freshwater lake. As ferocious predators, they have high threats to native fish species and the aquatic ecosystem. However, we know very little about how strong garpikes feed on native fish species, and whether they are different from other native predators in feeding efficiency. Using a manipulative experiment, we studied the functional response of a common garpike, Lepisosteus oculatus on three prey, Cirrhinus molitorella, Megalobrama terminalis, and Ctenopharyngodon idellus. The functional response of L. oculatus was further compared with that of native similar predatory species, Channa maculata. Specifically, we studied the types of functional response, constructed the functional response curves, estimated the parameters representing feeding efficiency. By combining the functional responses and food conversion efficiency, we constructed a mechanistic model to simulate their population developments with time when considering the potential different mortality rates due to intraspecies density dependence. We found that both L. oculatus and C. maculata had Type-Ⅱ functional responses. It was not significantly different in the rate of unit resource consumption between the two species, that is, there was no significant difference neither in the attack rate (P=0.383) nor in the handling time (P=0.663). While the relative growth rate of L. oculatus was higher than that of C. maculata (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in food conversion efficiency between these two species (P=0.132). We also found that L. oculatus had faster population growth and higher stable population density than C. maculata. Collectively, our results indicate that L. oculatus have neither a higher resource consumption rate nor food conversion efficiency than native similar predators. However, we suggest that it is still very necessary to monitor and control this exotic fish in the natural aquatic ecosystem, given that it has no natural enemies, consumes many native fishes, and competes with native predatory fish. Our quantification of functional responses provides a basis for future systematic assessment on the ecological impacts of L. oculatus, and can serve as a reference for assessing resource consumption rate and potential ecological impacts of other exotic fishes.
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图 1 雀鳝与斑鳢的功能反应实验布局图
图中数字代表饵料鱼苗的密度, 右图表示雀鳝和斑鳢分别取食饵料鱼苗
Figure 1. Layout of the functional response experiment for Lepisosteus oculatus and Channa maculata
The numbers represent the density of prey fishes and right figures show that two predator fishes L. oculatus and C. maculata feed on these prey fishes respectively
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图 2 雀鳝与斑鳢总的功能反应曲线(A)及参数(B. 袭击率; C. 处理时间)比较
Figure 2. Functional response curves (A) and parameters (B. Attack rate; C. Handling time) of Lepisosteus oculatus and Channa maculata
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图 3 雀鳝与斑鳢摄食鲮(A)、广东鲂(B)和草鱼(C)鱼苗的功能反应曲线
Figure 3. Functional response curves of Lepisosteus oculatus and Channa maculata when feeding on three fries C. molitorella (A), M. terminalis (B) and C. idellus (C)
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图 4 斑鳢(A)与雀鳝(B)的种群增长趋势模拟
Figure 4. Population growth simulation for Channa maculata (A) and Lepisosteus oculatus (B)
表 1 雀鳝与斑鳢摄食3种鱼苗的功能反应参数
Table 1 Functional response parameters for Lepisosteus oculatus and Channa maculata when feeding on three fries
捕食者Predator 功能反应参数FR Parameter 饵料鱼苗Prey species 参数值Value SE Standard error P值P Value 雀鳝L. oculatus 袭击率Attack rate (m2/h) 鲮C. molitorella 1.978 0.466 <0.001 广东鲂M. terminalis 2.996 0.646 <0.001 草鱼C. idellus 6.450 2.074 <0.002 处理时间Handling time (h/ind.) 鲮C. molitorella 0.039 0.010 <0.001 广东鲂M. terminalis 0.007 0.008 0.337 草鱼C. idellus 0.022 0.005 <0.001 斑鳢C. maculata 袭击率Attack rate (m2/h) 鲮C. molitorella 3.402 0.799 <0.001 广东鲂M. terminalis 5.591 1.486 <0.001 草鱼C. idellus 6.920 2.057 <0.001 处理时间Handling time (h/ind.) 鲮C. molitorella 0.030 0.007 <0.001 广东鲂M. terminalis 0.023 0.005 <0.001 草鱼C. idellus 0.033 0.004 <0.001 
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表 2 雀鳝与斑鳢食物转化率及相对生长率
Table 2 Food conversion efficiencies and relative growth rates for Lepisosteus oculatus and Channa maculata
捕食者
Predator初始体重
Initial body
weight W1 (g)结束体重
Final body
weight W2 (g)体重增加量
Weight gain∆B (g) 饵料摄食量
Food intake
C (g)食物转化效率
Food conversion
efficiency E (%)相对生长率
Relative growth
rate G (%/d)雀鳝L. oculatus 469.7±16.2a 581.7±21.5 a 112.0±12.0 a 358.7±16.5 a 31.0±2.4 1.6±0.1 a 斑鳢C. maculata 401.3±9.0b 457.5±16.2 b 56.3±10.9 b 240.1±14.1 b 22.6±3.4 0.9±0.2 b 注: 同列数据上标不同表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)Note: Values in each column with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05)
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