基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统“十年禁渔”效果评估

杨舒帆, 叶少文, 徐军, 黎明政, 刘焕章

杨舒帆, 叶少文, 徐军, 黎明政, 刘焕章. 基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统“十年禁渔”效果评估[J]. 水生生物学报, 2024, 48(8): 1402-1413. DOI: 10.7541/2024.2023.0429
引用本文: 杨舒帆, 叶少文, 徐军, 黎明政, 刘焕章. 基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统“十年禁渔”效果评估[J]. 水生生物学报, 2024, 48(8): 1402-1413. DOI: 10.7541/2024.2023.0429
YANG Shu-Fan, YE Shao-Wen, XU Jun, LI Ming-Zheng, LIU Huan-Zhang. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS ON “10-YEAR FISHING BAN” IN POYANG LAKE ECOSYSTEM BASED ON ECOPATH MODEL[J]. ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 48(8): 1402-1413. DOI: 10.7541/2024.2023.0429
Citation: YANG Shu-Fan, YE Shao-Wen, XU Jun, LI Ming-Zheng, LIU Huan-Zhang. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS ON “10-YEAR FISHING BAN” IN POYANG LAKE ECOSYSTEM BASED ON ECOPATH MODEL[J]. ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 48(8): 1402-1413. DOI: 10.7541/2024.2023.0429

基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统“十年禁渔”效果评估

基金项目: 湖北省重点研发计划(2023BCB039和2021BBA088); 国家自然科学基金(32201425); 知识创新专项-基础研究项目 (2022020801010141)资助
详细信息
    作者简介:

    杨舒帆(1999—), 女, 博士; 研究方向为鱼类生态学。E-mail: 15617158338@163.com

    通信作者:

    黎明政(1985—), 男, 博士; 主要从事鱼类生态学研究。E-mail: liming_189@ihb.ac.cn

    刘焕章(1966—), 男, 博士, 研究员; 主要从事进化生物学和保护生物学研究。E-mail: hzliu@ihb.ac.cn *共同通信作者

  • 中图分类号: S932.2

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS ON “10-YEAR FISHING BAN” IN POYANG LAKE ECOSYSTEM BASED ON ECOPATH MODEL

Funds: Supported by the Key R & D Program of Hubei Province (2023BCB039 and 2021BBA088); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201425); Nowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Basic Research (2022020801010141)
    Corresponding author:
  • 摘要:

    基于渔业资源调查数据构建了鄱阳湖禁渔前后(2018和2021年)的生态系统Ecopath模型, 比较了两个时期生态系统规模、食物网及营养结构、能量流动、系统稳定性等特征的变化, 以评估“十年禁渔”措施的效果。结果表明: 在“十年禁渔”政策实施后, 鄱阳湖生态系统规模扩大了8.07%, 总生物量增加了35.7%; 生态系统的能量与物质转换效率由10.7%增长到11.3%, 能够恢复到1998年水平; 生态系统成熟度、稳定性增强; 食物网的高营养指标从28.6%增长到35.7%, 食物链长度从3.63增长到3.86。综上所述, 禁渔之后鄱阳湖生态系统规模扩大, 各功能组间的营养交互关系变强, 生态系统的物质流转速度和物质再循环的比例升高, 复杂性、稳定性和成熟度增加, 表明“十年禁渔”政策已取得明显成效。

    Abstract:

    Based on fishery resource survey data, Ecopath models were constructed before and after the fishing ban in Poyang Lake (2018 and 2021) to evaluate the effectiveness of the “10-Year Fishing Ban” policy on ecosystem. Comparisons were made regarding differences in ecosystem scale, food web and nutrient structure, energy flow characteristics, and system stability between the two periods. The results indicate a notable expansion in the scale of the ecosystem by 8.07%, accompanied by a substantial increase in total biomass by 35.7%. Moreover, the energy and material transfer efficiency of the ecosystem experienced an improvement from 10.7% to 11.3%, which is close to the historical level of 1998 (11%). Furthermore, there was an enhancement in ecosystem maturity and stability. The high nutritional index of the food web increased from 28.6% to 35.7%, while the length of the food chain increased from 3.63 to 3.86. In summary, following the fishing ban, the Poyang Lake ecosystem exhibited increased complexity, stability, and maturity, with stronger nutritional interactions among various functional groups. The speed of material circulation and the proportion of material recycling in the ecosystem also increased, indicating that the “10-Year Fishing Ban” policy has achieved significant positive outcomes.

  • 鄱阳湖是我国第一大淡水湖, 也是长江中下游仅存的少数通江湖泊之一。其与长江干流相通, 形成极具特色的江湖复合生态系统。鄱阳湖也是长江流域重要的渔业湖泊, 长期渔业产量为3万吨左右[1]。受过度捕捞及人类活动影响, 鄱阳湖的渔业资源和生物多样性呈衰退趋势。根据农业农村部的通告, 江西省确定鄱阳湖自2020年1月1日起, 实施全面禁捕, 正式进入“十年禁渔”期。已有研究显示, 长江流域重点水域禁渔后鱼类资源恢复[2]、鱼类物种多样性增加[3]、鱼类群落结构改善[4]。这些评估反映了禁渔措施实施后, 水生态系统结构和成分的有益变化。但是如何从生态系统功能指标上评估禁渔效果, 相关工作目前还非常缺乏。

    Ecopath生态通道模型是通过营养动力学原理构建生态系统的食物网关系, 模拟生态系统内的能量转移和物质循环, 分析生态系统的能量流动、食物网营养结构和系统总体功能特征等, 对特定时期的生态系统状况进行描述[5]。应用Ecopath模型, 国内外许多学者对水生态系统的渔业管理进行了研究[68], 发现该模型在描述水生态系统的特征[9, 10]、评价水生态系统的变化[11, 12]、模拟水生态系统的发展[13, 14]及指导生态系统的管理[15, 16]方面应用广泛。因此, Ecopath模型分析方法可以作为评估禁渔效果的重要工具。

    本研究根据历年鄱阳湖的渔业资源调查数据, 利用Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE)模型软件, 构建了禁渔前(2018年)和禁渔后(2021年)的生态通道模型, 分析对比“十年禁渔”政策实施前后鄱阳湖生态系统结构功能与能量流动特征变化, 对“十年禁渔”的阶段性成效进行评估, 从生态系统水平研究渔业资源管理和生态修复可能性, 为恢复鄱阳湖渔业资源和生态系统功能, 实现其生态系统健康可持续发展提供理论依据。

    鄱阳湖(28°24′—29°46′N, 115°49′—116°46′E)是我国最大的淡水通江湖泊[17], 湖体横跨江西省十几个县市。在长期季风气候及江湖交互作用的影响下, 湖区面积形成季节性水位波动模式, 洪、枯水期差异明显[18], 高水位(20 m)面积可超过4125 km2; 低水位(12 m)时仅500 km2, 使其呈现出“高水是湖, 低水似河”的特殊景观[19]

    已有研究表明, 鄱阳湖有鱼类136种, 主要是鲤形目鲤科鱼类, 有71种[1]。作为大型通江湖泊, 鄱阳湖鱼类有湖泊定居型、江湖洄游型、河海洄游型和河流型4种生态类型, 优势物种为鲤、鲫、鲇、黄颡鱼等湖泊定居性鱼类, 其次为草鱼、鲢等江湖洄游性鱼类[1]。鄱阳湖实施禁捕前, 由于过度捕捞等人类活动影响, 鱼类资源呈衰退变化趋势, 鱼类多样性下降[20]、渔业资源量衰减[21]

    考虑到研究区域的水文特征, 分别于2018年、2021年的丰、枯水期开展了相应的鱼类资源调查工作, 具体调查时间为2018年1月16日至26日、2018年7月24日至8月10日、2021年7月7日至23日、2021年12月9日至27日, 主要作业渔具为定置刺网(网长50—100 m, 网高1.5 m, 网目2.0—14 cm)及虾笼(长20 m, 网目0.80—2.0 cm)。依据《生物多样性观测技术导则-内陆水域鱼类》(HJ 710.7-2014)通江湖泊应确保主要入湖支流、主湖区及通江水道均设置采样点的原则, 本研究共在湖区设置了12个采样点, 具体为鄱阳湖汇入长江的湖口, 入江水道的星子、老爷庙, 主要支流汇入的吴城、小鸣咀、三江口, 以及湖区的黄金咀、蛇山、白沙洲、南矶山、金溪湖和青岚湖(图 1)。

    图  1  鄱阳湖的采样点位置信息图
    Figure  1.  Location of sampling site in the Poyang Lake

    Ecopath模型的原理与方法 根据能量守恒定理, Ecopath模型假设生态系统中的功能组是相对稳定的, 即该生态系统的每个功能组(i)的能量输入与输出相等。对于系统中每个功能组, Ecopath都用以下公式进行平衡[22]:

    $$ \begin{split} &{B}_{i} \times {(P/B)}_{i} \times {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{E}}_{i} -\sum _{j=1}^{n}{B}_{j} \times {(Q/B)}_{i}\times \\&{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{C}}_{ji} - {\mathrm{Y}}_{i} - {\mathrm{E}}_{i} - {\mathrm{B}\mathrm{A}}_{i} = 0 \end{split}$$

    式中, Bii功能组的生物量; (P/B)i表示i功能组的生产量和生物量之比; EEi表示i功能组的生态营养效率; (Q/B)i表示i功能组的消耗量和生物量之比; DCji是被捕食者j占捕食者i的食物组成的比例; Yii功能组总捕捞量; Eii功能组净迁移; BAii功能组生物积累。

    功能组设置  通常用一系列具有生态关联的功能组(Functional group)来概括生态系统的发展变化。依据Christensen等[23]提出的划分功能组的原则, 结合禁渔前后两个年份(2018年和2021年)渔获物的生物学特性、食性特点, 将生态系统的各组分统一划分为22个功能组, 保证禁渔前后模型的可比性。除了14个鱼类功能组外, 还包括有机碎屑、浮游生物、底栖动物、虾蟹、水生植物、附着藻类等功能组(表 1)。

    表  1  基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统功能组划分及物种组成
    Table  1.  Functional group and component of ecopath model in Poyang Lake
    编号
    No.
    功能组
    Functional group
    组成
    Composition
    G1Piscivorous fishesSiniperca chuatsi, 斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri, 大眼鳜Siniperca kneri, 鳡Elopichthys bambusa, 鳤Ochetobius elongatus
    G2Demersal carnivorous乌鳢Channa argus, 鲇Silurus asotus, 河川沙塘鳢Odontobutis potamophilus, 日本鳗鲡Anguilla japonica, 大口鲇Silurus meridionalis
    G3Culters蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus, 达氏鲌Chanodichthys dabryi, 红鳍原鲌 Cultrichthys erythropterus, 翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus, 拟尖头鲌Culter oxycephaloides
    G4Siluriformes黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidrac, 光泽黄颡鱼Pelteobaggrus nitidus , 瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli, 长须黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus eupogon, 白边拟鲿Pseudobagrus albomarginatus , 乌苏拟鲿Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, 长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris, 粗唇鮠Leiocassis crassilabris, 大鳍鳠Hemibagrus macropterus
    G5Black carp青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus
    G6C-carpsCyprinus carpio, 鲫Carassius auratus
    G7Anchovy短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus, 刀鲚Coilia nasus
    G8Silver carpHypophthalmichthys molitrix
    G9Bighead carpAristichthys nobilis
    G10Grass carp草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus
    G11Bream团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala, 鲂Megalobrama skolkovii, 鳊Parabramis pekinensis
    G12Xenocypris圆吻鲴Distoechodon tumirostris, 银鲴Xenocypris argentea, 细鳞鲴Xenocypris microlepis, 黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi, 似鳊Pseudobrama simoni
    G13S-pelagic贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri , 䱗Hemiculter leucisculus, 飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis, 寡鳞飘鱼Pseudolaubuca engraulis, 圆尾斗鱼Macropodus chinensis, 叉尾斗鱼Macropodus opercularis, 麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva, 似鱎Toxabramis swinhonis, 马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens
    G14S-demersal蛇鮈Saurogobio dabryi, 光唇蛇鮈Saurogobio gymnocheilus, 长蛇鮈Saurogobio dumerili, 银鮈Squalidus argentatus, 吻鮈Rhinogobio typus, 棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis, 大鳍鱊 Acheilognathus macropterus, 华鳈Sarcocheilichthys sinensis, 黑鳍鳈Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis, 花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus, 唇䱻Hemibarbus labeo, 似刺鳊鮈Paracanthobrama guichenoti, 紫薄鳅Leptobotia taeniaps
    G15Shrimps沼虾(日本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense)
    G16Zoobenthos底栖动物(摇蚊属Chironomus, 水丝蚓属Limnodrilus)
    G17Cladocera-copepoda枝角、桡足类
    G18Microzooplankton小型浮游动物(轮虫和原生动物等)
    G19Attached algae附着藻类
    G20Phytoplankton浮游植物(微囊藻属Microcystis spp.、鱼腥藻属Anabaena spp.、颗粒直链藻Melosira granulata、小环藻属Cyclotella spp.、刚毛藻属Cladophora spp.等)
    G21Macrophyte大型水生植物(苔草Carex spp.、虉草Phalaris arundinacea、南荻Miscanthus lutarioriparius、蓼子草Persicaria criopolitana, 黑藻Hydrilla verticillata, 苦草Vallisneria natans 等)
    G22Detritus碎屑
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    生物学参数计算  模型中的每个功能组都需要生物量(Biomass, B)、生产与生物量比率(Production/Biomass, P/B)、消耗与生物量比率(Consumption/Biomass, Q/B)、食性组成(Diet composition, DC)作为基本输入参数[24]。对于包含多个物种的功能群, 相关参数是根据每个物种的生物量比例加权平均。

    ①生物量B

    指某一时间空间范围内单位面积或体积所存在的物种的总量, 单位通常是生物湿重(t/km2)。在本研究中, 鱼类功能组的生物量(B)可由鱼类密度(D)乘以个体平均体重[W(—)]来估算[25]; 浮游植物的生物量=叶绿素a含量/0.30%, 叶绿素a含量单位(mg/L), 再根据平均水深换算成(t/km2)[26]; 有机碎屑量按照 Christensen等[27]给出的经验公式进行计算; 浮游动物和底栖动物的生物量来自南昌大学环境评估报告; 大型水生植物、附着藻类的生物量依据其他人在鄱阳湖的调查研究结果进行转换[2830]

    ②P/B系数

    P/B系数表示功能组生物量的周转率。基于其在数值上等于瞬时死亡率(Z)的原理, 结合实地的鱼类资源调查数据及fishbase中的鱼类生物学信息, 我们采用以下公式来计算鱼类功能组的P/B系数:

    $$ Z = \frac{P}{B} $$
    $$ Z = k \cdot \frac{\left(L_{\infty} - L_{\text {mean }}\right)}{\left(L_{\text {mean }} - L^{\prime}\right)} $$

    式中, k为von-Bertalanffy生长方程的系数; L为鱼类的渐近体长(cm); Lmean为鱼类种群的平均体长(cm); L′表示最小起捕体长(cm)。

    虾蟹P/B系数的计算采取采用模型自带的估算功能得出。其他水生生物P/B系数的计算参考文献[31, 32]提出的方法, 其中底栖动物和浮游动物的P/B系数根据生产力的经验公式进行计算[33], 生产力(P)的计算公式:

    $$ \begin{split} &\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\left(P\right) = -0.060 + 0.79\times\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}\left(\mathrm{B}\right) -\\&0.16\times\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}\left(\mathrm{M}\right) + 0.050\mathrm{T} \end{split}$$

    式中, M为平均个体干重(mg); B为生物量(g/m2); T为水体表层水温(℃)。浮游动物的生产力由浮游动物的生产量和生物量的回归关系换算而来, 参照公式: P=0.097B1.237

    ③Q/B系数

    鱼类功能组的Q/B系数根据Pauly和Palomares[34]所提出的经验公式计算得出。未算出的鱼类的P/B、Q/B系数通过Fishbase网站上的Life-history tool工具求出。

    ④食性组成

    模型所有功能组的食性矩阵(Diet composition, DC)来自胃含物分析数据, 并在模型调平过程中有所调整。

    模型的调试和优化 Ecopath模型利用Pedigree指数分析数据来源和模型质量。在确定功能组数量和明确各功能组之间的摄食关系后, 对模型进行调试。根据生态营养效率EE值与实际调研状况微调食性矩阵与部分输入参数, 使模型各功能组EE值均<1, 模型即达到平衡。基于能量收支平衡原理, Ecopath方法构建的生态系统模型达到平衡, 需要满足以下原则[35](表 2)。生态营养效率(EE)即物种被消耗利用的部分(被捕食利用、生物量积累、迁移或被捕捞)占其生产量的比例。一个功能组被消耗利用的量必须>0, 并小于其生产量 , 所以需要保证0<EE<1。食物总转换效率(GE)对应于生产量与消耗量的比值(P/Q), 通常P/Q 值在0.0500到0.300之间, 即大多数群体的消耗量大约是其生产量的 3—20倍。食物转换的净效率(NE)要大于总效率(GE), 且每个功能组的呼吸量必须>0。在根据以上步骤来判断模型是否平衡的过程中, 应该先优先判定生态营养效率的范围[35]

    表  2  模型平衡的生态学和热力学原则
    Table  2.  Ecological and thermodynamic principles of model balance
    指标Index取值范围
    Value range
    生态营养效率Ecological efficiency (EE)0<EE≤1.00
    食物总转换效率Gross food conversion efficiency (GE=P/Q)0.100<GE<0.300
    净效率Net food conversion efficiency (NE)NE>GE
    呼吸量Respiratory (R)R>0
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    为了评估禁渔前后食物网营养结构、能量流动及生态系统总体特征的变化, 对以下几类参数进行计算和比较(表 3):

    表  3  禁渔前后鄱阳湖生态系统总体特征参数对比
    Table  3.  Comparison of general characteristic parameters of Poyang Lake ecosystem before and after the 10-Year Fishing Ban
    参数
    Parameter
    禁渔前
    Pre-ban 2018
    禁渔后
    Post-ban 2021
    与成熟生态系统的关系
    Relationship with mature ecosystem
    单位
    Unit
    生态系统成熟度参数Ecosystem Maturity
    净系统生产量 (NSP)7.77×1035.62×103成熟系统≈0t/(km2·
    year)
    总初级生产量/总呼吸量(TP/TR)4.772.86成熟系统≈1
    总初级生产量/总生物量(TP/TB)22.914.8负相关
    总生物量 (TB)430583正相关t/km2
    生态系统稳定性参数Ecosystem Stability
    连接指数 (CI)0.280.34正相关
    系统杂食指数 (SOI)0.210.44正相关
    循环指数 (FCI)2.43%9.12%成熟系统>0.5%
    总路径数 (TP)7252.95×103正相关
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    Ecopath使用总流量(Total system through put, TST)、总消耗量(Total consumption, TC)、总输出量(Total export, TE)、总呼吸量(Total respiratory, TR)、流向碎屑量(Total flow into detritus, TD)、总生产量(Total production, TP)来反映生态系统规模的变化, 其中系统总生产量即系统总流量的发展趋势, 在一定程度上与系统规模成正比。

    能够反映生态系统成熟度的参数指标: 总初级生产/总呼吸(Total primary production/Total respiratory, TP/TR)、食物网系统生产量(Net system production, NSP)、总初级生产/总生物量(Total primary production/Total biomass, TP/TB), 一般来说这几个参数会随着生态系统成熟度增加而降低; 而总生物量(Total biomass, TB)在生态系统的成熟阶段处于较高的水平, 而在发展阶段较低。

    能够反映生态系统稳定性的参数指标: 联结指数(Connectance index, CI)表示食物网的网络连接程度, 能够反映食物网结构的复杂性, 系统杂食指数(System omnivory index, SOI)通过食性相互作用反映食物网营养结构的复杂性, Finn’s循环指数(Finn’s cycling index, FCI)来反映食物网内部有机物的流转速度即再循环流量占食物网总流量的比例, 总路径数(Total number of paths, TP)可以反映生态系统食物网内部的网状结构稳定性。

    除此以外, 我们使用平均营养级水平(Mean trophic level, MTL)、高营养指标(High trophic index, HTI)、食物链长度(Length of food chain, LFC)来反映食物网结构及营养级水平, 这里所提到的营养级采用分数营养级(Fractional trophic level, FTL)的概念, 也称有效营养级 (Effective trophic level, ETL)[36], 通过简化各个功能组的食物关系和能量流动, 表明各个功能组在生态系统的营养地位, 便于分析营养级的能量流动和转化效率。食物链长度(LFC)通过影响各功能组的相互营养作用, 改变生物的相互营养关系、食物网结构及物质能量流动[37]。高营养指标(HTI)是Pierre Bourdaud等[38]开发的, 代表了生态系统中高营养水平消费者的比例, 可以反映捕捞压力的影响。渔获物的平均营养级水平(MTL)能够描述各功能组的营养级别分布, 是评估生态系统健康状况的重要指标[39]。可以按照以下经验公式计算[40]:

    $$ {\rm{MTL}}=\sum_{i}^{n} \frac{{\rm{TL}}^{i} Y^{i}}{Y} $$

    式中, TLi 为第i个物种的营养级。

    根据Morissette[41]所提出的Pedigree指数良好指数范围(0.160—0.680), 禁渔前后鄱阳湖生态系统的Pedigree指数0.457和0.538均在其良好范围之内。分析得到所有功能类群的输出参数, EE值为0.0420—0.962, P/Q值为0.0590—0.400, 表明模型已达到平衡状态。通过构建Ecopath模型, 得到禁渔前2018年和禁渔后2021年鄱阳湖生态系统的食物网结构(图 2)。图 2显示, 鄱阳湖的初级生产者主要为高等水生植物, 此外, 浮游植物和固着藻类也有较高的生物量。在禁渔后, 杂食性及滤食性鱼类, 中上层小型鱼类和中下层小型鱼类生物量升高, 它们是能量流向顶级消费者的重要中介。

    图  2  禁渔前后鄱阳湖生态系统食物网结构
    不同大小的圆表示不同功能组的生物量(以t/km2为单位); 灰色连线表示能量在生态系统中的流动路径; 各功能组的名称详见表 1。为了满足Ecopath软件的要求, 我们设置了一个渔业捕捞组, 用Fleet1来表示。由于渔业捕捞不属于生态系统内部生物之间的相互作用, 所以在表 1中没有列出该组名称
    Figure  2.  Food web structure of Poyang Lake ecosystem before and after the 10-Year Fishing Ban
    Different-sized circles represent the biomass (t/km2) of different functional groups; gray lines indicate the flow of energy within the ecosystem; the names of each functional group can be found in Tab. 1. A fishing fleet, denoted as Fleet1, has been included to represent fishing activities, as per the requirements of the Ecopath software. Since fishing activities do not involve interactions among the internal biota of the ecosystem, they have not been listed in Tab. 1

    禁渔前后鄱阳湖生态系统食物网营养级结构相似: 分数营养级数值分别为1.00—3.63 (2018年)和1.00—3.86 (2021年), 最高营养级鱼类均为凶猛肉食性鱼类; 处于较高营养级的为肉食性鱼类, 如鳜、鲌类、鲇、乌鳢等, 这些类群物种相对较少。大部分杂食性、草食性和小型鱼类多分布于第二、三营养级, 种类较多。鄱阳湖水生态系统高营养级的生物量和生态营养效率都较低, 整个系统呈“低营养级值大, 高营养级值小”的典型金字塔型。

    从营养级分布可以看出, 禁渔前顶级肉食性鱼类营养级较低(3.63), 位于第四营养级之下; 而禁渔后的鱼类功能组的营养级水平上升, 最高营养级鱼类功能组为凶猛肉食性鱼类鳜、鳡等, 接近第四营养级(3.86)。禁渔前各鱼类功能组的平均营养级水平是2.76(2018年), 而禁渔后平均营养级水平增加到2.96 (2021年)。高营养指标由禁渔前2018年的28.6%, 增加到禁渔后2021年的35.7%。从食物链长度(鱼类功能组的最高分数营养级)来看, 禁渔前2018年鄱阳湖生态系统食物链长度为3.63, 而禁渔后2021年增长至3.86。

    2018年及2021年鄱阳湖水生态系统各营养级间的能量流动路径如图 3所示。从营养级的能流分布来看, 营养级Ⅰ和Ⅱ的能流在系统中所占比例最大, 相比较而言, 整个系统的能流中高营养级所占比例很少。禁渔前2018年, 初级生产者流入碎屑的比例为78.3%, 远远超过了流入初级生产者的比例21.7%; 禁渔后2021年, 初级生产者流入到碎屑的比例减少到58.1%。禁渔前2018年, 牧食食物链在系统能量流动中占67.4%, 食物网能流以牧食食物链为主; 禁渔后2021年, 碎屑食物链在系统能量流动中占52.0%, 食物网能流变为以碎屑食物链为主。对鄱阳湖水体食物链能量转换效率的比较可看出, 禁渔前2018年, 来自前六个营养级的平均能量传输效率为10.7%; 禁渔后, 2021年鄱阳湖生态系统的平均能量传输效率升高, 由10.7%增长到11.3%。

    图  3  禁渔前后2018和2021年鄱阳湖水体食物网能量与物质传输效率
    TST. 系统总流量; TL.营养级; TE.能量转换效率
    Figure  3.  Energy and material transmission efficiency of Poyang Lake aquatic food web before and after the 10-Year Fishing Ban (2018 and 2021)
    TST. total system throughput; TL. trophic level; TE. transfer efficiency

    图 4显示了禁渔前后鄱阳湖生态系统的混合营养效应(Mixed trophic impacts, MTI), 它能够反映生态系统各物种的食性关系和相互作用。一般而言, 被捕食者对其他功能组会产生正面影响(蓝色方块), 而捕食者会对其他功能组产生负面影响(红色方块)。由图 4可以看出, 多数功能组对其主要饵料生物施加了一个直接负影响。大型肉食性鱼类功能组G1(鳡、鳜)、G2 (鲇、乌鳢)、G3 (翘嘴鲌)等对小型鱼类功能组G13、G14、沼虾类功能组G15均有负面影响; 此外, 存在种间竞争关系的大型鱼食性功能组G1、G2、G3等均存在相互负影响; 而作为草食性鱼类、滤食性鱼类和底栖食性鱼类食物源的低营养级初级生产者, 附着藻类、浮游植物、沉水植物、碎屑等功能组对其有显著正向影响。

    图  4  禁渔前后2018和2021年鄱阳湖生态系统混合营养效应分析
    蓝色矩形图代表正的影响, 红色矩形图表示负的影响
    Figure  4.  Mixed trophic impact analysis of the Poyang Lake ecosystem before and after the fishing ban (2018 and 2021)
    The blue rectangle represents a positive effect, and the red rectangle represents a negative effect

    对比禁渔前后可以发现, 禁渔之前, 渔业捕捞(fleet功能组)对顶级鱼食性鱼类功能组G1、G2、G3及具有一定经济价值的G5、G6、G8、G9、G10功能组有明显的负面效应, 而对于鲴亚科鱼类、中上层及中下层小型鱼类有显著的正面效应。禁渔之后, 多数肉食性鱼类功能组的捕食效应增强, 相应地, 对低营养级小型浮游动物食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类的捕食压力增加。这表明肉食性鱼类受渔业活动干扰的影响明显。

    系统总生产量由禁渔前的1.07×104 t/(km2·a), 增加至禁渔后的1.13×104 t/(km2·a); 系统总流量由禁渔前的2.23×104t/(km2·a)增加至禁渔后的2.41×104 t/(km2·a), 表明生态系统规模扩大了约8.07%。

    ①生态系统成熟度参数

    系统总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值TPP/TR 值越接近1, 表明初级生产力越接近代谢值, 该生态系统无剩余能量冗余, 具有相对高效的能量转化效率, 表明这种情况下的生态系统可能是相对成熟和健康的。禁渔前2018年TPP/TR的比值为4.77, 而禁渔后2021年降低至2.86, 成熟度增加。净系统生产量NSP指系统的净生产量, 反映了生态系统的能量流动效率和生产力水平, 在一个相对稳态的生态环境中, 其结果趋近于0。NSP在禁渔前为7.77×103 t/(km2·a), 禁渔后降低到5.62×103 t/(km2·a), 表明成熟度的增加。除此之外, 较低的总初级生产/总生物量比值TPP/TB也是成熟生态系统的特征之一, 因为对于未成熟的生态系统, 其呼吸作用小于初级生产作用, 而随着系统的成熟, 生物量不断积累, TPP/TB比率随之降低。禁渔后TPP/TB由禁渔前的22.9降低至14.8, 成熟度增加。总生物量TB与以上3个指标相反, 往往在生态系统的成熟阶段处于较高的水平, 而在发展阶段数值较低。禁渔前TB的值为430 t/km2, 禁渔后增加到583 t/km2, 向成熟阶段变化。

    ②生态系统稳定性参数

    连接指数CI、系统杂食指数SOI均能够衡量生态系统中食物网结构和功能组间的食性相互作用, 其数值范围在0—1.00, 是评估生态系统稳定程度的重要指标, 其数值的增减与生态系统稳定程度的高低成正比[42]。Finn’s 循环指数(Finn’s cycling index, FCI)表示食物链中营养物质再循环的比例, 数值越大表明物质能量流转速度越高, 系统越成熟。总路径数TP反映生态系统食物网的网状结构稳定程度, 数值越高表示系统从干扰中恢复过来的时间就越短, 系统也就越稳定。禁渔后2021年, 鄱阳湖生态系统连接指数CI、系统杂食指数SOI由禁渔前2018年的0.28和0.21增加至0.34和0.44; FCI由禁渔前2018年的2.43%, 增加至禁渔后的9.12%; 禁渔前2018年, TP较低为725, 而禁渔后2021年增加至2.95×103。以上指标的增加都反映了生态系统稳定性的增加。

    从平均营养级水平来看, 禁渔前鄱阳湖生态系统的平均营养级水平较低。这与金显仕和唐启升[43]的发现一致, 原因可能是捕捞压力的增加导致顶级捕食者减少, 营养结构及生态系统维持机制由以高营养级肉食性鱼类为主导的下行控制转变为以低营养级的中上层小型鱼类和无脊椎动物主导的上行控制或“蜂腰型”控制[44]。而禁渔后的2021年平均营养级水平明显增加, 表现出禁渔后的积极效果。

    从食物链长度来看, 禁渔前鄱阳湖生态系统的食物链长度较短。有研究估计了全球219个水生生态系统食物链长度, 其中湖泊生态系统的食物链长度平均值约为4.00[45]。禁渔前鄱阳湖生态系统的食物链长度(2018年, 3.63)远不及全球平均水平[45]。禁渔后食物链长度增加至3.86, 接近全球平均水平, 体现了禁渔措施的积极效应。

    从能量转化效率来看(图 3): 鄱阳湖生态系统能量流动主要发生在食物网的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ营养级, 被更高营养级利用的效率较低, 可能与生态系统高营养级类群历史捕捞有关。禁渔前, 系统通过碎屑和牧食食物链的能流比D﹕H为0.81, 表明该生态系统以牧食性能流为主导。这与林群等[46]对长江口及毗邻水域生态系统的研究结论相同, 从2000年到2006年, 底栖食物链渔业资源持续衰退, 其主导地位已被牧食食物链渔业资源所代替, 渔业捕捞可能是底栖食物链衰退的主要因素。禁渔后, D﹕H增加到0.99, 食物网通过碎屑食物链传递的能量增加, 碎屑逐渐成为食物网能流的主体。除此以外, 禁渔前鄱阳湖水生态系统的总体能量转换效率较低的原因可能是凶猛鱼类数量的减少, 使较多的低传递效率鱼类存在于较低营养级(如底栖无脊椎动物或浮游生物食性鱼类)[47]。而禁渔后的2021年, 鄱阳湖生态系统的物质与能量转换效率相较于禁渔前提升到11.3%, 恢复到了1998年的历史水平。虽然略小于Ryther提出的温带沿岸生态系统的15.0%, 但是超过Lindeman提出的生态系统的10.0%定律[48]和全球水域生态系统的传递效率估值(10.0%)[49], 反映了禁渔后生态系统在能流传递中的健康趋势。

    与国内其他淡水湖泊生态系统相比, 鄱阳湖生态系统具有相对较高的TST和TP值。历史时期的1998年, 鄱阳湖的TST可达到4.28×104 t/(km2·a), TP值可达到2.07×104 t/(km2·a) (中国科学院水生生物研究所调查资料); 即使禁渔前的20年有所下降, 其系统规模也维持在2.00×104 t/(km2·a)之上。TST远高于滆湖[1986—1989年1.21×104 t/(km2·a); 2010年8.56×103 t/(km2·a)][50]、太湖[1991—1995年1.36×104t/(km2·a) [51]; 2018年7.39×103 t/(km2·a)[52] ]、五里湖[2006年6.27×103 t/(km2·a)][53]等湖泊。与禁渔前(2018年)相比, 禁渔后(2021年)鄱阳湖的生态系统规模有明显提升, 总体表现了禁渔措施的积极效果。

    生产与呼吸比的估计值TPP/TR是反映系统成熟度的指标, 越是成熟的生态系统该值应越接近于l.00[49]。系统遭受污染或者面临开发时会低于1.00, 例如, 日本北海道的Toya湖生态系统的TPP/TR为0.900[5], 表明系统可能正遭受污染或者面临开发。在对包括湖泊、河流、水库、沿海、海岸系统和海洋模型在内的41个生态系统模型的比较后, Christensen和Pauly[27]发现, 大多数生态系统的生产与呼吸比都在0.800—3.20。禁渔后TPP/TR值由4.77缩小到2.86, 一般来说, TPP/TR下降出现在生态系统向成熟状态发育过程中。

    系统成熟度也可以通过连接指数(CI)和系统杂食度指数(SOI)来进行评价, 当系统接近成熟的时候, 食物链则由线性向网状转化, 系统连接也越紧密[54]。与禁渔前相比, 禁渔后鄱阳湖生态系统食物网结构更为稳固, 功能组间的营养作用相对较强, 食物网结构更加紧密, 成熟度增加。FCI值是反映生态系统稳定性的重要指标。Vasconcellos等[55]研究发现 FCI与系统的恢复时间呈显著负相关, 即FCI的值越高, 系统从干扰中恢复过来的时间就越短, 系统也就越稳定。也有研究发现, 高FCI值也可能出现在低的TPP/TR值系统中, 如在对洱海的研究中, 在TPP/TR值高达9.95的不成熟系统中, 其FCI值可达到18.5%, 说明FCI值与系统成熟度不一定存在必然联系。与国内外其他水生态系统, 如太湖[51](26.6%, 1981—1985)、五里湖[53](25.6%, 2006; 15.5%, 2009)、千岛湖[56](31.0%, 2000)、Tongoy Bay(10.1%)[57]、红海沿岸Eritrean(10.8%)[58]及地中海沿岸(21.7%)[59]等相对高的FCI相比, 鄱阳湖生态系统FCI值相对较低。但与禁渔前相比, 禁渔后的FCI增加至12.4%, 湖泊恢复力、稳定性增强。

    十年禁渔是长江保护的重要抓手。已有研究显示十年禁渔后, 长江鱼类资源明显恢复。

    例如, 长江十年禁渔实施后, 长江下游鱼类物种数、多样性指数和单位捕捞努力量渔获量均有所增加, 禁渔效果初步显现[60]。受益于已实施两年的长江禁渔措施, 禁渔后长江刀鲚数量较禁渔前增长约43倍[61]。对赤水河的监测分析发现, 在全面禁捕前的十余年, 赤水河特有鱼类资源量逐年下降, 圆口铜鱼在2013—2016年期间完全从渔获物中消失[4]。而在赤水河全面禁捕的3年后圆口铜鱼再度出现[62]。同样, 禁渔后东洞庭湖的鱼类平均密度由禁渔前67.9增加到150 尾/1000 m3, 禁渔效果显著[63]

    总体来说, 长江十年禁渔是一项宏伟的鱼类资源保护工程。其作用不仅表现在鱼类多样性方面, 对水生态系统功能恢复也有积极作用。已有的评估指标主要侧重水生态系统的组分或结构特征, 缺乏对生态系统功能的分析。本研究利用Ecopath软件构建鄱阳湖水生态系统模型, 对鄱阳湖禁渔前后水生态系统结构功能的变化进行了比较分析。研究结果显示, 在禁渔实施后, 食物网结构更加复杂, 营养水平上升, 食物链长度增加, 生态系统更加成熟稳定, 鄱阳湖水生态系统的功能明显改善。具体地说, 禁捕后平均营养级水平增加到2.96, 即将恢复到1998年历史水平(3.08); 食物链长度(3.86)接近1998年历史水平(3.95); 物质与能量转换效率增长到11.3%, 能够恢复到1998年历史水平(11%); 禁捕前1998年到2018年, 系统成熟度和稳定性指标TP/TR递增、TB、CI、FCI、SOI、TP递减, 说明鄱阳湖生态系统正处于不稳定不成熟的发育期。在禁渔后, TP/TR指标接近1998年水平; TB、CI、FCI、SOI、TP数值均达到甚至超越1998年水平, 生态系统成熟度稳定性增加, 处于稳态的成熟发育阶段。鄱阳湖从2020年1月开始禁渔, 本研究显示仅仅实施一年, 禁渔效果即非常明显。但是应该看到, 尽管许多生态系统指标得到恢复, 但是与稳定成熟的生态系统相比, 鄱阳湖现阶段的状况还需要进一步改善。回顾过去70余年长江渔业资源的变化, 经历了一个早期产量增加-资源波动下降-资源整体枯竭的过程, 特别20世纪80—90年代资源急剧衰退, 到1990s末渔业产量下降至1950s的25%, 从此, 长江渔业产量长期处于较低水平波动且缓慢衰退的趋势[64]。本研究显示, 虽然在禁渔措施实施后, 鄱阳湖的鱼类资源明显恢复, 但是也仅仅恢复到1998年的水平, 相当于资源衰退到资源枯竭之间的连接点, 远未达到资源的良好恢复。因此, 建议在鄱阳湖继续实施十年禁渔措施, 全面恢复鄱阳湖生态系统的结构功能。

    (作者声明本文符合出版伦理要求)

    致谢:

    衷心感谢南昌大学吴小平老师提供的禁捕前浮游动植物及底栖动物相关数据, 课题组高嘉昕、蒋祥龙、鲁文楷、邵涵文、袁媛、崔韵文等在鄱阳湖野外资源调查中的帮助。

    附表  S1  2018年和2021年鄱阳湖生态系统基本信息
    Appendix  S1.  Basic information of Poyang Lake ecosystem in 2018 and 2021
    年份
    Year
    密度Density
    (tail/m3)
    水位
    Water level (m)
    鱼平均体重
    Average weight of fish (g)
    面积
    Area (km2)
    捕捞量
    (t)
    生物量Catch
    biomass (t/km2)
    201835.617.649.13000280006.48
    202165.016.6810.02800013.00
    注: 鱼的密度来自于内部鱼探仪测量数据; 鱼类个体平均体重和捕捞量数据来自内部资料; 其他水文信息参考鄱阳湖水文资源监测中心、江西水利厅Note: The fish density is derived from internal fish finder measurement data; average individual weight and catch data of fish come from internal sources; other hydrological information is referenced from the Poyang Lake Hydrological Resources Monitoring Center and the Jiangxi Water Resources Department
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    附表  S2  2018年和2021年鄱阳湖鱼类物种重量及数量百分比
    Appendix  S2.  Weight and number percentage of fish species in Poyang Lake in 2018 and 2021
    名称
    Common name
    拉丁名
    Latin name
    编号
    Group No.
    2018年总重量占比
    2018 total weight
    percentage
    2018年总数量占比
    2018 total number
    percentage
    2021年总重量占比
    2021 total weight
    percentage
    2021年总数量占比
    2021 total number
    percentage
    鳗鲡Anguilla japonica20.01
    间下鱵Hyporamphus intermedius00.101.890.09
    短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus70.714.132.1114.84
    刀鲚Coilia nasus70.030.030.952.14
    大斑花鳅Cobitis macrostigma140.010.07
    中华花鳅Cobitis sinensis140.120.01
    紫薄鳅Leptobotia taeniops140.010.16
    泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus140.010.07
    花斑副沙鳅Parabotia fasciata140.020.190.03
    大鳞副泥鳅Paramisgurnus dabryanus140.01
    武昌副沙鳅Parabotia banarescui14
    江西副沙鳅Parabotia kiangsiensis140.01
    棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis140.081.63
    大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus140.543.720.131.49
    兴凯鱊Acheilognathus chankaensis140.081.32
    越南鱊Acheilognathus tonkinensis140.010.08
    无须鱊Acheilognathus gracilis140.04
    大口鱊Acheilognathus macromandibularis140.010.000.05
    寡鳞鱊Acheilognathus hypselonotus140.477.17
    Carassius auratus65.0013.965.9213.17
    达氏鲌Chanodichthys dabryi31.921.282.242.39
    红鳍原鲌Chanodichthys erythropterus31.642.340.500.92
    蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus33.981.641.551.23
    尖头鲌Chanodichthys oxycephalus3
    麦瑞加拉鲮Cirrhinus mrigala120.170.030.941.23
    Cirrhinus molitorella120.680.44
    铜鱼Coreius heterodon140.010.01
    草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus107.870.5114.603.41
    翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus39.933.356.933.09
    拟尖头鲌Culter oxycephaloides30.000.01
    Cyprinus carpio626.535.693.100.99
    圆吻鲴Distoechodon tumirostris12
    细鳞鲴Plagiognathops microlepis120.020.03
    Elopichthys bambusa10.720.030.130.01
    短须颌须鮈Gnathopogon imberbis14
    花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus140.711.230.310.47
    唇䱻Hemibarbus labeo140.010.000.01
    贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri130.301.930.425.56
    Hemiculter leucisculus130.904.300.060.43
    Hypophthalmichthys molitrix86.770.5824.285.50
    Hypophthalmichthys nobilis95.390.2117.181.15
    Megalobrama skolkovii111.981.576.408.02
    团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala110.450.080.990.52
    福建小鳔鮈Microphysogobio fukiensis140.06
    青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus50.460.130.220.16
    Ochetobius elongatus10.010.02
    稀有白甲鱼Onychostoma rarum120.010.01
    马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens130.10.180.00
    Parabramis pekinensis112.181.140.751.45
    似刺鳊鮈Paracanthobrama guichenoti140.230.140.100.07
    彩副鱊Paracheilognathus imberbis140.010.010.35
    长须片唇鮈Platysmacheilus longibarbatus140.03
    似鳊Pseudobrama simoni122.720.490.758.06
    似鮈Pseudogobio vaillanti140.010.02
    寡鳞飘鱼Pseudolaubuca engraulis130.040.10.040.38
    飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis130.260.510.060.23
    斑点蛇鮈Saurogobio punctatus140.000.01
    光唇蛇鮈Saurogobio gymnocheilus140.040.510.020.45
    长蛇鮈Saurogobio dumerili140.010.000.01
    银鮈Squalidus argentatus140.092.030.000.62
    点纹银鮈Squalidus wolterstorffi140.01
    赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus110.920.390.200.16
    似鱎Toxabramis swinhonis130.070.100.000.02
    银鲴Xenocypris macrolepis120.391.230.421.23
    黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi120.140.080.010.02
    大口黑鲈Micropterus salmoides10.02
    乌鳢Channa argus21.780.310.430.12
    粘皮鲻虾虎鱼Mugilogobius myxodermus14
    子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus140.020.650.001.08
    波氏吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius cliffordpopei14
    小黄䱂鱼Micropercops swinhonis140.01
    河川沙塘鳢Odontobutis potamophila20.010.06
    叉尾斗鱼Macropodus opercularis1300.01
    圆尾斗鱼Macropodus chinensis1300.01
    Siniperca chuatsi12.611.343.451.41
    斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri10.020.01
    长身鳜Siniperca roulei1
    大眼鳜Siniperca kneri10.01
    大鳍半鲿Mystus macropterus40.01
    长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris40.010.010.000.01
    瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli40.30.250.120.07
    长须黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus eupogon40.130.340.323.68
    白边拟鲿Pseudobagrus albomarginatus40.060.190.020.05
    粗唇鮠Pseudobagrus crassilabris40.180.240.010.02
    圆尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus tenuis4
    细体拟鲿Pseudobagrus pratti40.000.02
    乌苏拟鲿Pelteobagrus ussuriensis40.000.01
    光泽疯鲿Tachysurus nitidus40.21.310.100.92
    黄颡鱼Tachysurus fulvidraco41.914.170.351.07
    纵带疯鲿Tachysurus argentivittatus400.050.000.01
    黑尾䱀Liobagrus nigricauda4
    革胡子鲇Clarias gariepinus2
    Silurus asotus27.474.381.731.78
    南方鲇Silurus meridionalis20.530.030.590.03
    中华刺鳅Sinobdella sinensis140.010.090.000.03
    黄鳝Monopterus albus140.020.04
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    附表  S3  2018年和2021年鄱阳湖各鱼类功能组的重量百分比及生物量
    Appendix  S3.  Weight percentage and biomass of all fish groups in Poyang Lake in 2018 and 2021
    编号Group No.重量比Weight ratio of group (%)栖息地生物量占比Biomass in habitat area (t/km2)
    2018202120182021
    G13.383.590.220.47
    G29.802.740.630.36
    G317.4711.241.131.46
    G42.800.920.180.12
    G50.460.220.030.03
    G631.539.022.041.17
    G70.743.060.050.40
    G86.7724.280.443.16
    G95.3917.180.352.23
    G107.8714.600.511.90
    G115.538.350.361.09
    G123.412.830.220.37
    G131.670.580.110.08
    G141.911.050.120.14
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    附表  S4  P/B和Q/B系数计算所需参数汇总
    Appendix  S4.  Summary of required parameters for calculation of P/B and Q/B coefficient
    编号Group No.组成CompositionLmean (cm)Lmin (cm)Lmax (cm)Linf (cm)KMestP/BQ/B
    7短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus,
    刀鲚Coilia nasus
    15.083.0030.0031.580.440.760.608.50
    9Aristichthys nobilis36.769.2091.0095.790.530.361.149.60
    8Hypophthalmichthys molitrix23.844.6092.0096.840.330.471.257.30
    5青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus14.428.1057.0060.000.220.391.594.00
    10草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus29.276.7092.0096.840.210.330.637.40
    11团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala11.725.8066.8070.320.220.372.188.30
    11Megalobrama skolkovii12.503.7040.0042.110.300.531.0117.20
    11Parabramis pekinensis15.033.5031.5033.160.310.580.4916.20
    11赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus20.026.0032.7034.420.370.660.3812.40
    13贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri8.483.2014.3015.050.701.200.8715.10
    13Hemiculter leucisculus9.933.1044.0046.320.150.310.8012.10
    13飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis14.546.4021.2022.320.791.230.7516.60
    14光唇蛇鮈Saurogobio
    gymnocheilus
    7.224.0010.5011.050.440.810.5214.30
    14蛇鮈Saurogobio dabryi10.825.5019.6020.630.621.091.1418.90
    14银鮈Squalidus argentatus6.323.4013.2013.890.851.522.2017.60
    14棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis5.832.7017.9018.840.230.540.9620.40
    14华鳈Sarcocheilichthys
    sinensis,
    黑鳍鳈Sarcocheilichthys
    nigripinnis
    8.274.6013.4014.110.861.531.3722.50
    14花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus,
    唇䱻Hemibarbus labeo
    13.237.0029.0030.530.190.410.536.80
    14铜鱼Coreius heterodon15.5810.5019.8020.840.40.790.419.60
    14紫薄鳅Leptobotia taeniaps6.284.6011.0011.580.440.971.3916.90
    14花斑副沙鳅Parabotia fasciata6.993.5015.0015.790.410.861.0318.70
    14中华刺鳅Sinobdella sinensis11.677.0016.2017.050.410.840.4722.80
    14中华花鳅Cobitis sinensis5.803.8012.9013.580.430.891.6721.10
    14黄鳝Monopterus albus26.810.0037.3039.260.410.690.309.50
    14子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus,
    小黄䱂鱼Micropercops swinhonis
    4.121.908.008.420.651.411.2614.60
    1Elopichthys bambusa40.3519.5096.50101.580.240.360.708.20
    3达氏鲌Chanodichthys dabryi16.416.4044.2046.530.360.601.085.50
    3红鳍原鲌Chanodichthys erythropterus13.593.5029.7031.261.171.582.056.60
    3蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus19.262.7046.7049.160.410.650.744.80
    3翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus21.523.0074.0077.890.260.410.794.20
    1Siniperca chuatsi,
    斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri,
    长身鳜Siniperca roulei,
    大眼鳜Siniperca kneri,
    14.835.8056.6059.580.450.662.234.10
    2Silurus asotus,
    大口鲇Silurus meridionalis
    22.455.4090.9095.680.220.350.943.70
    2河川沙塘鳢Odontobutis potamophila7.774.3012.8013.470.861.271.415.90
    2乌鳢Channa argus23.387.4051.0053.680.590.831.124.90
    4粗唇鮠Pseudobagrus crassilabris,
    长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris,
    细体拟鲿Pseudobagrus pratti
    12.034.4027.8029.260.250.510.5615.00
    4光泽黄颡鱼Pelteobaggrus nitidus,
    长须黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus eupogon
    9.653.0021.0022.110.400.770.7512.90
    4黄颡鱼Tachysurus fulvidraco10.922.4033.2034.940.210.430.596.20
    4瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli16.107.9028.3029.790.380.690.6311.10
    6Carassius auratus8.202.7055.9058.840.570.805.256.50
    6Cyprinus carpio17.951.0084.7089.160.250.391.059.10
    12黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi,
    圆吻鲴Distoechodon tumirostris
    16.528.3030.0031.580.370.670.6810.40
    12银鲴Xenocypris macrolepis10.775.5026.0027.370.330.641.0416.40
    12似鳊Pseudobrama simoni8.353.0099.20104.4290.640.7511.4916.10
    14大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus,
    兴凯鱊Acheilognathus chankaensis,
    无须鱊Acheilognathus gracilis,
    大口鱊Acheilognathus macromandibularis
    6.252.507.407.790.921.850.3832.70
    14高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus ,
    中华鳑鲏Rhodeus sinensis
    3.992.706.206.531.432.702.8235.80
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    附表  S5  各鱼类功能组的P/B、Q/B系数
    Appendix  S5.  P/B and Q/B coefficients of each fish functional group
    编号Group No.P/BQ/B
    G12.9312.30
    G23.4814.50
    G34.6621.10
    G42.5445.20
    G51.594.00
    G66.3015.60
    G70.608.50
    G81.257.30
    G91.149.60
    G100.637.40
    G114.0554.10
    G1213.2142.90
    G132.4343.80
    G1416.46282.20
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    附表  S6  2018年鄱阳湖生态系统的渔业捕捞数据(Fleet1表示唯一的渔业捕捞功能组)
    Appendix  S6.  Fishery data of the Poyang Lake ecosystem in 2018 (Fleet1 represents the only-one fishing function group)
    编号Group No.功能组Group nameFleet1合计Total
    1Piscivorous fishes0.380.38
    2Demersal carnivorous1.101.10
    3Culters1.961.96
    4Siluriformes0.310.31
    5Black carp0.050.05
    6C-carps3.533.53
    7Anchovy0.080.08
    8Silver carp0.760.76
    9Bighead carp0.600.60
    10Grass carp0.880.88
    11Bream0.620.62
    12Xenocypris0.380.38
    13S-pelagic0.200.20
    14S-demersal0.330.33
    15Shrimps00
    16Zoobenthos00
    17Cladocera-copepoda00
    18Microzooplankton00
    19Attached algae00
    20Phytoplankton00
    21Macrophyte00
    22Detritus00
    23Sum11.1911.19
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    附表  S7  鄱阳湖生态系统模型的食物组成矩阵(上: 2018; 下2021)
    Appendix  S7.  Matrix of diet composition for the Poyang Lake ecosystem model (Up: 2018; down: 2021)
    被捕食者Predator捕食者Prey
    G1G2G3G4G5G6G7G8G9G10G11G12G13G14G15G16G17G18
    G10.01
    G20.01
    G30.150.02
    G40.05
    G50.01
    G60.1830.140.181
    G70.11
    G80.020.01
    G90.010.020.01
    G100.010.020.05
    G110.0160.030.05
    G120.120.10.1440.016
    G130.1010.010.070.020.05
    G140.180.240.320.3030.010.050.06
    G150.050.0830.020.2520.250.090.30.0410.065
    G160.060.110.030.3520.650.6670.260.320.4090.250.3
    G170.10.020.1010.20.080.60.050.050.090.20.060.060.20.30.2
    G180.0080.0030.040.080.020.190.0060.090.0050.010.050.150.05
    G190.050.80.10.030.030.1440.020.140.030.050.30.4
    G200.010.110.150.20.0240.2040.080.090.020.120.12
    G210.0490.0120.750.70.0730.090.17
    G220.0950.0220.10.0920.10.0140.020.3490.0360.250.510.510.130.23
    总计Sum111111111111111111
    被捕食者Predator捕食者Prey
    G1G2G3G4G5G6G7G8G9G10G11G12G13G14G15G16G17G18
    G10.01
    G20.0020.1
    G30.150.02
    G40.010.050.020.03
    G50.010.01
    G60.1810.050.230.013
    G70.110.020.001
    G80.060.03
    G90.060.1
    G100.0260.060.05
    G110.030.060.04
    G120.040.060.140.0360.16
    G130.1010.020.090.0510.2
    G140.040.020.230.250.250.065
    G150.010.120.1480.150.150.240.050.20.141
    G160.110.110.120.20.090.20.220.3090.150.30.07
    G170.040.020.050.050.1030.050.060.060.220.150.05
    G180.060.110.060.2930.10.130.130.150.30.1060.170.190.0960.1350.110.150.050.05
    G190.100.30.20.10.050.330.030.1940.160.130.110.120.3
    G200.10.20.240.20.040.140.210.090.1740.10.1440.1040.160.10.050.050.27
    G210.0660.10.150.050.050.15
    G220.090.030.0720.080.2300.150.20.040.30.1490.140.380.30.350.480.33
    总计Sum111111111111111111
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    附表  S8  2018年鄱阳湖生态系统模型基本输入与输出参数
    Appendix  S8.  Basic input and estimated parameters of Poyang Lake ecosystem model during 2018
    编号
    No.
    功能组
    Group
    营养级
    TL
    生物量
    B (t/km2)
    生产量/
    生物量P/B
    消耗量/
    生物量 Q/B
    生态营养
    效率EE
    生产量/
    消耗量 P/Q
    1Fierce carnivorous3.630.1942.9412.30.6640.239
    2Demersal carnivorous3.480.5643.4814.50.5810.240
    3Culters3.311.014.6616.10.4430.290
    4Siluriformes3.030.1614.8016.30.9450.294
    5Black carp2.980.05002.8512.00.9350.238
    6C-carps2.931.815.2015.60.8560.333
    7Anchovy2.960.4262.208.500.3690.259
    8Silver carp2.120.6201.807.300.8980.247
    9Bigheadcarp2.460.5802.509.600.8800.260
    10Grasscarp2.070.5304.4012.00.8750.367
    11Bream2.060.4804.5022.10.8670.204
    12Xenocyprididae2.460.33012.032.90.6930.365
    13S-pelagic2.680.3108.0020.30.9620.394
    14S-demersal2.540.70020.050.00.9600.400
    15Shrimps2.411.917.5036.00.3740.208
    16Zoobenthos2.0830.52.0034.00.9030.059
    17Cladocera-copepoda2.2924.013.042.00.4340.310
    18Microzooplankton2.0520.422.070.00.6210.314
    19Attachedalgae1.0020.099.00.510
    20Phytoplankton1.0055.01100.154
    21Macrophyte1.002706.700.107
    22Detritus1.004700.119
    注: 粗体为模型计算; “—”表示无数据输出Note: Bolds represent results calculated by the model; “—” represents no output data
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    附表  S9  2021年鄱阳湖生态系统模型基本输入与输出参数
    Appendix  S9.  Basic input and estimated parameters of Poyang Lake ecosystem model during 2021
    编号
    No.
    功能组
    Group
    营养级
    TL
    生物量
    B (t/km2)
    生产量/
    生物量P/B
    消耗量/
    生物量 Q/B
    生态营养
    效率EE
    生产量/
    消耗量 P/Q
    1Fierce carnivorous3.860.6682.9412.30.04200.239
    2Demersal carnivorous3.450.6503.4814.50.4240.240
    3Culters3.171.463.6616.10.3180.228
    4Siluriformes2.881.205.0016.30.6850.307
    5Black carp2.640.03004.0012.00.8150.333
    6C-carps2.801.735.2015.60.8950.333
    7Anchovy3.261.002.208.500.5890.259
    8Silver carp2.923.160.8007.300.3070.110
    9Bigheadcarp3.192.233.009.600.5340.313
    10Grasscarp2.511.902.207.400.4680.297
    11Bream2.741.085.0022.10.7650.226
    12Xenocyprididae2.870.83013.142.90.9120.305
    13S-pelagic2.880.8107.0023.00.8560.304
    14S-demersal2.561.6015.845.00.8750.351
    15Shrimps2.664.008.5035.00.4960.243
    16Zoobenthos2.5576.010.026.00.2870.385
    17Cladocera-copepoda2.2450.021.056.00.9210.375
    18Microzooplankton2.1224.029.077.00.8480.377
    19Attachedalgae1.0015.71100.667
    20Phytoplankton1.0045.01010.175
    21Macrophyte1.003506.800.222
    22Detritus1.001800.328
    注: 粗体为模型计算; “—”表示无数据输出Note: Bolds represent results calculated by the model; “—” represents no output data
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
  • 图  1   鄱阳湖的采样点位置信息图

    Figure  1.   Location of sampling site in the Poyang Lake

    图  2   禁渔前后鄱阳湖生态系统食物网结构

    不同大小的圆表示不同功能组的生物量(以t/km2为单位); 灰色连线表示能量在生态系统中的流动路径; 各功能组的名称详见表 1。为了满足Ecopath软件的要求, 我们设置了一个渔业捕捞组, 用Fleet1来表示。由于渔业捕捞不属于生态系统内部生物之间的相互作用, 所以在表 1中没有列出该组名称

    Figure  2.   Food web structure of Poyang Lake ecosystem before and after the 10-Year Fishing Ban

    Different-sized circles represent the biomass (t/km2) of different functional groups; gray lines indicate the flow of energy within the ecosystem; the names of each functional group can be found in Tab. 1. A fishing fleet, denoted as Fleet1, has been included to represent fishing activities, as per the requirements of the Ecopath software. Since fishing activities do not involve interactions among the internal biota of the ecosystem, they have not been listed in Tab. 1

    图  3   禁渔前后2018和2021年鄱阳湖水体食物网能量与物质传输效率

    TST. 系统总流量; TL.营养级; TE.能量转换效率

    Figure  3.   Energy and material transmission efficiency of Poyang Lake aquatic food web before and after the 10-Year Fishing Ban (2018 and 2021)

    TST. total system throughput; TL. trophic level; TE. transfer efficiency

    图  4   禁渔前后2018和2021年鄱阳湖生态系统混合营养效应分析

    蓝色矩形图代表正的影响, 红色矩形图表示负的影响

    Figure  4.   Mixed trophic impact analysis of the Poyang Lake ecosystem before and after the fishing ban (2018 and 2021)

    The blue rectangle represents a positive effect, and the red rectangle represents a negative effect

    表  1   基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统功能组划分及物种组成

    Table  1   Functional group and component of ecopath model in Poyang Lake

    编号
    No.
    功能组
    Functional group
    组成
    Composition
    G1Piscivorous fishesSiniperca chuatsi, 斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri, 大眼鳜Siniperca kneri, 鳡Elopichthys bambusa, 鳤Ochetobius elongatus
    G2Demersal carnivorous乌鳢Channa argus, 鲇Silurus asotus, 河川沙塘鳢Odontobutis potamophilus, 日本鳗鲡Anguilla japonica, 大口鲇Silurus meridionalis
    G3Culters蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus, 达氏鲌Chanodichthys dabryi, 红鳍原鲌 Cultrichthys erythropterus, 翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus, 拟尖头鲌Culter oxycephaloides
    G4Siluriformes黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidrac, 光泽黄颡鱼Pelteobaggrus nitidus , 瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli, 长须黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus eupogon, 白边拟鲿Pseudobagrus albomarginatus , 乌苏拟鲿Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, 长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris, 粗唇鮠Leiocassis crassilabris, 大鳍鳠Hemibagrus macropterus
    G5Black carp青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus
    G6C-carpsCyprinus carpio, 鲫Carassius auratus
    G7Anchovy短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus, 刀鲚Coilia nasus
    G8Silver carpHypophthalmichthys molitrix
    G9Bighead carpAristichthys nobilis
    G10Grass carp草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus
    G11Bream团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala, 鲂Megalobrama skolkovii, 鳊Parabramis pekinensis
    G12Xenocypris圆吻鲴Distoechodon tumirostris, 银鲴Xenocypris argentea, 细鳞鲴Xenocypris microlepis, 黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi, 似鳊Pseudobrama simoni
    G13S-pelagic贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri , 䱗Hemiculter leucisculus, 飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis, 寡鳞飘鱼Pseudolaubuca engraulis, 圆尾斗鱼Macropodus chinensis, 叉尾斗鱼Macropodus opercularis, 麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva, 似鱎Toxabramis swinhonis, 马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens
    G14S-demersal蛇鮈Saurogobio dabryi, 光唇蛇鮈Saurogobio gymnocheilus, 长蛇鮈Saurogobio dumerili, 银鮈Squalidus argentatus, 吻鮈Rhinogobio typus, 棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis, 大鳍鱊 Acheilognathus macropterus, 华鳈Sarcocheilichthys sinensis, 黑鳍鳈Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis, 花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus, 唇䱻Hemibarbus labeo, 似刺鳊鮈Paracanthobrama guichenoti, 紫薄鳅Leptobotia taeniaps
    G15Shrimps沼虾(日本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense)
    G16Zoobenthos底栖动物(摇蚊属Chironomus, 水丝蚓属Limnodrilus)
    G17Cladocera-copepoda枝角、桡足类
    G18Microzooplankton小型浮游动物(轮虫和原生动物等)
    G19Attached algae附着藻类
    G20Phytoplankton浮游植物(微囊藻属Microcystis spp.、鱼腥藻属Anabaena spp.、颗粒直链藻Melosira granulata、小环藻属Cyclotella spp.、刚毛藻属Cladophora spp.等)
    G21Macrophyte大型水生植物(苔草Carex spp.、虉草Phalaris arundinacea、南荻Miscanthus lutarioriparius、蓼子草Persicaria criopolitana, 黑藻Hydrilla verticillata, 苦草Vallisneria natans 等)
    G22Detritus碎屑
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   模型平衡的生态学和热力学原则

    Table  2   Ecological and thermodynamic principles of model balance

    指标Index取值范围
    Value range
    生态营养效率Ecological efficiency (EE)0<EE≤1.00
    食物总转换效率Gross food conversion efficiency (GE=P/Q)0.100<GE<0.300
    净效率Net food conversion efficiency (NE)NE>GE
    呼吸量Respiratory (R)R>0
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   禁渔前后鄱阳湖生态系统总体特征参数对比

    Table  3   Comparison of general characteristic parameters of Poyang Lake ecosystem before and after the 10-Year Fishing Ban

    参数
    Parameter
    禁渔前
    Pre-ban 2018
    禁渔后
    Post-ban 2021
    与成熟生态系统的关系
    Relationship with mature ecosystem
    单位
    Unit
    生态系统成熟度参数Ecosystem Maturity
    净系统生产量 (NSP)7.77×1035.62×103成熟系统≈0t/(km2·
    year)
    总初级生产量/总呼吸量(TP/TR)4.772.86成熟系统≈1
    总初级生产量/总生物量(TP/TB)22.914.8负相关
    总生物量 (TB)430583正相关t/km2
    生态系统稳定性参数Ecosystem Stability
    连接指数 (CI)0.280.34正相关
    系统杂食指数 (SOI)0.210.44正相关
    循环指数 (FCI)2.43%9.12%成熟系统>0.5%
    总路径数 (TP)7252.95×103正相关
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S1   2018年和2021年鄱阳湖生态系统基本信息

    Appendix  S1   Basic information of Poyang Lake ecosystem in 2018 and 2021

    年份
    Year
    密度Density
    (tail/m3)
    水位
    Water level (m)
    鱼平均体重
    Average weight of fish (g)
    面积
    Area (km2)
    捕捞量
    (t)
    生物量Catch
    biomass (t/km2)
    201835.617.649.13000280006.48
    202165.016.6810.02800013.00
    注: 鱼的密度来自于内部鱼探仪测量数据; 鱼类个体平均体重和捕捞量数据来自内部资料; 其他水文信息参考鄱阳湖水文资源监测中心、江西水利厅Note: The fish density is derived from internal fish finder measurement data; average individual weight and catch data of fish come from internal sources; other hydrological information is referenced from the Poyang Lake Hydrological Resources Monitoring Center and the Jiangxi Water Resources Department
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S2   2018年和2021年鄱阳湖鱼类物种重量及数量百分比

    Appendix  S2   Weight and number percentage of fish species in Poyang Lake in 2018 and 2021

    名称
    Common name
    拉丁名
    Latin name
    编号
    Group No.
    2018年总重量占比
    2018 total weight
    percentage
    2018年总数量占比
    2018 total number
    percentage
    2021年总重量占比
    2021 total weight
    percentage
    2021年总数量占比
    2021 total number
    percentage
    鳗鲡Anguilla japonica20.01
    间下鱵Hyporamphus intermedius00.101.890.09
    短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus70.714.132.1114.84
    刀鲚Coilia nasus70.030.030.952.14
    大斑花鳅Cobitis macrostigma140.010.07
    中华花鳅Cobitis sinensis140.120.01
    紫薄鳅Leptobotia taeniops140.010.16
    泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus140.010.07
    花斑副沙鳅Parabotia fasciata140.020.190.03
    大鳞副泥鳅Paramisgurnus dabryanus140.01
    武昌副沙鳅Parabotia banarescui14
    江西副沙鳅Parabotia kiangsiensis140.01
    棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis140.081.63
    大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus140.543.720.131.49
    兴凯鱊Acheilognathus chankaensis140.081.32
    越南鱊Acheilognathus tonkinensis140.010.08
    无须鱊Acheilognathus gracilis140.04
    大口鱊Acheilognathus macromandibularis140.010.000.05
    寡鳞鱊Acheilognathus hypselonotus140.477.17
    Carassius auratus65.0013.965.9213.17
    达氏鲌Chanodichthys dabryi31.921.282.242.39
    红鳍原鲌Chanodichthys erythropterus31.642.340.500.92
    蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus33.981.641.551.23
    尖头鲌Chanodichthys oxycephalus3
    麦瑞加拉鲮Cirrhinus mrigala120.170.030.941.23
    Cirrhinus molitorella120.680.44
    铜鱼Coreius heterodon140.010.01
    草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus107.870.5114.603.41
    翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus39.933.356.933.09
    拟尖头鲌Culter oxycephaloides30.000.01
    Cyprinus carpio626.535.693.100.99
    圆吻鲴Distoechodon tumirostris12
    细鳞鲴Plagiognathops microlepis120.020.03
    Elopichthys bambusa10.720.030.130.01
    短须颌须鮈Gnathopogon imberbis14
    花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus140.711.230.310.47
    唇䱻Hemibarbus labeo140.010.000.01
    贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri130.301.930.425.56
    Hemiculter leucisculus130.904.300.060.43
    Hypophthalmichthys molitrix86.770.5824.285.50
    Hypophthalmichthys nobilis95.390.2117.181.15
    Megalobrama skolkovii111.981.576.408.02
    团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala110.450.080.990.52
    福建小鳔鮈Microphysogobio fukiensis140.06
    青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus50.460.130.220.16
    Ochetobius elongatus10.010.02
    稀有白甲鱼Onychostoma rarum120.010.01
    马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens130.10.180.00
    Parabramis pekinensis112.181.140.751.45
    似刺鳊鮈Paracanthobrama guichenoti140.230.140.100.07
    彩副鱊Paracheilognathus imberbis140.010.010.35
    长须片唇鮈Platysmacheilus longibarbatus140.03
    似鳊Pseudobrama simoni122.720.490.758.06
    似鮈Pseudogobio vaillanti140.010.02
    寡鳞飘鱼Pseudolaubuca engraulis130.040.10.040.38
    飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis130.260.510.060.23
    斑点蛇鮈Saurogobio punctatus140.000.01
    光唇蛇鮈Saurogobio gymnocheilus140.040.510.020.45
    长蛇鮈Saurogobio dumerili140.010.000.01
    银鮈Squalidus argentatus140.092.030.000.62
    点纹银鮈Squalidus wolterstorffi140.01
    赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus110.920.390.200.16
    似鱎Toxabramis swinhonis130.070.100.000.02
    银鲴Xenocypris macrolepis120.391.230.421.23
    黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi120.140.080.010.02
    大口黑鲈Micropterus salmoides10.02
    乌鳢Channa argus21.780.310.430.12
    粘皮鲻虾虎鱼Mugilogobius myxodermus14
    子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus140.020.650.001.08
    波氏吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius cliffordpopei14
    小黄䱂鱼Micropercops swinhonis140.01
    河川沙塘鳢Odontobutis potamophila20.010.06
    叉尾斗鱼Macropodus opercularis1300.01
    圆尾斗鱼Macropodus chinensis1300.01
    Siniperca chuatsi12.611.343.451.41
    斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri10.020.01
    长身鳜Siniperca roulei1
    大眼鳜Siniperca kneri10.01
    大鳍半鲿Mystus macropterus40.01
    长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris40.010.010.000.01
    瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli40.30.250.120.07
    长须黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus eupogon40.130.340.323.68
    白边拟鲿Pseudobagrus albomarginatus40.060.190.020.05
    粗唇鮠Pseudobagrus crassilabris40.180.240.010.02
    圆尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus tenuis4
    细体拟鲿Pseudobagrus pratti40.000.02
    乌苏拟鲿Pelteobagrus ussuriensis40.000.01
    光泽疯鲿Tachysurus nitidus40.21.310.100.92
    黄颡鱼Tachysurus fulvidraco41.914.170.351.07
    纵带疯鲿Tachysurus argentivittatus400.050.000.01
    黑尾䱀Liobagrus nigricauda4
    革胡子鲇Clarias gariepinus2
    Silurus asotus27.474.381.731.78
    南方鲇Silurus meridionalis20.530.030.590.03
    中华刺鳅Sinobdella sinensis140.010.090.000.03
    黄鳝Monopterus albus140.020.04
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S3   2018年和2021年鄱阳湖各鱼类功能组的重量百分比及生物量

    Appendix  S3   Weight percentage and biomass of all fish groups in Poyang Lake in 2018 and 2021

    编号Group No.重量比Weight ratio of group (%)栖息地生物量占比Biomass in habitat area (t/km2)
    2018202120182021
    G13.383.590.220.47
    G29.802.740.630.36
    G317.4711.241.131.46
    G42.800.920.180.12
    G50.460.220.030.03
    G631.539.022.041.17
    G70.743.060.050.40
    G86.7724.280.443.16
    G95.3917.180.352.23
    G107.8714.600.511.90
    G115.538.350.361.09
    G123.412.830.220.37
    G131.670.580.110.08
    G141.911.050.120.14
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S4   P/B和Q/B系数计算所需参数汇总

    Appendix  S4   Summary of required parameters for calculation of P/B and Q/B coefficient

    编号Group No.组成CompositionLmean (cm)Lmin (cm)Lmax (cm)Linf (cm)KMestP/BQ/B
    7短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus,
    刀鲚Coilia nasus
    15.083.0030.0031.580.440.760.608.50
    9Aristichthys nobilis36.769.2091.0095.790.530.361.149.60
    8Hypophthalmichthys molitrix23.844.6092.0096.840.330.471.257.30
    5青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus14.428.1057.0060.000.220.391.594.00
    10草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus29.276.7092.0096.840.210.330.637.40
    11团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala11.725.8066.8070.320.220.372.188.30
    11Megalobrama skolkovii12.503.7040.0042.110.300.531.0117.20
    11Parabramis pekinensis15.033.5031.5033.160.310.580.4916.20
    11赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus20.026.0032.7034.420.370.660.3812.40
    13贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri8.483.2014.3015.050.701.200.8715.10
    13Hemiculter leucisculus9.933.1044.0046.320.150.310.8012.10
    13飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis14.546.4021.2022.320.791.230.7516.60
    14光唇蛇鮈Saurogobio
    gymnocheilus
    7.224.0010.5011.050.440.810.5214.30
    14蛇鮈Saurogobio dabryi10.825.5019.6020.630.621.091.1418.90
    14银鮈Squalidus argentatus6.323.4013.2013.890.851.522.2017.60
    14棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis5.832.7017.9018.840.230.540.9620.40
    14华鳈Sarcocheilichthys
    sinensis,
    黑鳍鳈Sarcocheilichthys
    nigripinnis
    8.274.6013.4014.110.861.531.3722.50
    14花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus,
    唇䱻Hemibarbus labeo
    13.237.0029.0030.530.190.410.536.80
    14铜鱼Coreius heterodon15.5810.5019.8020.840.40.790.419.60
    14紫薄鳅Leptobotia taeniaps6.284.6011.0011.580.440.971.3916.90
    14花斑副沙鳅Parabotia fasciata6.993.5015.0015.790.410.861.0318.70
    14中华刺鳅Sinobdella sinensis11.677.0016.2017.050.410.840.4722.80
    14中华花鳅Cobitis sinensis5.803.8012.9013.580.430.891.6721.10
    14黄鳝Monopterus albus26.810.0037.3039.260.410.690.309.50
    14子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus,
    小黄䱂鱼Micropercops swinhonis
    4.121.908.008.420.651.411.2614.60
    1Elopichthys bambusa40.3519.5096.50101.580.240.360.708.20
    3达氏鲌Chanodichthys dabryi16.416.4044.2046.530.360.601.085.50
    3红鳍原鲌Chanodichthys erythropterus13.593.5029.7031.261.171.582.056.60
    3蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus19.262.7046.7049.160.410.650.744.80
    3翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus21.523.0074.0077.890.260.410.794.20
    1Siniperca chuatsi,
    斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri,
    长身鳜Siniperca roulei,
    大眼鳜Siniperca kneri,
    14.835.8056.6059.580.450.662.234.10
    2Silurus asotus,
    大口鲇Silurus meridionalis
    22.455.4090.9095.680.220.350.943.70
    2河川沙塘鳢Odontobutis potamophila7.774.3012.8013.470.861.271.415.90
    2乌鳢Channa argus23.387.4051.0053.680.590.831.124.90
    4粗唇鮠Pseudobagrus crassilabris,
    长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris,
    细体拟鲿Pseudobagrus pratti
    12.034.4027.8029.260.250.510.5615.00
    4光泽黄颡鱼Pelteobaggrus nitidus,
    长须黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus eupogon
    9.653.0021.0022.110.400.770.7512.90
    4黄颡鱼Tachysurus fulvidraco10.922.4033.2034.940.210.430.596.20
    4瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli16.107.9028.3029.790.380.690.6311.10
    6Carassius auratus8.202.7055.9058.840.570.805.256.50
    6Cyprinus carpio17.951.0084.7089.160.250.391.059.10
    12黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi,
    圆吻鲴Distoechodon tumirostris
    16.528.3030.0031.580.370.670.6810.40
    12银鲴Xenocypris macrolepis10.775.5026.0027.370.330.641.0416.40
    12似鳊Pseudobrama simoni8.353.0099.20104.4290.640.7511.4916.10
    14大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus,
    兴凯鱊Acheilognathus chankaensis,
    无须鱊Acheilognathus gracilis,
    大口鱊Acheilognathus macromandibularis
    6.252.507.407.790.921.850.3832.70
    14高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus ,
    中华鳑鲏Rhodeus sinensis
    3.992.706.206.531.432.702.8235.80
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S5   各鱼类功能组的P/B、Q/B系数

    Appendix  S5   P/B and Q/B coefficients of each fish functional group

    编号Group No.P/BQ/B
    G12.9312.30
    G23.4814.50
    G34.6621.10
    G42.5445.20
    G51.594.00
    G66.3015.60
    G70.608.50
    G81.257.30
    G91.149.60
    G100.637.40
    G114.0554.10
    G1213.2142.90
    G132.4343.80
    G1416.46282.20
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S6   2018年鄱阳湖生态系统的渔业捕捞数据(Fleet1表示唯一的渔业捕捞功能组)

    Appendix  S6   Fishery data of the Poyang Lake ecosystem in 2018 (Fleet1 represents the only-one fishing function group)

    编号Group No.功能组Group nameFleet1合计Total
    1Piscivorous fishes0.380.38
    2Demersal carnivorous1.101.10
    3Culters1.961.96
    4Siluriformes0.310.31
    5Black carp0.050.05
    6C-carps3.533.53
    7Anchovy0.080.08
    8Silver carp0.760.76
    9Bighead carp0.600.60
    10Grass carp0.880.88
    11Bream0.620.62
    12Xenocypris0.380.38
    13S-pelagic0.200.20
    14S-demersal0.330.33
    15Shrimps00
    16Zoobenthos00
    17Cladocera-copepoda00
    18Microzooplankton00
    19Attached algae00
    20Phytoplankton00
    21Macrophyte00
    22Detritus00
    23Sum11.1911.19
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S7   鄱阳湖生态系统模型的食物组成矩阵(上: 2018; 下2021)

    Appendix  S7   Matrix of diet composition for the Poyang Lake ecosystem model (Up: 2018; down: 2021)

    被捕食者Predator捕食者Prey
    G1G2G3G4G5G6G7G8G9G10G11G12G13G14G15G16G17G18
    G10.01
    G20.01
    G30.150.02
    G40.05
    G50.01
    G60.1830.140.181
    G70.11
    G80.020.01
    G90.010.020.01
    G100.010.020.05
    G110.0160.030.05
    G120.120.10.1440.016
    G130.1010.010.070.020.05
    G140.180.240.320.3030.010.050.06
    G150.050.0830.020.2520.250.090.30.0410.065
    G160.060.110.030.3520.650.6670.260.320.4090.250.3
    G170.10.020.1010.20.080.60.050.050.090.20.060.060.20.30.2
    G180.0080.0030.040.080.020.190.0060.090.0050.010.050.150.05
    G190.050.80.10.030.030.1440.020.140.030.050.30.4
    G200.010.110.150.20.0240.2040.080.090.020.120.12
    G210.0490.0120.750.70.0730.090.17
    G220.0950.0220.10.0920.10.0140.020.3490.0360.250.510.510.130.23
    总计Sum111111111111111111
    被捕食者Predator捕食者Prey
    G1G2G3G4G5G6G7G8G9G10G11G12G13G14G15G16G17G18
    G10.01
    G20.0020.1
    G30.150.02
    G40.010.050.020.03
    G50.010.01
    G60.1810.050.230.013
    G70.110.020.001
    G80.060.03
    G90.060.1
    G100.0260.060.05
    G110.030.060.04
    G120.040.060.140.0360.16
    G130.1010.020.090.0510.2
    G140.040.020.230.250.250.065
    G150.010.120.1480.150.150.240.050.20.141
    G160.110.110.120.20.090.20.220.3090.150.30.07
    G170.040.020.050.050.1030.050.060.060.220.150.05
    G180.060.110.060.2930.10.130.130.150.30.1060.170.190.0960.1350.110.150.050.05
    G190.100.30.20.10.050.330.030.1940.160.130.110.120.3
    G200.10.20.240.20.040.140.210.090.1740.10.1440.1040.160.10.050.050.27
    G210.0660.10.150.050.050.15
    G220.090.030.0720.080.2300.150.20.040.30.1490.140.380.30.350.480.33
    总计Sum111111111111111111
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S8   2018年鄱阳湖生态系统模型基本输入与输出参数

    Appendix  S8   Basic input and estimated parameters of Poyang Lake ecosystem model during 2018

    编号
    No.
    功能组
    Group
    营养级
    TL
    生物量
    B (t/km2)
    生产量/
    生物量P/B
    消耗量/
    生物量 Q/B
    生态营养
    效率EE
    生产量/
    消耗量 P/Q
    1Fierce carnivorous3.630.1942.9412.30.6640.239
    2Demersal carnivorous3.480.5643.4814.50.5810.240
    3Culters3.311.014.6616.10.4430.290
    4Siluriformes3.030.1614.8016.30.9450.294
    5Black carp2.980.05002.8512.00.9350.238
    6C-carps2.931.815.2015.60.8560.333
    7Anchovy2.960.4262.208.500.3690.259
    8Silver carp2.120.6201.807.300.8980.247
    9Bigheadcarp2.460.5802.509.600.8800.260
    10Grasscarp2.070.5304.4012.00.8750.367
    11Bream2.060.4804.5022.10.8670.204
    12Xenocyprididae2.460.33012.032.90.6930.365
    13S-pelagic2.680.3108.0020.30.9620.394
    14S-demersal2.540.70020.050.00.9600.400
    15Shrimps2.411.917.5036.00.3740.208
    16Zoobenthos2.0830.52.0034.00.9030.059
    17Cladocera-copepoda2.2924.013.042.00.4340.310
    18Microzooplankton2.0520.422.070.00.6210.314
    19Attachedalgae1.0020.099.00.510
    20Phytoplankton1.0055.01100.154
    21Macrophyte1.002706.700.107
    22Detritus1.004700.119
    注: 粗体为模型计算; “—”表示无数据输出Note: Bolds represent results calculated by the model; “—” represents no output data
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S9   2021年鄱阳湖生态系统模型基本输入与输出参数

    Appendix  S9   Basic input and estimated parameters of Poyang Lake ecosystem model during 2021

    编号
    No.
    功能组
    Group
    营养级
    TL
    生物量
    B (t/km2)
    生产量/
    生物量P/B
    消耗量/
    生物量 Q/B
    生态营养
    效率EE
    生产量/
    消耗量 P/Q
    1Fierce carnivorous3.860.6682.9412.30.04200.239
    2Demersal carnivorous3.450.6503.4814.50.4240.240
    3Culters3.171.463.6616.10.3180.228
    4Siluriformes2.881.205.0016.30.6850.307
    5Black carp2.640.03004.0012.00.8150.333
    6C-carps2.801.735.2015.60.8950.333
    7Anchovy3.261.002.208.500.5890.259
    8Silver carp2.923.160.8007.300.3070.110
    9Bigheadcarp3.192.233.009.600.5340.313
    10Grasscarp2.511.902.207.400.4680.297
    11Bream2.741.085.0022.10.7650.226
    12Xenocyprididae2.870.83013.142.90.9120.305
    13S-pelagic2.880.8107.0023.00.8560.304
    14S-demersal2.561.6015.845.00.8750.351
    15Shrimps2.664.008.5035.00.4960.243
    16Zoobenthos2.5576.010.026.00.2870.385
    17Cladocera-copepoda2.2450.021.056.00.9210.375
    18Microzooplankton2.1224.029.077.00.8480.377
    19Attachedalgae1.0015.71100.667
    20Phytoplankton1.0045.01010.175
    21Macrophyte1.003506.800.222
    22Detritus1.001800.328
    注: 粗体为模型计算; “—”表示无数据输出Note: Bolds represent results calculated by the model; “—” represents no output data
    下载: 导出CSV
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    1. 吴子君,刘文鼎,章海鑫,阙祥尧,余建芳,侯明勇,丁国栋,王昌来,张燕萍. 基于水声学方法的鄱阳湖通江水道鱼类空间分布特征研究. 江西水产科技. 2024(05): 1-7 . 百度学术

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  • 收稿日期:  2023-12-28
  • 修回日期:  2024-03-04
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