SALINE AND ALKALINE STRESS ON INTESTINAL STRUCTURE AND PERMEATION-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION OF GYMNOCYPRIS PRZEWALSKII
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摘要:
为探究盐碱胁迫对青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)肠道的影响, 将体重为(8.13±1.45) g的青海湖裸鲤一龄鱼驯养在水温为(15.3±1.6)℃的不同胁迫环境中养殖28d, 不同胁迫有盐胁迫组(Y100)、碱胁迫组(J100)和盐碱混合胁迫组(YJ100), 以3‰盐度为对照组(CK)。结果显示: J100组水环境的pH最高, CK组最低。Y100组水环境的氨氮含量最高, YJ100组最低。Y100组青海湖裸鲤的肠道结构较其他组更加完全, 浆膜层完整, 纹状缘发达; J100组和YJ100组裸鲤前肠结构受到损伤, 肌层厚度从前肠到后肠逐渐变薄; 肠道的皱褶高度方面, CK组与Y100组前肠最高, 中肠次之, 后肠最低, YJ100组则反之; J100组中肠皱褶高度最高, 后肠次之, 前肠最低。不同胁迫组渗透相关基因GpAQP1、GpMAPK14、GpPLA2和GpCA2均在中肠表达量较高, 而GpNKA1、GpALP则在前肠表达量较高。总之, 碱处理和盐碱处理损伤了青海湖裸鲤肠道结构, 从而影响了鱼体的生长发育, 这一结论为解释自然状态下青海湖裸鲤生长缓慢提供研究方向。
Abstract:To investigate the effects of saline-alkaline stress on the intestinal tract of naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii), first-year naked carps weighing (8.13±1.45) g were domesticated in different stress conditions at a water temperature of (15.3±1.6)℃ for 28d. The stress groups included a salinity stress group (Y100), an alkalinity stress group (J100), and a mixed saline-alkaline stress group (YJ100), with 3‰ salinity serving as the control group (CK). The results showed that the pH value was the highest in J100 group and the lowest in CK group, while the ammonia nitrogen content was the highest in Y100 group and the lowest in YJ100 group. The intestinal structure of Gymnocypris przewalskii in the Y100 group was more complete than that of the other groups, characterized by the intact plasma membrane layer and well-developed striated margin. On the contrary, the foregut of the naked carp in the J100 and YJ100 groups was damaged, with the thickness of the muscularis propria decreasing progressively from the foregut to the hindgut. In the CK and Y100 groups, the foregut showed the highest wrinkle height, followed by the midgut and the hindgut, while the opposite pattern was observed in the YJ100 group. In the J100 group, the midgut exhibited the highest wrinkle height, followed by the hindgut, with the foregut being the lowest. Furthermore, the midgut showed higher expression levels of osmosis-related genes, including GpAQP1, GpMAPK14, GpPLA2, and GpCA2 under different stress conditions, whereas the foregut exhibited high expression of GpNKA1 and GpALP. In conclusion, saline and alkaline treatments caused damage to the intestinal structure of Gymnocypris przewalskii, thus affecting the growth and development of the fish. This finding provides insights into the slow growth observed in Gymnocypris przewalskii exposed to saline-alkaline stress in natural habitats.
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图 2 青海湖裸鲤肠道示意图
①、②、③分别为用于石蜡切片的肠道组织
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the intestine of Gymnocypris Przewalskii
①, ②, and ③ are intestinal tissues used for paraffin sections, respectively
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图 3 不同胁迫下青海湖裸鲤肠道显微结构观察
LP. 固有膜; BB. 纹状缘; GC. 杯状细胞; SE. 浆膜; LSM. 纵肌; CSM. 环肌; SM. 黏膜下层; L. 淋巴细胞; EC. 上皮细胞
Figure 3. Intestinal microstructure of G. przewalskii under different stresses
LP. lamina propria; BB. striate border; GC. goblet cell; SE. serosa; LSM. longitudinal muscle; CSM. circular muscle; SM. submucosa; L. lymphocyte; EC. epithelial cell
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图 4 盐碱胁迫下渗透相关基因的组织表达分析
A—F分别为GpNKA1、GpCA2、GpALP、GpAQP1、GpPLA2和GpMAPK14在不同胁迫下的表达情况
Figure 4. Tissue expression analysis of osmosis-related genes under saline-alkali stress
A—F are the expression of GpNKA1, GpCA2, GpALP, GpAQP1, GpPLA2, and GpMAPK14 under different stresses respectively
表 1 饲料主成分
Table 1 Main components of feed
成分Ingredient 进口鱼粉 粗蛋白质 ≥ 60% 小麦粉 粗脂肪 ≥ 15% 鱼油 粗纤维 ≤ 3% 免疫增强剂 钙 ≤ 12% 矿物质混合物 总磷 ≥ 0.8% 维生素混合物 氨基酸 ≥ 3.3% 
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表 2 浓度配制
Table 2 Concentration formulation
浓度
Concentration (%)40L-NaHCO3
用量40L-
Dosage of NaHCO3 (g)40L-Na2CO3
用量40L-
Dosage of Na2CO3 (g)40L-海水晶
用量40L-
Dosage of Sea
crystal salt (g)CK 0 0 1.999 Y100 0 0 666.667 J100 92.594 10.368 0 YJ100 92.594 10.368 666.667
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表 3 荧光定量PCR引物
Table 3 Fluorescent quantitative PCR primers
名称Name 引物序列Primer sequence (5′—3′) NKA1-F CTTGAAGTTGGTCGCACTC NKA1-R AGTTCTTCTTTGCCATACGTT CA2-F TCTGGATTACTGGACGTACC CA2-R TTGAAAGATGCACGGACCT ALP-F GCGAGTAAACCATGCCACT ALP-R CATCTTTGCGTGTACCGTTG AQP1-F GGGCTAAATACAATCAGTGCTA AQP1-R ATTGATCCCACATCCCGT PLA2-F GCGAGTAAACCATGCCACT PLA2-R CATCTTTGCGTGTACCGTTG MAPK14-F CTGTAAGTCGCATTATCTGTTG MAPK14-R CTGTAAGTCGCATTATCTGTTG EF1α-F GTATTACCATTGACATTGC EF1α-R CTGAGAAGTACCAGTGAT
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表 4 不同胁迫下基础指标检测
Table 4 Detection of basic indicators under different stresses
组别
Group指标Index 水体pH 水体溶氧度
Dissolved oxygen
(mg/L)水体氨氮
Ammonia nitrogen
content (mg/L)水体硝氮
Nitrate-nitrogen
content (mg/L)增重率
Weight gain
rate (%)死亡率
Mortality
(%)CK 6.16±0.06d 6.94±0.21 3.71±0.08b 0.83±0.05b 1.73±0.13b 20.00±5.00c Y100 7.36±0.04c 6.78±0.22 4.32±0.02a 0.79±0.09b 1.91±0.09a 16.67±7.64c J100 9.12±0.12a 6.98±0.03 2.18±0.24c 4.27±0.03a 1.43±0.18c 56.67±2.89a YJ100 8.54±0.05b 7.04±0.17 0.12±0.03d 0.99±0.11b 1.52±0.16c 43.33±7.64b 注: 同列数据不同上标字母表示组内差异显著(P<0.05); 下同Note: Different superscript letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05); the same applies below
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表 5 盐碱胁迫对青海湖裸鲤肠道内容物pH、溶氧度的影响
Table 5 Effects of saline-alkaline stress on intestinal contents pH and dissolved oxygen of G. przewalskii
组别Group 肠道内容物检测指标Indicators of intestinal contents 前肠pH
The pH of the
foregut中肠pH
The pH of the
midgut后肠pH
The pH of the
hindgut前肠溶氧度
Foregut dissolved
oxygen (mg/L)中肠溶氧度
Midgut dissolved
oxygen (mg/L)后肠溶氧度
Hindgut dissolved
oxygen (mg/L)CK 6.40±0.36 6.52±0.22 6.19±0.25c 7.44±0.32a 7.28±0.24a 7.18±0.36a Y100 6.36±0.06 6.54±0.09 6.26±0.28c 6.82±0.22b 6.68±0.16b 6.76±0.15b J100 6.52±0.33 6.63±0.23 7.06±0.12a 6.42±0.09c 6.34±0.05c 6.28±0.18c YJ100 6.49±0.26 6.54±0.04 6.62±0.29b 6.36±0.23d 6.28±0.07c 6.30±0.06c
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表 6 青海湖裸鲤肠道基本结构部分测量指标
Table 6 Some measured indices of basic structure of intestine in G. przewalskii
测量指标
Index测量部位
Measured sectio组别Group CK Y100 J100 YJ100 皱褶高度
Fold height (μm)前肠 201.74±
21.45a249.26±
12.25a95.32±
13.7573.07±
0.84b中肠 86.18±
14.95c72.16±
14.99b88.72±
10.53106.35±
1.33a后肠 105.26±
16.32b80.23±
12.98b74.43±
0.86113.25±
3.26a肌层厚度
Muscularis thickness (μm)前肠 87.56±
2.20a106.61±
2.33a113.71±
1.36a105.53±
1.82a中肠 53.23±
3.60b89.52±
1.56b76.76±
2.52b99.08±
3.09b后肠 34.08±
2.56c64.81±
0.06c33.18±
2.78c72.73±
2.13c
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