Abstract: In this study, we selected the Basomtso Lake in Xizang, China, as the research object, and utilized 16S rDNA Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to investigate differences in the composition and structure of bacterial community across different locations and waters within Basomtso Lake. Our aim was to explore the correlation between environmental factors and the bacterial community in Basomtso Lake. Analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequences yielded a total of 5570 valid OTUs. with annotation revealing 88 phyla, 180 classes, 349 orders, 481 families, and 694 genera. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla, while Candidatus_Aquirestis, hgcI_clade, and unidentified_MethylacidipHilaceae were the dominant genera. Redundancy analyses showed that temperature, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand exerted significant effects on changes in the bacterial community structure in the water bodies of the Basomtso Lake. Molecular ecological network analysis showed that Ascomycetes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes as key nodes in the network construction, with 94.5% of edges displaying positive correlations. In summary, the bacterial resources in the Basomtso Lake are rich and diversified, closely related to environmental factors. Interactions among bacterial communities in Basomtso Lake are predominatly synergistic. This study provides an important theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of bacterial diversity in Basomtso Lake.