FERMENTED SOYBEAN MEAL AND SOYBEAN MEAL REPLACE PARTIAL FISH MEAL ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE, HEMATOLOGY, LIVER ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND IMMUNE RELATED GENES mRNA EXPRESSION OF JUVENILE COHO SALMON
-
摘要: 为探究发酵豆粕和豆粕替代部分鱼粉对银鲑(Oncorhynchus kisutch)幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标、肝脏抗氧化能力和免疫相关基因mRNA表达量的影响, 试验设置4种等氮等脂等能的饲料(粗蛋白约为42%、粗脂肪约为15%): 对照组为: 添加41%鱼粉的饲料(FM组; 鱼粉蛋白占比27%); 试验组分别为在FM组中用豆粕替代部分鱼粉 (SM组; 鱼粉蛋白占比17%, 豆粕蛋白占比10%)、在FM组中用豆粕和发酵豆粕混合替代部分鱼粉(FSM5组; 鱼粉蛋白占比17%, 豆粕蛋白占比5%, 发酵豆粕蛋白占比5%)、在FM组中用发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉(FSM10组; 鱼粉蛋白占比17%, 发酵豆粕蛋白占比10%), 饲养体重为(102.25±0.24) g的银鲑幼鱼10周。生长结果表明, FSM10组的增重率、特定生长率、日增重率、肥满度与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05); FSM5组特定生长率、增重率和日增重显著低于对照组(P<0.05), 但显著高于SM组(P<0.05); 各组间肝体比、脏体比和存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。肌肉成分结果显示, 各组水分、灰分和粗蛋白没有显著差异(P>0.05), SM组的粗脂肪显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。血清生化试验结果表明, FSM10组血清葡萄糖、总胆固醇、白蛋白和总蛋白含量与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05); FSM5组血清葡萄糖、白蛋白和总蛋白含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05), 但显著高于SM组(P<0.05); 各组间碱性磷酸酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶酶活没有显著差异(P>0.05)。肝脏抗氧化能力试验结果表明, FSM10组超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶酶活显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 还原型谷胱甘肽含量与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05), 丙二醛含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05); FSM5组过氧化氢酶酶活和还原型谷胱甘肽含量显著高于SM组(P<0.05), 丙二醛含量显著低于SM和对照组(P<0.05), 超氧化物歧化酶酶活与对照组和SM组没有显著差异(P>0.05), 但显著低于FSM10组(P<0.05)。肝脏免疫和炎性相关基因试验结果表明, FSM10组sod-3、lyz、tlr-3和c3α基因mRNA表达量显著高于对照组(P<0.05); tlr-7基因mRNA表达量与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05); 各组间il-6和hsp-70基因mRNA表达量无显著差异(P>0.05); FSM5组lyz和tlr-3基因显著高于SM组。综上所述, 在试验条件下, 使用发酵豆粕替代10%鱼粉蛋白对银鲑生长性能和血清成分没有不良影响, 对肝脏抗氧化能力和免疫基因表达具有积极的促进作用, 因此可以在银鲑饲料中使用发酵豆粕替代10%的鱼粉蛋白。Abstract: In order to explore the effect of fermented soybean meal and soybean meal replacing part of fish meal on the growth performance, hematology, liver antioxidant activities and immune related gene mRNA expression of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), four kinds of iso-nitrogen and iso-lipid and iso-energy feeds were set up in this experiment (crude protein is about 42% and crude lipid is about 15%). The control group was fed with 41% fish meal (FM; fish meal protein accounts for 27%); the experimental groups were replacement of partial fish meal by soybean meal in the FM diets (SM; soybean meal protein accounts for 10% and fish meal protein accounts for 17%), replacement of partial fish meal by soybean meal and fermented soybean meal in the FM diets (SM; soybean meal protein accounts for 5%, fermented soybean meal protein accounts for 5% and fish meal protein accounts for 17%) and replacement of partial fish meal by fermented soybean meal in the FM diets (FSM; fermented soybean meal protein accounts for 10% and fish meal protein accounts for 17%). Those feeds used to feed juvenile coho salmon with an initial weight of (102.25±0.24) g for 10-weeks and the results indicated that there were no significant differences in the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), daily growth rate (DGR) and condition factor (CF) between the FSM10 and FM diets (P>0.05), the WGR, SGR and DGR of the FSM5 diets were significantly lower than that of the FM control groups but significantly higher than that of the SM diets (P<0.05) and there were no significant differences in hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and survival rate among groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in moisture, crude ash, crude protein among groups (P>0.05), but the crude fat of the SM diets was significantly lower than that of the FM control groups (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (T-CHO), albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) between the FSM10 and FM diets (P>0.05) and there were no significant differences in alkaline phosphatase (AKP), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) among groups (P>0.05), but the GLU, ALB, TP of the FSM5 diets were significantly lower than the FM control diets but higher than the SM diets. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalasehe (CAT) of the FSM10 diets were significantly higher than that of the FM control groups (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in glutathione (G-SH) between the FSM10 and FM diets (P>0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) of the FSM10 diets were significantly lower than that of the FM control groups (P<0.05). The CAT and G-SH of FSM5 of diets wew higher than the SM diets but the MDA wew lower than it. The SOD of FSM5 were lower than FSM10 but have not significant differences with the FM control diets. The relative mRNA expression of gene sod-3, lyz, tlr-3 and c3α of the FSM10 diets were significantly higher than that of the FM control groups (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in the relative mRNA expression of gene tlr-7 between the FSM10 and FM diets (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the relative mRNA expression of gene il-6 and hsp-70 among groups (P>0.05). The relative mRNA expression of gene lyz and tlr-3 of FSM5 diets were higher than SM diets. Overall, under the experimental conditions, using fermented soybean meal replace 10% fish meal protein had no significant differences on growth performance and hematology of juvenile coho salmon, but had positive effect on liver antioxidant capacity and immune related gene mRNA expression. Therefore, fermented soybean meal could be used instead of 10% fish meal protein in juvenile coho salmon diets.
-
银鲑(Oncorhynchus kisutch), 是鲑鳟中最有养殖前景的新品种, 近几年开始在中国推广养殖。目前, 中国养殖银鲑主要是以投喂配合饲料为主, 为了缩短养殖周期以提高经济效益, 现阶段银鲑商业饲料中鱼粉(FM)仍处于较高水平, 一般在40%—50%左右[1], 这种方式不仅成本高昂[2], 而且过量投喂的饲料沉积在水底容易造成水体环境污染, 暴发疾病等[3]。在如今水产饲料行业追求低成本、营养精准化的大背景下, 寻找适宜的蛋白源替代鱼粉对于银鲑产业的发展极为重要。
目前, 在鲑鳟饲料鱼粉的替代研究中, 主要使用植物蛋白(如大豆蛋白、棉籽粕蛋白等)[4, 5]、昆虫粉[6]及一些家禽副产物[7]作为替代源, 而使用豆粕的研究相对较少。与上述材料相比, 豆粕(SM)来源广泛、易于获取、质量稳定且价格低廉, 被认为是替代鱼粉的优良选择。然而豆粕中的抗营养因子会阻止养殖动物对蛋白质的吸收[8－11], 严重制约了豆粕在饲料中的添加量。为了提高养殖动物的饲料消化率及对饲料中营养物质的利用率, 研究必须对豆粕中抗营养因子的活性进行钝化或者消除, 使豆粕成为一种优质植物蛋白源, 以提高动物生产性能。
发酵豆粕(FSM)通过生产益生菌和益生元, 提高动物的抗氧化能力、营养物质消化率和免疫功能。发酵豆粕的粗蛋白含量较未发酵豆粕有所提升, 必需氨基酸的组成结构也更为合理[12]。近年来, 国内外已有许多研究表明, 采用发酵豆粕替代鱼粉不会对水产动物生长产生负面影响[13－16]。因此本研究使用植物乳酸菌发酵豆粕和豆粕替代饲料中不同比例的鱼粉蛋白, 制备4种等氮等脂等能饲料, 对银鲑幼鱼进行为期10周的养殖试验, 以银鲑幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标、肝脏抗氧化能力和肝脏免疫相关基因表达量为指标, 从生长性能、抗氧化酶活及基因转录水平角度讨论发酵豆粕和豆粕替代部分鱼粉蛋白对银鲑幼鱼生长、抗氧化机能及免疫机制的影响, 以期为银鲑配合饲料的研发优化和银鲑养殖业的健康发展提供理论依据。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 饲料制备
试验豆粕(SM)由潍坊康科润生物科技有限公司友情提供, 发酵豆粕(FSM)的制备在广西民族大学海洋生态学实验室完成, 营养水平及抗营养因子含量由上海璠瑞科技有限公司测定(表 1)。
表 1 豆粕和发酵豆粕营养组成及抗营养因子含量Table 1. Nutritional composition and anti-nutritional factor content of soybean meal and fermented soybean meal指标
Index豆粕
Soybean meal发酵豆粕
Fermented soybean meal营养水平
Nutrient level粗蛋白
Crude protein (%)43.28±0.21 51.21±0.33 粗脂肪
Crude lipid (%)1.84±0.05 1.93±0.09 抗营养因子
Anti-nutritional factor胰蛋白酶抑制因子
Trypsin inhibitors (mg/g)66.13±1.36 15.15±0.58 大豆球蛋白
Glycinin (mg/g)141.13±1.73 30.54±1.44 β-伴大豆球蛋白
β-Conglycinin (mg/g)105.01±1.74 37.24±1.50 脲酶Urease (U/g) 8.01±0.18 1.90±0.15 以往的研究表明, 饲料中植物蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的替代量以不超过10%为宜[17－19], 试验据此制备了4种等氮等脂等能的饲料(表 2), 对照组为添加41%鱼粉的饲料(FM组 鱼粉蛋白占比27%); 试验组分别为在FM组中用豆粕替代部分鱼粉(SM组 鱼粉蛋白占比17%, 豆粕蛋白占比10%)、在FM组中用豆粕和发酵豆粕混合替代部分鱼粉(FSM5组 鱼粉蛋白占比17%, 豆粕蛋白占比5%, 发酵豆粕蛋白占比5%)、在FM组中用发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉(FSM10组 鱼粉蛋白占比17%, 发酵豆粕蛋白占比10%)。
表 2 饲料组成及营养水平(%干饲料)Table 2. Composition and nutrient levels of diets (% dry diet)原料名称
Ingredient组别Group FM SM FSM5 FSM10 鱼粉Fish meal 41.50 26.00 26.00 26.00 豆粕Soybean meal 0 22.80 10.96 0 发酵豆粕Fermenter soybean meal 0 0 9.95 19.41 鸡肉粉Chicken powder 10 10 10 10 虾粉Shrimp powder 10 10 10 10 面粉Flour 17.88 17.64 17.84 17.84 淀粉Starch 3.02 3.01 3.01 3.01 纤维素Cellulose 7.1 0 1.5 3.1 鱼油Fish oil 4.01 4.21 4.21 4.21 大豆油Soybean oil 4.01 4 4 4 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 矿物质预混物Vitamins premixa 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 维生素预混物Minerals premixb 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 维生素C Vitamin C 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 营养水平Proximate composition 粗蛋白Crude protein (%) 41.98 41.72 41.70 41.81 粗脂肪Crude lipid (%) 15.22 15.35 15.24 15.31 总能Gross energy (MJ/kg) 18.24 18.58 18.49 18.44 注: a每千克矿物质预混料含有(mg/kg): AlK(SO4)2·12H2O, 123.7; CaCl2, 17879.8; CuSO4·5H2O, 31.7; CoCl2·6H2O, 48.9; FeSO4·7H2O, 707.4; MgSO4·7H2O, 4316.8; MnSO4·4H2O, 31.1; ZnSO4·7H2O, 176.7; KCl, 1191.9; KI, 5.3; NaCl, 4934.5; Na2SeO3·H2O, 3.4; Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O, 12457.0; KH2PO4, 9930.2; b每千克维生素预混料含有(IU or g/kg): 视网膜棕榈酸, 10000 IU; VD3, 4000 IU; 膜接合生育醇, 75.0 IU; 甲萘醌, 22.0 g; 盐酸硫胺素, 40.0 g; 核黄素, 30.0 g; D-泛酸, 150.0 g; 盐酸吡哆醇, 20.0 g; 内消旋肌醇, 500.0 g; 生物素, 1.0 g; 叶酸, 15.0 g; 抗坏血酸, 200.0 g; 烟酸, 300.0 g; VB12, 0.3 gNote: acomposition (mg/kg mineral premix): AlK(SO4)2·12H2O, 123.7; CaCl2, 17879.8; CuSO4·5H2O, 31.7; CoCl2·6H2O, 48.9; FeSO4·7H2O, 707.4; MgSO4·7H2O, 4316.8; MnSO4·4H2O, 31.1; ZnSO4·7H2O, 176.7; KCl, 1191.9; KI, 5.3; NaCl, 4934.5; Na2SeO3·H2O, 3.4; Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O, 12457.0; KH2PO4, 9930.2; bcomposition (IU or g/kg vitamin premix): retinal palmitate, 10000 IU; cholecalciferol, 4000 IU; α-tocopherol, 75.0 IU; menadione, 22.0 g; thiamineHCl, 40.0 g; riboflavin, 30.0 g; D-calcium pantothenate, 150.0 g; pyridoxineHCl, 20.0 g; meso-inositol, 500.0 g; D-biotin, 1.0 g; folic acid, 15.0 g; ascorbic acid, 200.0 g; niacin, 300.0 g; cyanocobalamin, 0.3 g 饲料制备方法如下: 所有原料按配方量称取, 固体原料均匀混合后, 经过超微粉碎后过60目筛; 将超微粉碎后的固体原料与配方量部分鱼油、大豆油混合均匀; 通过调质器调质熟化, 然后用膨化机膨化挤压制成粒径为3—5 mm的颗粒, 最后在鼓风干燥箱内烘干; 将配方量剩余部分鱼油通过真空后喷涂工艺, 将液体均匀喷涂在饲料颗粒表面即可。
1.2 饲养管理
试验于辽宁省本溪市虹鳟鱼良种场进行, 试验用银鲑幼鱼苗购买自该场, 试验开始前用暂养饲料(粗蛋白42%、粗脂肪15%)暂养2周, 停止投喂24h后, 挑选外观正常、体质健康, 初重为(102.25±0.24) g的银鲑幼鱼240尾, 随机平均分成4组, 每组设3个重复, 每个重复20尾, 放养于网箱中(1.0 m×1.0 m×1.2 m), 每个网箱间隔1 m。在试验期间每天分别于8: 00、12: 00和16: 00饱食投喂, 根据摄食情况及时调整投饲量。在整个试验期间, 水温10—18℃; 水中溶氧量≥6.0 mg/L, 养殖周期为10周。
1.3 样品采集
养殖周期结束前将鱼禁食24h, 捞取各网箱鱼, 称重并记录每组鱼的总重量和存活尾数, 以计算生长指标。分别从各网箱中随机挑选6尾银鲑, 使用MS-222进行麻醉, 使用无菌注射器从尾部静脉采集全血, 4℃静置12h, 4000×g低温离心15min, 小心采集上层淡黄色的血清样品, 用于血清生化指标检测。精确分离肝脏等组织, 用生理盐水快速漂洗后用吸水纸吸干水分并记录重量, 随后置于液氮中快速冷冻, 在–80℃环境中储存, 用于计算肝体比、脏体比, 测定肝脏抗氧化能力及免疫相关基因mRNA相对表达量。用无菌的解剖刀和解剖剪取银鲑背鳍上的肌肉, 剔除鱼皮及鱼刺, 用吸水纸擦干后置于–80℃中保存, 用于体成分测定。
1.4 样品分析
生长结果计算
$ \begin{array}{c}\text{增\, 重\, 率}\text{(Weight\;gain\;rate,WGR,\text{%})=}\\\frac{\text{终\, 末\, 体\, 质\, 量}\text{(g)} - \text{初\, 始\, 体\, 质\, 量}\text{(g)}}{\text{初\, 始\, 体\, 质\, 量}\text{(g)}}\text{×100}\end{array} $
$\begin{array}{c} \mathrm{特}\mathrm{定}\mathrm{生}\mathrm{长}\mathrm{率}\text{(Specific\;growth\;rate,SGR,\text{%}/d)=}\\\frac{\text{ln}\text{终\, 末\, 体\, 质\, 量}\text{(g)} - {\rm{ln}}\text{初\, 始\, 体\, 质\, 量}\text{(g)}}{\text{投\, 喂\, 天\, 数}\text{(d)}}\text{×100} \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c} \mathrm{日}\mathrm{增}\mathrm{重}\left(\mathrm{D}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{y}\;\mathrm{g}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{w}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e},\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{R},\text{g/d}\right)=\\\frac{\text{终\, 末\, 体\, 质\, 量}\text{(g)} - \text{初\, 始\, 体\, 质\, 量}\text{(g)}}{\text{投\, 喂\, 天\, 数}\text{(d)}} \end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}\text{肥\, 满\, 度}\text{(Condition\;factor,CF,g/cm}^{3}{)=}\\\frac{\text{终\, 末\, 体\, 质\, 量}\text{(g)}}{{\text{终\, 末\, 体\, 长\, 度}\text{(cm)}}^{\text{3}}{}}\text{×100} \end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}\mathrm{肝}\mathrm{体}\mathrm{比}(\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\;\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\text{,HSI)}=\\\frac{\mathrm{肝}\mathrm{脏}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{量}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)}{\mathrm{体}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{量}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)}\text{×100} \end{array} $
$\begin{array}{c} \mathrm{脏}\mathrm{体}\mathrm{比}\left(\mathrm{V}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\;\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\text{,VSI}\right)=\\\frac{\mathrm{内}\mathrm{脏}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{量}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)}{\mathrm{体}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{量}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)}\text{×100} \end{array}$
$ \mathrm{成}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{率}\text{(Survival\;rate,\text{%}) = }\frac{\mathrm{实}\mathrm{验}\mathrm{结}\mathrm{束}\mathrm{时}\mathrm{鱼}\mathrm{尾}\mathrm{数}}{\mathrm{实}\mathrm{验}\mathrm{开}\mathrm{始}\mathrm{时}\mathrm{鱼}\mathrm{尾}\mathrm{数}} \text{×} 100 $
体成分测定 水分含量采用105℃烘箱干燥恒重法(GB/T 6435-2014)测定, 粗蛋白质含量采用凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432-2018)测定, 粗脂肪含量采用索氏抽提法(GB/T 6433-2006)测定, 粗灰分含量采用550℃灼烧法(GB/T 6438-2007)测定。
血清及肝脏生化指标测定 血清生化指标、肝脏抗氧化能力采用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒进行测定, 其中葡萄糖(GLU)采用葡萄糖氧化酶法; 总胆固醇(T-CHO)采用COD-PAP法; 白蛋白(ALB)采用溴甲酚绿法; 总蛋白(TP)采用BCA法; 碱性磷酸酶(AKP)采用微量酶标法; 谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)采用微板法。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)采用WST-1法; 丙二醛(MDA)采用TBA法; 过氧化氢酶(CAT)采用钼酸铵法; 还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)采用微板法。
基因mRNA表达量 在肝脏免疫相关基因表达量测定实验中, 提取肝脏总RNA、反转录和qPCR反应均采用湖南艾科瑞生物工程有限公司所生产的试剂盒进行。检测基因有超氧化物歧化酶3 (Superoxide dismutase 3, sod-3)、溶菌酶 (Lysozyme, lyz)、补体C3 (Complement C3, c3α)、热休克同源70 kD蛋白(Heat shock cognate 70 kD protein-like, hsp-70)、Toll样受体3 (Toll like receptor 3, tlr-3)、Toll样受体7 (Toll-like receptor 7, tlr-7)和干扰素6 (Interleukin-6, il-6)。基因扩增引物的设计及合成均由上海生工生物工程技术服务有限公司完成, 具体序列见表 3。qPCR使用两步法完成, 具体步骤如下: 95℃、10s、1个循环; 62℃、30s并采集荧光值、40个循环; 95℃熔解曲线检测反应特异性。设置参照基因β-actin, 根据2–∆∆Ct计算法进行相对定量后, 分析肝脏中基因相对表达量。
表 3 银鲑各检测基因与β-actin参照基因引物序列Table 3. Primer pairs of test genes and β-actin genes for coho salmon基因
Gene引物序列
Primer sequence (5′—3′)扩增长度
Amplicon size (bp)登录号
Accession No.β-actin TGACCCAGATCATGTTTGAGACC 146 XM_031811226.1 CTCGTAGATGGGTACTGTGTGGG sod-3 GGGAGCCTGCTACATGGTAATGC 108 XM_020497014.2 CCTTCTTCTCTGCTGTCGATGATGG lyz GCTGTTGTTGTTCTCCTGCTTGTG 109 XM_020457770.2 TGTTTCCAGCGTAGCCATCCATTC c3α GAGGAAAGGTGAGCCAGATG 106 XM_031786592.1 TGTGTGTGTCGTCAGCTTCG hsp-70 CCCCTGTCCCTGGGTATTG 121 XM_020485729.2 CACCAGGCTGGTTGTCTGAGT tlr-3 GCCCTATGTCGTTCGTCCATGTG 146 XM_020497175.2 GTTGGCGATGTTGTTGTTGCTGAG tlr-7 GGTATGGAGAAGGCAGTCTGTTTGG 106 XM_020458752.2 CCATGCTAAGGTACGCCAGGTTG il-6 AGAGGACCTGTCTGCCAGTG 82 XM_020507339.2 AACGCTGGTCTTCCTCTCCC 1.5 数据处理及分析
使用SPSS 22.0软件对所有数据进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA), 若差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05)则用Duncan氏法进行差异显著多重性比较, 结果以平均值±标准误(mean±SE)表示。
2. 结果
2.1 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼生长性能的影响
如表 4所示, FSM10组SGR、WGR和DGR与FM组没有显著差异(P＞0.05), FSM5组次之(P＜0.05), SM组显著低于其他各组(P＜0.05)。FSM10组与FM组、FSM5组CF没有显著差异(P＞0.05), 但显著高于SM组(P＜0.05)。各组间HSI、VSI和成活率没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。
表 4 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼生长、成活率及脏器指数的影响Table 4. Effects of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal and soybean meal on the growth indices, survival rate and viscerosomatic index of juvenile coho salmon组别Group FM SM FSM5 FSM10 初始体质量IBW(g) 102.17±
0.44102.33±
0.60102.33±
0.73102.17±
0.44终末体质量FBW(g) 342.24±
8.66a267.46±
7.40c308.92±
7.78b357.29±
6.05a特定生长率SGR (%/d) 1.73±
0.03a1.37±
0.03c1.58±
0.04b1.79±
0.02a增重率WGR (%) 234.96±
7.96a161.31±
6.19c201.90±
7.85b249.68±
4.61a日增重DGR (g/d) 3.43±
0.12a2.36±
0.10c2.95±
0.11b3.64±
0.08a肥满度CF (g/cm3) 0.93±
0.00a0.92±
0.00b0.93±
0.00ab0.93±
0.00a肝体比HSI 1.26±
0.041.24±
0.041.29±
0.021.36±
0.05脏体比VSI 10.19±
0.7011.46±
0.5911.33±
0.7210.25±
0.49成活率SR (%) 96.67±
3.3391.67±
1.6793.33±
1.6796.67±
1.67注: 同一行相同右上角含有相同英文上标字母或无上标表示无显著差异(P<0.05); 下同Note: In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05); the same applies below 2.2 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼肌肉组成的影响
如表 5所示, 各组体成分中的水分、粗灰分和粗蛋白差异不显著(P＞0.05); 而SM组粗脂肪显著低于FMS10组和FM组(P＜0.05), 但与FSM5组没有显著差异(P＞0.05), FM、FSM5和FSM10组粗脂肪没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。
表 5 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼肌肉成分的影响(%干重)Table 5. Effects of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal and soybean meal on muscle composition of juvenile coho salmon (% dry weight)组别Group FM SM FSM5 FSM10 水分Moisture 71.89±0.56 72.74±0.76 72.27±0.66 72.30±0.29 粗灰分Ash 5.00±0.12 5.04±0.06 4.82±0.09 4.82±0.03 粗蛋白
Crude protein71.34±0.40 71.35±0.20 71.34±0.36 70.86±0.28 粗脂肪
Crude lipid20.23±0.29a 19.09±0.25b 19.70±0.50ab 20.38±0.31a 2.3 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼血清生化指标的影响
如表 6所示, FSM10组血清GLU和TP与FM组没有显著差异(P＞0.05), 但显著高于FSM5和SM组(P＜0.05), FSM5组显著高于SM组(P＜0.05)。FM组血清T-CHO显著高于SM和FSM5(P＜0.05); FSM10组次之, 显著高于FSM5组(P＜0.05); FMS5组最低且与SM没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。FM组血清ALB与FSM10组差异不显著(P＞0.05), 但显著高于SM组和FSM5组(P＜0.05); FSM5组显著高于SM组(P＜0.05), 但与FSM10组差异不显著(P＞0.05)。各组间AKP、GOT和GPT差异不显著(P＞0.05)。
表 6 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼血清生化指标的影响Table 6. Effects of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal and soybean meal on hematology of juvenile coho salmon组别Group FM SM FSM5 FSM10 葡萄糖GLU
(mmol/L)4.32±0.26a 1.88±0.31c 3.17±0.05b 4.02±0.18a 总胆固醇
T-CHO (mmol/L)7.69±0.12a 6.79±0.25bc 6.51±0.34c 7.31±0.24ab 白蛋白ALB (g/L) 22.51±0.45a 16.87±0.98c 20.40±0.48b 21.34±0.28ab 总蛋白TP (μg/L) 53.88±0.92a 35.21±1.61c 54.00±1.06b 62.80±1.74a 碱性磷酸酶
AKP(金氏单位/100 mL)9.89±0.82 9.29±0.37 9.54±0.62 9.05±0.54 谷丙转氨酶
GOT (U/L)3.91±0.24 3.67±0.13 3.81±0.29 4.07±0.08 谷草转氨酶
GPT (U/L)3.77±0.21 3.53±0.24 3.83±0.22 3.83±0.16 2.4 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼肝脏抗氧化能力的影响
如表 7所示, FSM10组SOD显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05), FM组与FSM5组差异不显著(P＞0.05), 但显著高于SM组(P＜0.05)。SM组MDA显著高于其他组(P＜0.05), FM次之, 显著高于FSM5和FSM10(P＜0.05), FSM5与FSM10组差异不显著(P＞0.05)。FSM10组CAT显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05), FM组显著高于FSM5组和SM(P＜0.05)组, FSM5组显著高于SM组(P＜0.05), SM组最低。FSM10组与FM组GSH没有显著差异(P＞0.05), 但均显著高于SM组和FSM5组(P＜0.05); FSM5组显著高于SM组(P＜0.05), SM组最低。
表 7 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼肝脏抗氧化能力的影响Table 7. Effects of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal and soybean meal on liver antioxidant activities of juvenile coho salmon组别Group FM SM FSM5 FSM10 超氧化物歧化酶
SOD (U/mg prot)327.05±
6.09b294.42±
10.50c302.25±
2.90bc357.85±
12.27a丙二醛MDA
(nmol/mg prot)3.02±
0.08b3.37±
0.19a2.36±
0.10c2.34±
0.08c过氧化氢酶CAT
(U/mg prot)6.48±
0.14b4.12±
0.17c6.07±
0.09b7.39±
0.27a还原型谷胱甘肽
GSH (μmol/g prot)61.02±
0.96a36.94±
0.90c44.67±
1.08b62.81±
0.96a2.5 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼肝脏免疫及炎性相关基因mRNA表达量的影响
如图 1和图 2所示, FSM10组sod-3、lyz、tlr-3和c3α基因相对表达量显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05); FSM10组tlr-7基因相对表达量显著高于SM组(P＜0.05), 与FM和FSM5差异不显著(P＞0.05); FSM5组lyz和tlr-3基因显著高于SM组(P＜0.05); FSM5组sod-3、tlr-3、tlr-7和c3α基因相对表达量与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05); 各组间hsp-70和il-6基因表达量差异不显著(P＞0.05)。
![]()
图 1 银鲑幼鱼肝脏免疫相关基因mRNA表达Figure 1. Liver immune-related gene mRNA expresssion of juvenile coho salmon![]()
图 2 银鲑幼鱼肝脏炎性相关基因mRNA表达Figure 2. Liver inflammatory gene mRNA expresssion of juvenile coho salmon3. 讨论
3.1 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼生长性能及肌肉成分的影响
关于在鲑鳟饲料中使用植物蛋白替代部分鱼粉的研究也有些许报道。Gu等[20]研究发现大豆蛋白替代15%鱼粉能促进大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)的生长。而Hixson等[21]研究则认为亚麻(Camelina sativa)粉替代鱼粉不利于大西洋鲑的生长。Rodríguez-Estrad等[22]研究表明使用白羽扇豆(Lupinus albus)蛋白替代30%的鱼粉蛋白能显著促进大西洋鲑的生长, 而使用发酵后的白玉扇豆替代15%的鱼粉蛋白对鱼的生长促进效果更好, 但当发酵白羽扇豆替代量达到30%时显著降低鱼的生长。许多研究认为使用植物蛋白替代鱼粉对养殖水产动物的生长是有益的, 然而相比于植物蛋白繁琐复杂的制备过程[23], 发酵豆粕的制备过程更加简单, 成本更加低廉。因此, 使用发酵豆粕替代鱼粉在水产饲料养殖中得到越来越多的关注。前人已在大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)[24]、大西洋鲑[25]、大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)[16]、黄河鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)[26]和点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)[27]中观察到益生菌发酵豆粕对肉食或杂食性鱼类生长具有有益影响。本研究结果显示, FSM10组的生长性能优于SM组, 而与对照组无显著差异, 表明可以在银鲑幼鱼饲料中使用发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉, 且替代效果优于豆粕。可能原因如下: (1)豆粕中缺乏某些矿物质和必需氨基酸[28, 29], 伴随饲料适口性较差等原因, 使鱼类采食量减少, 从而抑制其生长功能[30]。(2)豆粕中的抗营养因子会导致鱼类肠道吸收障碍, 使饲料中营养物质利用率降低; 本试验所制备的发酵豆粕大量降低豆粕中抗营养因子含量, 减少豆粕所带来的不利影响[31, 32]。(3)发酵豆粕相比于豆粕, 粗蛋白质含量有所提高, 多肽、小分子肽和氨基酸也有了一定程度的提升, 营养价值得到优化[33, 34]。(4)发酵所产生有机酸[35]、酶类[36]等生物活性因子不仅比鱼粉中游离的氨基酸更利于鱼体吸收, 同时赋予了发酵豆粕较高的可利用性和适口性[37], 从而更好地促进动物生长, 在投喂过程中也观察到各组间银鲑对饲料的摄食情况也有很大不同。
肌肉营养成分是体现水产动物营养品质的主要指标。本研究表明, 使用发酵豆粕替代部分豆粕和鱼粉对银鲑肌肉水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分无显著影响, 而SM组的粗脂肪显著低于对照组的原因可能是SM饲料的可消化能低, 从而导致体脂沉积率低。García-Ortega 等[38] 在石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)的研究表明, 随着大豆蛋白的替代量增加, 全鱼水分含量会显著增加, 脂肪和灰分会显著降低。而Liang等[39]在七星鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)的研究则认为发酵豆粕大量替代鱼粉短期(8周)会增加全鱼的水分和灰分含量, 而长期(16周)投喂无显著影响。也有研究认为, 植物蛋白替代少量鱼粉不会对黑海鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)和虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[40, 41]体成分造成显著影响。这些差异可能是由许多因素造成的, 如发酵豆粕来源, 养殖周期, 鱼的种类和年龄、大小, 饲料的组成和营养含量, 实验条件和水温等。
3.2 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼血清生化指标及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响
通过测定血清生化指标能更好地分析水产养殖动物健康情况并反映饲料成分对水产养殖动物的影响[42, 43]。血清GLU含量能直接反应机体对饲料中营养物质的吸收利用情况, 本研究结果表明发酵豆粕替代10%鱼粉蛋白不会显著影响银鲑对饲料中营养物质的吸收, 而未发酵豆粕会显著影响鱼体生长, 这与上述生长性能所得出的结论相符。血清中约70%胆固醇来源于肝脏, 在肝功能异常或损伤时, 血清的胆固醇含量会显著升高, 其余的30%则来源于消化道的吸收[44]。通过对比血清中GOT、GPT及AKP含量, 本研究认为四组饲料均没有对银鲑肝功能造成影响, 机体没有产生应激炎症反应[45], 因此FM组血清T-CHO含量显著高于其他各组的原因可能是植物蛋白中含有的胆固醇含量较动物性蛋白低, 且豆粕中存在的大豆异黄酮也具有一定清除胆固醇的作用[46]。Kalhoro等[47]在黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)和Li等[48]在星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)中同样得出随着植物蛋白替代量的增加, 血清T-CHO含量具有降低的趋势。同时, 两位学者的研究表明, 随着植物蛋白替代量的增加, GOT和GPT含量显著高于对照组, 该现象很可能是由于肝脏功能异常造成的[49], 这也是限制本试验在银鲑日粮中添加大量植物蛋白的原因之一。血清ALB和TP含量的提升有利于动物体更好地维持渗透压, 提高代谢水平和免疫力, 促进蛋白质的合成和沉积[50, 51]。本研究结果显示, FSM10组ALB和TP含量高于对照组, 但差异不显著, 表明使用发酵豆粕可以在一定程度上促进银鲑幼鱼机体消化能力和吸收利用蛋白质的能力, 而SM组显著低于对照组和发酵豆粕组的原因可能是普通植物蛋白源的氨基酸结构不合理导致鱼类对蛋白质的消化率和利用率较低[52]。He等[17]在大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)的研究中发现豆粕替代45% 鱼粉会显著降低血清中总蛋白含量, 而用发酵豆粕替代45%的鱼粉对血清中总蛋白含量没有显著影响。卞宇豪等[54]和徐茜等[55]认为发酵豆粕替代鱼粉不会对大口黑鲈和鲫(Carassius auratus)的血清TP和ALB产生显著影响。李宁宇等[56]认为使用发酵豆粕搭配少量豆粕更有利于提高日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)黑仔鳗的蛋白质合成能力。上述研究产生差异的原因可能与不同鱼类对植物蛋白吸收能力不同有关。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)等是清除机体过多自由基和活性氧的重要抗氧化酶, 能减少丙二醛(MDA)对呼吸链有关酶的损伤, 同时具有细胞解毒及细胞损伤后修复等功能, 较高的SOD、CAT和GSH活性水平意味着细胞具备较高的自由基清除能力[57, 58]。本研究结果显示, FSM10组的SOD和CAT显著高于对照组, FSM5组的SOD和GSH显著高于SM组, 且FSM5组SOD和CAT与对照组没有显著差异, 表明发酵豆粕相比于普通豆粕和鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼清除氧自由基的能力具有显著的促进作用。研究者在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)[59]、日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)[56]、岩鱼(Sebastes schlegeli)[60]、大菱鲆[16](Scophthalmus maximus)、银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS Ⅲ)[61]和虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss) [62]中得出了相似的结论。不少研究对发酵豆粕提升水产养殖动物抗氧化能力做了解释: 一方面, 豆科植物中的多酚是天然的抗氧化剂, 发酵微生物不仅能释放总酚含量, 还能提高维生素和胞外多糖的生物利用度, 从而提高抗氧化能力[63, 64]。另一方面, 发酵豆粕中含有的免疫增强因子、抑菌素、大豆异黄酮等, 可以清除自由基, 抑制脂质过氧化, 增强抗氧化能力[46]。也有研究认为发酵豆粕所含有的益生菌能进入机体肠道内定植, 与病原菌竞争, 维持肠道微生态平衡, 延缓许多慢性疾病的进展, 进而提高了机体的免疫和抗病能力[65]。总之, 在多方面协同作用下, 发酵豆粕使银鲑的抗氧化损伤能力有所提高。值得注意的是, FSM10组抗氧化能力的提高并没有带来生长性能的提升, 结合上述研究所得出的结果[16, 60, 62, 63], 本研究认为产生该现象的原因可能是鱼体将体内的蛋白质优先用于合成功能性酶, 再将蛋白质用于生长。与此对应的是, FSM10组血清ALB和TP含量的增加使抗氧化酶活力的增加, 生长性能略高于对照组; 而FSM5组的ALB和TP含量低于对照组, 但抗氧化酶活力与对照组差异不显著, 生长性能显著低于对照组; SM组的各项指标均低于对照组。然而更深入的内容有待进一步研究阐明。
3.3 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼免疫及炎性相关基因mRNA表达量的影响
SOD、LYZ、C3α和LR等抗氧化及免疫因子可以促进抗原呈递, 参与机体的抗感染和免疫调节, 提高NK细胞和巨噬细胞溶酶体的活性, 在机体防御病原体入侵方面发挥着重要的作用[66]。以往的研究表明, 豆科植物中含有的黄芪多糖等植物多糖能作为免疫刺激剂, 进而提高水产动物免疫基因的表达量[67], 但是这些有益成分不容易被机体消化吸收, 不足以弥补抗营养因子对机体造成的影响[68], 因此豆粕替代鱼粉会使水产动物肝脏免疫基因的表达量降低[69]。发酵豆粕不仅消除了许多抗营养因子带来的影响, 其发酵过程中产生的抗菌肽[70]和异黄酮葡萄糖苷[71]等有益成分对银鲑相关基因表达产生积极的促进作用[72]。本研究结果显示, FSM10组SOD、C3D和TLR基因mRNA的表达高于对照组, 而FMS5组与对照组无显著差异, 各组炎性基因mRNA表达量无显著差异, 说明发酵豆粕能通过上调银鲑免疫相关基因的表达, 达到提高银鲑免疫力的目的, 银鲑没有产生炎症反应, 这与上述血清生化指标和肝脏抗氧化能力所得出的结论相符。Yu等[73]对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)的研究表明, 使用酶处理豆粕替代75%鱼粉能促进肌肉中mTOR基因mRNA表达量显著上调, 而当替代量达到100%时, 促炎相关基因也会显著增加。Wang等[74]的研究同样认为用酶解豆粕替代部分豆粕可以改善南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的生长和免疫状态。Yang等[75]在七星鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)饲料中添加益生菌发现抗炎基因tgf-β1的mRNA表达量增加, 促炎因子tnf-α、il1-β和il-8基因mRNA的表达量降低。Zhang等[76]发现随着豆粕添加量的增加, 珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Pearl Gentian Groupers)促炎基因显著上调, 而抑炎因子显著下调。杨景丰等[77]认为2%—8%发酵豆粕替代鱼粉能显著下调罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)hsp-70基因mRNA相对表达量而不改变免疫基因mRNA相对表达量, 而当替代量达到15%时可能会导致免疫机能下降。虽然研究鱼类中免疫相关基因为评估鱼类对饲料中新成分的反应提供了一个新的角度, 但基因表达水平的增加可能并没有转化为基因编码蛋白质的增加, 基因编码蛋白质受多方面因素调控[78]。事实上, mRNA表达量的丰富度与对应蛋白质丰富度之间的关系通常非常低, 在哺乳动物中的mRNA丰富度可以解释约30%—40%的蛋白质丰富度差异。因此,还需要采用更全面的方法解释在饲料中添加特定膳食添加剂的结果。
4. 总结
在本试验条件下, 使用发酵豆粕替代10%鱼粉蛋白对银鲑生长性能和血清成分没有不良影响, 对肝脏抗氧化能力和免疫基因表达具有积极的促进作用。因此可以在银鲑饲料中使用发酵豆粕替代10%的鱼粉蛋白。
-
![]()
图 1 银鲑幼鱼肝脏免疫相关基因mRNA表达
Figure 1. Liver immune-related gene mRNA expresssion of juvenile coho salmon
![]()
图 2 银鲑幼鱼肝脏炎性相关基因mRNA表达
Figure 2. Liver inflammatory gene mRNA expresssion of juvenile coho salmon
表 1 豆粕和发酵豆粕营养组成及抗营养因子含量
Table 1 Nutritional composition and anti-nutritional factor content of soybean meal and fermented soybean meal
指标
Index豆粕
Soybean meal发酵豆粕
Fermented soybean meal营养水平
Nutrient level粗蛋白
Crude protein (%)43.28±0.21 51.21±0.33 粗脂肪
Crude lipid (%)1.84±0.05 1.93±0.09 抗营养因子
Anti-nutritional factor胰蛋白酶抑制因子
Trypsin inhibitors (mg/g)66.13±1.36 15.15±0.58 大豆球蛋白
Glycinin (mg/g)141.13±1.73 30.54±1.44 β-伴大豆球蛋白
β-Conglycinin (mg/g)105.01±1.74 37.24±1.50 脲酶Urease (U/g) 8.01±0.18 1.90±0.15 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 饲料组成及营养水平(%干饲料)
Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (% dry diet)
原料名称
Ingredient组别Group FM SM FSM5 FSM10 鱼粉Fish meal 41.50 26.00 26.00 26.00 豆粕Soybean meal 0 22.80 10.96 0 发酵豆粕Fermenter soybean meal 0 0 9.95 19.41 鸡肉粉Chicken powder 10 10 10 10 虾粉Shrimp powder 10 10 10 10 面粉Flour 17.88 17.64 17.84 17.84 淀粉Starch 3.02 3.01 3.01 3.01 纤维素Cellulose 7.1 0 1.5 3.1 鱼油Fish oil 4.01 4.21 4.21 4.21 大豆油Soybean oil 4.01 4 4 4 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 矿物质预混物Vitamins premixa 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 维生素预混物Minerals premixb 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 维生素C Vitamin C 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 营养水平Proximate composition 粗蛋白Crude protein (%) 41.98 41.72 41.70 41.81 粗脂肪Crude lipid (%) 15.22 15.35 15.24 15.31 总能Gross energy (MJ/kg) 18.24 18.58 18.49 18.44 注: a每千克矿物质预混料含有(mg/kg): AlK(SO4)2·12H2O, 123.7; CaCl2, 17879.8; CuSO4·5H2O, 31.7; CoCl2·6H2O, 48.9; FeSO4·7H2O, 707.4; MgSO4·7H2O, 4316.8; MnSO4·4H2O, 31.1; ZnSO4·7H2O, 176.7; KCl, 1191.9; KI, 5.3; NaCl, 4934.5; Na2SeO3·H2O, 3.4; Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O, 12457.0; KH2PO4, 9930.2; b每千克维生素预混料含有(IU or g/kg): 视网膜棕榈酸, 10000 IU; VD3, 4000 IU; 膜接合生育醇, 75.0 IU; 甲萘醌, 22.0 g; 盐酸硫胺素, 40.0 g; 核黄素, 30.0 g; D-泛酸, 150.0 g; 盐酸吡哆醇, 20.0 g; 内消旋肌醇, 500.0 g; 生物素, 1.0 g; 叶酸, 15.0 g; 抗坏血酸, 200.0 g; 烟酸, 300.0 g; VB12, 0.3 gNote: acomposition (mg/kg mineral premix): AlK(SO4)2·12H2O, 123.7; CaCl2, 17879.8; CuSO4·5H2O, 31.7; CoCl2·6H2O, 48.9; FeSO4·7H2O, 707.4; MgSO4·7H2O, 4316.8; MnSO4·4H2O, 31.1; ZnSO4·7H2O, 176.7; KCl, 1191.9; KI, 5.3; NaCl, 4934.5; Na2SeO3·H2O, 3.4; Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O, 12457.0; KH2PO4, 9930.2; bcomposition (IU or g/kg vitamin premix): retinal palmitate, 10000 IU; cholecalciferol, 4000 IU; α-tocopherol, 75.0 IU; menadione, 22.0 g; thiamineHCl, 40.0 g; riboflavin, 30.0 g; D-calcium pantothenate, 150.0 g; pyridoxineHCl, 20.0 g; meso-inositol, 500.0 g; D-biotin, 1.0 g; folic acid, 15.0 g; ascorbic acid, 200.0 g; niacin, 300.0 g; cyanocobalamin, 0.3 g
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 银鲑各检测基因与β-actin参照基因引物序列
Table 3 Primer pairs of test genes and β-actin genes for coho salmon
基因
Gene引物序列
Primer sequence (5′—3′)扩增长度
Amplicon size (bp)登录号
Accession No.β-actin TGACCCAGATCATGTTTGAGACC 146 XM_031811226.1 CTCGTAGATGGGTACTGTGTGGG sod-3 GGGAGCCTGCTACATGGTAATGC 108 XM_020497014.2 CCTTCTTCTCTGCTGTCGATGATGG lyz GCTGTTGTTGTTCTCCTGCTTGTG 109 XM_020457770.2 TGTTTCCAGCGTAGCCATCCATTC c3α GAGGAAAGGTGAGCCAGATG 106 XM_031786592.1 TGTGTGTGTCGTCAGCTTCG hsp-70 CCCCTGTCCCTGGGTATTG 121 XM_020485729.2 CACCAGGCTGGTTGTCTGAGT tlr-3 GCCCTATGTCGTTCGTCCATGTG 146 XM_020497175.2 GTTGGCGATGTTGTTGTTGCTGAG tlr-7 GGTATGGAGAAGGCAGTCTGTTTGG 106 XM_020458752.2 CCATGCTAAGGTACGCCAGGTTG il-6 AGAGGACCTGTCTGCCAGTG 82 XM_020507339.2 AACGCTGGTCTTCCTCTCCC
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼生长、成活率及脏器指数的影响
Table 4 Effects of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal and soybean meal on the growth indices, survival rate and viscerosomatic index of juvenile coho salmon
组别Group FM SM FSM5 FSM10 初始体质量IBW(g) 102.17±
0.44102.33±
0.60102.33±
0.73102.17±
0.44终末体质量FBW(g) 342.24±
8.66a267.46±
7.40c308.92±
7.78b357.29±
6.05a特定生长率SGR (%/d) 1.73±
0.03a1.37±
0.03c1.58±
0.04b1.79±
0.02a增重率WGR (%) 234.96±
7.96a161.31±
6.19c201.90±
7.85b249.68±
4.61a日增重DGR (g/d) 3.43±
0.12a2.36±
0.10c2.95±
0.11b3.64±
0.08a肥满度CF (g/cm3) 0.93±
0.00a0.92±
0.00b0.93±
0.00ab0.93±
0.00a肝体比HSI 1.26±
0.041.24±
0.041.29±
0.021.36±
0.05脏体比VSI 10.19±
0.7011.46±
0.5911.33±
0.7210.25±
0.49成活率SR (%) 96.67±
3.3391.67±
1.6793.33±
1.6796.67±
1.67注: 同一行相同右上角含有相同英文上标字母或无上标表示无显著差异(P<0.05); 下同Note: In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05); the same applies below
下载: 导出CSV
表 5 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼肌肉成分的影响(%干重)
Table 5 Effects of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal and soybean meal on muscle composition of juvenile coho salmon (% dry weight)
组别Group FM SM FSM5 FSM10 水分Moisture 71.89±0.56 72.74±0.76 72.27±0.66 72.30±0.29 粗灰分Ash 5.00±0.12 5.04±0.06 4.82±0.09 4.82±0.03 粗蛋白
Crude protein71.34±0.40 71.35±0.20 71.34±0.36 70.86±0.28 粗脂肪
Crude lipid20.23±0.29a 19.09±0.25b 19.70±0.50ab 20.38±0.31a
下载: 导出CSV
表 6 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼血清生化指标的影响
Table 6 Effects of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal and soybean meal on hematology of juvenile coho salmon
组别Group FM SM FSM5 FSM10 葡萄糖GLU
(mmol/L)4.32±0.26a 1.88±0.31c 3.17±0.05b 4.02±0.18a 总胆固醇
T-CHO (mmol/L)7.69±0.12a 6.79±0.25bc 6.51±0.34c 7.31±0.24ab 白蛋白ALB (g/L) 22.51±0.45a 16.87±0.98c 20.40±0.48b 21.34±0.28ab 总蛋白TP (μg/L) 53.88±0.92a 35.21±1.61c 54.00±1.06b 62.80±1.74a 碱性磷酸酶
AKP(金氏单位/100 mL)9.89±0.82 9.29±0.37 9.54±0.62 9.05±0.54 谷丙转氨酶
GOT (U/L)3.91±0.24 3.67±0.13 3.81±0.29 4.07±0.08 谷草转氨酶
GPT (U/L)3.77±0.21 3.53±0.24 3.83±0.22 3.83±0.16
下载: 导出CSV
表 7 发酵豆粕和豆粕替代鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼肝脏抗氧化能力的影响
Table 7 Effects of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal and soybean meal on liver antioxidant activities of juvenile coho salmon
组别Group FM SM FSM5 FSM10 超氧化物歧化酶
SOD (U/mg prot)327.05±
6.09b294.42±
10.50c302.25±
2.90bc357.85±
12.27a丙二醛MDA
(nmol/mg prot)3.02±
0.08b3.37±
0.19a2.36±
0.10c2.34±
0.08c过氧化氢酶CAT
(U/mg prot)6.48±
0.14b4.12±
0.17c6.07±
0.09b7.39±
0.27a还原型谷胱甘肽
GSH (μmol/g prot)61.02±
0.96a36.94±
0.90c44.67±
1.08b62.81±
0.96a
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] Doughty K H, Garner S R, Bernards M A, et al. Effects of dietary fishmeal substitution with corn gluten meal and poultry meal on growth rate and flesh characteristics of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) [J]. International Aquatic Research, 2019, 11(4): 325-334. doi: 10.1007/s40071-019-00241-3
[2] Taher S, Romano N, Arshad A, et al. Assessing the feasibility of dietary soybean meal replacement for fishmeal to the swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus, juveniles [J]. Aquaculture, 2017(469): 88-94. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.11.036
[3] Cheng Z, Mo W Y, Lam C L, et al. Replacing fish meal by food waste to produce lower trophic level fish containing acceptable levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: health risk assessments [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015(523): 253-261. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.016
[4] Yoo G, Choi W, Bae J, et al. Effects on growth and body composition to soy protein concentrate as a fishmeal replacement in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch [J]. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2021, 54(1): 118-123.
[5] Yuan X Y, Jiang G Z, Cheng H H, et al. An evaluation of replacing fish meal with cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate in diet for juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala): growth, antioxidant, innate immunity and disease resistance [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2019, 25(6): 1334-1344. doi: 10.1111/anu.12954
[6] Mikołajczak Z, Rawski M, Mazurkiewicz J, et al. The first insight into black soldier fly meal in brown trout nutrition as an environmentally sustainable fish meal replacement [J]. Animal, 2022, 16(5): 100516. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100516
[7] Riche M. Nitrogen utilization from diets with refined and blended poultry by-products as partial fish meal replacements in diets for low-salinity cultured Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus [J]. Aquaculture, 2015(435): 458-466. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.10.001
[8] Green T J, Smullen R, Barnes A C. Dietary soybean protein concentrate-induced intestinal disorder in marine farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar is associated with alterations in gut microbiota [J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2013, 166(1/2): 286-292.
[9] Ranjan A, Sahu N P, Deo A D, et al. Solid state fermentation of de-oiled rice bran: effect on in vitro protein digestibility, fatty acid profile and anti-nutritional factors [J]. Food Research International, 2019(119): 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.054
[10] Wu P, Golly M K, Guo Y T, et al. Effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with high-temperature fermented soybean meal in antibiotic-growth-promoter-free diets on growth performance, organ weights, serum indexes, intestinal flora and histomorphology of broiler chickens [J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2020(269): 114616. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114616
[11] Zheng J, Yang P, Dai J, et al. Dynamics of intestinal inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) during the development and recovery of enteritis induced by dietary β-conglycinin [J]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020(7): 198. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00198
[12] 冷向军, 何明. 发酵豆粕在水产饲料中的应用研究 [J]. 饲料工业, 2022, 43(4): 1-8. Leng X J, He M. Research and application of fermented soybean meal in aquatic feed [J]. Feed Industry Magazine, 2022, 43(4): 1-8.
[13] 黄河, 田鑫鑫, 黄旭雄, 等. 发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长、脂质代谢、血清非特异性免疫及肠道菌群的影响 [J]. 水生生物学报, 2022, 46(4): 466-477. Huang H, Tian X X, Huang X X, et al. Fermented soybean meal instead of fish meal on growth, lipid metabolism, serum non-specific immunity and intestinal flora of juvenile largemouth bass [J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2022, 46(4): 466-477.
[14] 何娇娇, 王萍, 冯建, 等. 发酵豆粕对大黄鱼生长、肠道结构及肠道微生物菌群的研究 [J]. 水生生物学报, 2018, 42(5): 919-928. He J J, Wang P, Feng J, et al. Effects of fermented soybean meal on the growth and intestinal histology and microbiota of juvenile large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea [J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2018, 42(5): 919-928.
[15] Azarm H M, Lee S M. Effects of partial substitution of dietary fish meal by fermented soybean meal on growth performance, amino acid and biochemical parameters of juvenile black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2014, 45(6): 994-1003. doi: 10.1111/are.12040
[16] Wang L, Zhou H H, He R J, et al. Effects of soybean meal fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum P8 on growth, immune responses, and intestinal morphology in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) [J]. Aquaculture, 2016(464): 87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.06.026
[17] He M, Yu Y F, Li X Q, et al. An evaluation of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal in the diets of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): growth, nutrition utilization and intestinal histology [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2020, 51(10): 4302-4314. doi: 10.1111/are.14774
[18] Chen J N, Li X Q, Xu H B, et al. Substitute of soy protein concentrate for fish meal in diets of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone) [J]. Aquaculture International, 2017, 25(3): 1303-1315. doi: 10.1007/s10499-017-0115-4
[19] Lin H Z, Chen X, Chen S S, et al. Replacement of fish meal with fermented soybean meal in practical diets for pompano Trachinotus ovatus [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2012, 44(1): 151-156. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03000.x
[20] Gu M, Gu J N, Penn M, et al. Effects of diet supplementation of soya-saponins, isoflavones and phytosterols on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L) fry fed from start-feeding [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2015, 21(5): 604-613. doi: 10.1111/anu.12187
[21] Hixson S M, Parrish C C, Anderson D M. Full substitution of fish oil with Camelina (Camelina sativa) oil, with partial substitution of fish meal with Camelina meal, in diets for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and its effect on tissue lipids and sensory quality [J]. Food Chemistry, 2014(157): 51-61. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.026
[22] Rodríguez-Estrada U, González-Alfaro K, Shene C. Replacement of fish meal by solid state fermented lupin (Lupinus albus) meal with Latobacillus plantarum 299v: effect on growth and immune status of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) [J]. Annals of Animal Science, 2020, 20(3): 991-1009. doi: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0010
[23] 江连洲, 田甜, 朱建宇, 等. 植物蛋白加工科技研究进展与展望 [J]. 中国食品学报, 2022, 22(6): 6-20. doi: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.06.002 Jiang L Z, Tian T, Zhu J Y, et al. Research progress on plant protein processing science and technology [J]. Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2022, 22(6): 6-20. doi: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.06.002
[24] 李春梅, 林娟. 豆粕发酵工艺优化及发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉对大黄鱼的饲喂效果 [J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(1): 563-574. Li C M, Lin J. Optimization of soybean meal fermentation process and feeding effect of dietary fish meal partial replacement by fermented soybean meal for large yellow croaker [J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(1): 563-574.
[25] Refstie S, Sahlström S, Bråthen E, et al. Lactic acid fermentation eliminates indigestible carbohydrates and antinutritional factors in soybean meal for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) [J]. Aquaculture, 2005, 246(1/2/3/4): 331-345.
[26] 殷海成, 黄进, 李昕朔, 等. 豆粕和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对黄河鲤生长和血清抗氧化性能及消化酶活性的影响 [J]. 饲料工业, 2019, 40(12): 46-52. Yin H C, Huang J, Li X S, et al. Effect of replacing fish meal with fermented and unfermented soybean meal on growth performance, serum antioxidant capacity and digestive enzymes of juvenile Cyprinus carpio-haematopterus [J]. Feed Industry, 2019, 40(12): 46-52.
[27] Zhuo L C, Liu K, Lin Y H. Apparent digestibility of soybean meal and Lactobacillus spp. fermented soybean meal in diets of grouper, Epinephelus coioides [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2016, 47(3): 1009-1012. doi: 10.1111/are.12543
[28] Yaghoubi M, Mozanzadeh M T, Marammazi J G, et al. Dietary replacement of fish meal by soy products (soybean meal and isolated soy protein) in silvery-black porgy juveniles (Sparidentex hasta) [J]. Aquaculture, 2016(464): 50-59. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.06.002
[29] Trushenski J T, Rombenso A N, Page M, et al. Traditional and fermented soybean meals as ingredients in feeds for white seabass and yellowtail jack [J]. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 2014, 76(4): 312-322. doi: 10.1080/15222055.2014.911227
[30] Chen W, Ai Q H, Mai K S, et al. Effects of dietary soybean saponins on feed intake, growth performance, digestibility and intestinal structure in juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) [J]. Aquaculture, 2011, 318(1/2): 95-100.
[31] 郭萌萌, 曹锡, 张科, 等. 复合菌发酵豆粕的效果及代谢产物研究 [J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(1): 659-670. Guo M M, Cao X, Zhang K, et al. Effects and metabolites of soybean meal fermented by compound microbes [J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(1): 659-670.
[32] 李莹, 韩云胜, 赵青余, 等. 豆粕与发酵豆粕中主要营养成分、抗营养因子及体外消化率的比较分析 [J]. 中国饲料, 2019(23): 76-81. Li Y, Han Y S, Zhao Q Y, et al. Comparative analysis of main nutrients, anti-nutritional factors and in vitro digestibility between soybean meal and fermented soybean meal [J]. China Feed, 2019(23): 76-81.
[33] Chi C H, Cho S J. Improvement of bioactivity of soybean meal by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens versus Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae [J]. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2016(68): 619-625. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.12.002
[34] Hassaan M S, Soltan M A, Abdel-Moez A M. Nutritive value of soybean meal after solid state fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus [J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2015(201): 89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.01.007
[35] 毛银, 邹宗胜, 邓禹. 1株植物乳杆菌发酵豆粕产有机酸的研究 [J]. 食品与发酵工业, 2017, 43(10): 43-48. Mao Y, Zou Z S, Deng Y. Research on production of organic acids in soybean meal by fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum [J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2017, 43(10): 43-48.
[36] 陈龙, 吴兴利, 于维, 等. Bacillus velezensis 157混合固态发酵生产多种木质纤维素酶的发酵条件优化 [J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2019, 24(9): 71-78. doi: 10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2019.09.08 Chen L, Wu X L, Yu W, et al. Optimization of fermentation conditions for the production of various lignocellulases by Bacillus velezensis 157 under solid-state fermentation [J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2019, 24(9): 71-78. doi: 10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2019.09.08
[37] Visessanguan W, Benjakul S, Potachareon W, et al. Accelerated proteolysis of soy proteins during fermentation of thua-Nao inoculated with Bacillus subtilis [J]. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2005, 29(4): 349-366. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2005.00012.x
[38] García-Ortega A, Kissinger K R, Trushenski J T. Evaluation of fish meal and fish oil replacement by soybean protein and algal meal from Schizochytrium limacinum in diets for giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus [J]. Aquaculture, 2016(452): 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.10.020
[39] Liang X F, Hu L, Dong Y C, et al. Substitution of fish meal by fermented soybean meal affects the growth performance and flesh quality of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) [J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2017(229): 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.006
[40] Gao S, Yin N, Zhou F, et al. Evaluation of pea proteins and poultry protein as fish meal alternatives in the diets for juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2013, 19(3): 278-288. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2012.00957.x
[41] Yamamoto T, Iwashita Y, Matsunari H, et al. Influence of fermentation conditions for soybean meal in a non-fish meal diet on the growth performance and physiological condition of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss [J]. Aquaculture, 2010, 309(1/2/3/4): 173-180.
[42] Dossou S, Koshio S, Ishikawa M, et al. Effect of partial replacement of fish meal by fermented rapeseed meal on growth, immune response and oxidative condition of red sea bream juvenile, Pagrus major [J]. Aquaculture, 2018(490): 228-235. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.02.010
[43] Lin S M, Luo L. Effects of different levels of soybean meal inclusion in replacement for fish meal on growth, digestive enzymes and transaminase activities in practical diets for juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus [J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011, 168(1/2): 80-87.
[44] Iqbal M, Yaqub A, Ayub M. Partial and full substitution of fish meal and soybean meal by canola meal in diets for genetically improved farmed tilapia (O. niloticus): growth performance, carcass composition, serum biochemistry, immune response, and intestine histology [J]. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 2022, 34(4): 829-854. doi: 10.1080/10454438.2021.1890661
[45] Sukhanova M Z, Grenback L G, Gruntenko N E, et al. Alkaline phosphatase in Drosophila under heat stress [J]. Journal of Insect Physiology, 1996, 42(2): 161-165. doi: 10.1016/0022-1910(95)00070-4
[46] 颜瑞, 王恬. 大豆异黄酮抗氧化作用研究进展 [J]. 家畜生态学报, 2010, 31(4): 96-100. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2010.04.023 Yan R, Wang T. Advanced research of soybean idoflavones on antioxidation of animals [J]. Acta Ecologiae Animalis Domastici, 2010, 31(4): 96-100. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2010.04.023
[47] Kalhoro H, Zhou J, Hua Y, et al. Soy protein concentrate as a substitute for fish meal in diets for juvenile Acanthopagrus schlegelii: effects on growth, phosphorus discharge and digestive enzyme activity [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2018, 49(5): 1896-1906. doi: 10.1111/are.13645
[48] Li P Y, Wang J Y, Song Z D, et al. Evaluation of soy protein concentrate as a substitute for fishmeal in diets for juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) [J]. Aquaculture, 2015(448): 578-585. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.05.049
[49] Råbergh C M I, Bylund G, Eriksson J E. Histopathological effects of microcystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) [J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 1991, 20(3): 131-145. doi: 10.1016/0166-445X(91)90012-X
[50] Alexander J B, Ingram G A. Noncellular nonspecific defence mechanisms of fish [J]. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 1992(2): 249-279. doi: 10.1016/0959-8030(92)90066-7
[51] De Smet H, Blust R. Stress responses and changes in protein metabolism in carp Cyprinus carpio during cadmium exposure [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2001, 48(3): 255-262. doi: 10.1006/eesa.2000.2011
[52] Gomes E F, Rema P, Gouveia A, et al. Replacement of fish meal by plant proteins in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effect of the quality of the fishmeal based control diets on digestibility and nutrient balances [J]. Water Science and Technology, 1995, 31(10): 205-211. doi: 10.2166/wst.1995.0378
[53] 卞宇豪, 杨航, 许晓莹, 等. 发酵豆粕、肉骨粉及其混合物替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、血清生化指标和肠道组织学的影响 [J]. 水产学报, 2022, 46(10): 1813-1823. Bian Y H, Yang H, Xu X Y, et al. Effects of replacing dietary fish meal with fermented soybean meal, meat and bone meal and their mixture on growth, serum biochemical indices and intestinal histology of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) [J]. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2022, 46(10): 1813-1823.
[54] 徐茜, 杨正, 朱文娟, 等. 发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对鲫鱼生长、血清生化指标及肠道结构的影响 [J]. 饲料工业, 2021, 42(10): 31-37. Xu Q, Yang Z, Zhu W J, et al. Effects of fermented soybean meal instead of fish meal on growth, serum biochemical indexes and intestinal structure of Carassius auratus [J]. Feed Industry, 2021, 42(10): 31-37.
[55] 李宁宇, 刘利平, 华雪铭, 等. 豆粕影响日本鳗鲡黑仔鳗饲料中发酵豆粕对鱼粉的替代效果: 生长、抗氧化能力以及生化指标 [J]. 海洋渔业, 2020, 42(3): 352-364. Li N Y, Liu L P, Hua X M, et al. Effects of soybean meal on fermented soybean meal partially replacing fish meal in the feed of Anguilla japonica: growth performance, antioxidant capacity and biochemical indices [J]. Marine Fisheries, 2020, 42(3): 352-364.
[56] Ding Z L, Zhang Y X, Ye J Y, et al. An evaluation of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal in the diet of Macrobrachium nipponense: growth, nonspecific immunity, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2015, 44(1): 295-301.
[57] Zhang C N, Li X F, Xu W N, et al. Combined effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide and Bacillus licheniformis on innate immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of triangular bream (Megalobrama terminalis) [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2013, 35(5): 1380-1386.
[58] Zheng Q M, Wen X B, Han C Y, et al. Effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal on growth, hematology, antioxidant enzymes activity and expression for juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus [J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2012, 38(4): 1059-1069. doi: 10.1007/s10695-011-9590-0
[59] Lee S M, Mohammadi Azarm H, Chang K H. Effects of dietary inclusion of fermented soybean meal on growth, body composition, antioxidant enzyme activity and disease resistance of rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) [J]. Aquaculture, 2016(459): 110-116. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.03.036
[60] Zhang X H, Sun Z Y, Cai J F, et al. Effects of dietary fish meal replacement by fermented Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves on growth performance, nonspecific immunity and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS Ⅲ) [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2020(102): 430-439.
[61] Choi D G, He M, Fang H, et al. Replacement of fish meal with two fermented soybean meals in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2020, 26(1): 37-46. doi: 10.1111/anu.12965
[62] Adebo O A, Gabriela Medina-Meza I. Impact of fermentation on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of whole cereal grains: a mini review [J]. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2020, 25(4): 927. doi: 10.3390/molecules25040927
[63] Verni M, Verardo V, Rizzello C. How fermentation affects the antioxidant properties of cereals and legumes [J]. Foods, 2019, 8(9): 362. doi: 10.3390/foods8090362
[64] Zhou C P, Lin H Z, Huang Z, et al. Effects of dietary soybean isoflavones on non-specific immune responses and hepatic antioxidant abilities and mRNA expression of two heat shock proteins (HSPs) in juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus under pH stress [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2015, 47(2): 1043-1053.
[65] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity [J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.006
[66] O’Neill L A J, Bowie A G. The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling [J]. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2007, 7(5): 353-364. doi: 10.1038/nri2079
[67] Jahan H, Tumpa I J, Qasem W A, et al. Evaluation of the partial replacement of dietary fish meal with fermented or untreated soybean meal in juvenile silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus [J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2021(8): 733402. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.733402
[68] Tacchi L, Secombes C J, Bickerdike R, et al. Transcriptomic and physiological responses to fishmeal substitution with plant proteins in formulated feed in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) [J]. BMC Genomics, 2012(13): 363. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-363
[69] Overturf K, Vallejo R L, Palti Y, et al. Microarray analysis of differential utilization of plant-based diets by rainbow trout [J]. Aquaculture International, 2012, 20(2): 213-232. doi: 10.1007/s10499-011-9490-4
[70] de Oliveira Silva F, Miranda T G, Justo T, et al. Soybean meal and fermented soybean meal as functional ingredients for the production of low-carb, high-protein, high-fiber and high isoflavones biscuits [J]. LWT, 2018(90): 224-231. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.12.035
[71] Wu Y P, Wang B K, Zeng Z H, et al. Effects of probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum 16 and Paenibacillus polymyxa 10 on intestinal barrier function, antioxidative capacity, apoptosis, immune response, and biochemical parameters in broilers [J]. Poultry Science, 2019, 98(10): 5028-5039. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez226
[72] Yu X J, Luo K, Rao W X, et al. Effects of replacing dietary fish meal with enzyme-treated soybean meal on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, immunity and mTOR pathway in abalone Haliotis discus Hannai [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2022(130): 9-21.
[73] Wang W L, Jiang D T, Yi G F, et al. An evaluation of replacing soybean meal with proteolytic soybean meal in low-fish-meal diet on growth performance, expression of immune-related genes, and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2022(2022): 1-9.
[74] Yang H L, Liu Z Y, Jin Y M, et al. Preventive and reparative functions of host-associated probiotics against soybean meal induced growth, immune suppression and gut injury in Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2022(128): 651-663.
[75] Zhang W, Tan B P, Deng J M, et al. PRR-mediated immune response and intestinal flora profile in soybean meal-induced enteritis of pearl gentian groupers, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ [J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022(13): 814479.
[76] 杨景丰, 华雪铭, 郭子好, 等. 发酵豆粕替代鱼粉和豆粕对罗氏沼虾生长、血清生化及免疫基因表达的影响 [J]. 水生生物学报, 2018, 42(4): 719-727. doi: 10.7541/2018.088 Yang J F, Hua X M, Guo Z H, et al. The replacement of fish meal and soybean meal to fermented soybean meal and its effects on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices, and immune gene expression in giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii [J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2018, 42(4): 719-727. doi: 10.7541/2018.088
[77] Thépot V, Campbell A H, Rimmer M A, et al. Dietary inclusion of the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis boosts production, stimulates immune response and modulates gut microbiota in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar [J]. Aquaculture, 2022(546): 737286. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737286
[78] Vogel C, Marcotte E M. Insights into the regulation of protein abundance from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2012, 13(4): 227-232. doi: 10.1038/nrg3185
-
期刊类型引用(8)
1. 田仁红，董芮绮，彭凯，邱建强，张淑芬，鲁慧杰，陈冰，赵红霞，马艳平，黄文. 饲料中添加豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分、血清代谢物及肠道健康的影响. 动物营养学报. 2025(05): 3304-3317 . 
百度学术
2. 贾冰玉，邹峰余，徐杰杰，赵涛，柳声赞，罗智. 发酵菜籽粕对黄颡鱼表观消化率、肝脏及肠道健康的影响. 水生生物学报. 2024(01): 34-43 . 本站查看
3. 叶金玲，苟钟勇，范秋丽，李家洲，王一冰，林厦菁，阮栋，蒋守群. 发酵豆粕与酶解豆粕替代普通豆粕对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、肉品质、糖脂代谢和抗氧化功能的影响. 饲料工业. 2024(09): 41-49 . 百度学术
4. 吕云云. 浒苔粉对圆斑星鲽生长、体成分、消化酶活性及血清生化指标的影响. 饲料研究. 2024(12): 51-55 . 百度学术
5. 张诗浩，杨洁，王秀丽，官其秦，刘辉，顾秉南，杨霞. 高比例植物蛋白对青鱼幼鱼生长、消化、肝功能及血清生化指标的影响. 饲料研究. 2024(12): 44-50 . 百度学术
6. 暴丽梅，米晓红，李亮，王秀坤，张建平，尹劲松. 发酵豆粕在水产动物养殖中的应用进展. 现代畜牧兽医. 2023(08): 65-69 . 百度学术
7. 付豪，梁艺馨，牟希东，刘超，杨叶欣，刘奕，宋红梅. 发酵南极磷虾粉对锦鲤生长性能、血清生化指标、肠道结构及菌群的影响. 广东海洋大学学报. 2023(05): 34-42 . 百度学术
8. 罗悦，张蕉南，向倩，王帅杰，陶敏，贺妮莎，吴建军. 发酵植物蛋白替代鱼粉对水产动物的影响. 饲料工业. 2023(22): 72-79 . 百度学术
其他类型引用(6)
计量
- 文章访问数: 1719
- HTML全文浏览量: 369
- PDF下载量: 87
- 被引次数: 14