PRODUCTION OF YY SUPER-MALE AND XY ALL-MALE PSEUDOBAGRUS USSURIENSIS BY SEX CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
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摘要:
研究探索了17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol, E2)的不同处理浓度和不同处理时间对乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)生长、存活率和性比的影响。结果显示, 在10—70dph期间, 使用10、50和100 mg/kg E2投喂乌苏里拟鲿的雌性率高达100%, 但生长速度和存活率随E2浓度升高而降低, 投喂150 mg/kg E2组乌苏里拟鲿全部死亡。利用10 mg/kg E2投喂诱导乌苏里拟鲿100%雌性化的最佳时间为10—40dph。qRT-PCR结果显示雄性性别分化关键基因dmrt1、amh和cyp17a1在XY生理雌性的表达量显著低于XY雄性, 雌性性别分化关键基因cyp19a1a、zar1和gdf9在XY生理雌性的表达量与XX雌性一致, 显著高于XY雄性。此外, 利用全基因组重测序技术在15尾雌性和15尾雄性乌苏里拟鲿中共筛选到3777645个SNP和1287509个Indel, 其中有99601个性别连锁SNP和27614个性别连锁Indel。性别连锁的SNP主要集中在乌苏里拟鲿8号染色体6.84—23.82 Mb的位置。利用性别连锁的Indel开发了乌苏里拟鲿X和Y染色体特异的分子标记, 适用于黑龙江野生群体、河南和湖北的养殖群体。使用性别分子标记在XY雄性与XY雌性繁殖的子一代中鉴定出了YY超雄鱼, 使用YY超雄鱼为父本繁殖的乌苏里拟鲿雄性率为100%, 1年龄个体的体重是两性养殖群体的1.54倍。综上所述, 在10—40dph期间使用10 mg/kg E2诱导乌苏里拟鲿雌性化的效果最佳, 利用全基因组重测序技术开发的性别连锁分子标记能有效鉴定乌苏里拟鲿的遗传性别获得YY超雄鱼。研究创制的XY全雄乌苏里拟鲿与两性群体相比, 具有规格整齐和生长速度快的特点。
Abstract:In this study, we investigated the effects of various doses and treatment durations of 17β-estradiol (E2) on the growth, survival rate, and sex ratio of P. ussuriensis. From 10 to 70dph (days post-hatching), feeding P. ussuriensis diets containing 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg E2 resulted in a 100% feminization rate. However, the growth and survival rates decreased with increasing E2 concentration, and all fish in the group fed with 150 mg/kg E2 died. Overall, 10 mg/kg E2 treatment from 10 to 40dph was found to be the optimal approach for the feminization of P. ussuriensis. The expression levels of male key sex differentiation-related genes, such as dmrt1, amh, and cyp17a1, were significantly lower in XY females than that of XY males. The expression levels of female key sex differentiation-related genes including cyp19a1a, zar1, and gdf9 in XY females were consistent with those in XX females and were significantly higher than that in XY males. Additionally, whole-genome resequencing revealed 3777645 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1287509 insertions/deletions (Indels) in 15 female and 15 male P. ussuriensis. Among these, 99601 were identified as sex-linked SNPs and 27614 as sex-linked Indels. The sex-linked SNPs were enriched in the 6.84 and 23.82 Mb regions of chromosome 8. X and Y chromosome specific molecular marker were developed based on sex-linked Indels, which proved effective for the sex identification in P. ussuriensis. These markers were well applied to wild populations from the Heilongjiang River as well as farmed populations in Henan and Hubei Province. YY super-male were identified from the offsprings of XY male mating with XY female. Subsequently, using YY super-male P. ussuriensis as the male parent, an all-male population was bred with a 100% male ratio. The all-male population at one-year old was 1.54 times heavier than the mixed-sex population. In summary, 10 mg/kg E2 treatment from 10 to 40dph is the optimal approach for the feminization of P. ussuriensis. The sex-linked molecular markers developed by whole-genome resequencing can effectively identify the genotype of P. ussuriensis and help produce YY super-male fish. XY all-male P. ussuriensis had the characteristics of uniform size and fast growth performance which will be more popular among farmers.
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图 1 染色体 SNP 分布情况
A. 染色体SNP密度分布图; B. 染色体性别连锁SNP密度分布图; C. 性别连锁SNP在染色体上的分布; D. 性别连锁SNP在8号染色体上的分布
Figure 1. Distribution of SNP in chromosome
A. density profile of SNP in chromosome; B. density profile of sex linkage SNP in chromosome; C. distribution of sex linkage SNP in chromosome; D. distribution of sex linkage SNP in chromosome 8
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图 2 性别特异性引物PCR验证图
引物M1(A)和引物M2(B)在河南和湖北养殖群体及黑龙江野生群体乌苏里拟鲿中验证
Figure 2. PCR validation picture of sex linkage primer
Primer M1 (A) and M2 (B) validation in Henan and Hubei Province culture populations, and Heilongjiang River wild population
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图 3 性别特异性引物扩增条带序列
引物M1 (A)和引物M2 (B)扩增产生的特异性条带序列
Figure 3. Sequence of band amplified by sex linkage primer
Sequence of band amplified by primer M1 (A) and M2 (B)
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图版Ⅰ 不同浓度 E2处理后 90dph 乌苏里拟鲿的性腺表型
XY基因型的精巢(1)、XY基因型的卵巢(2)、XX基因型的卵巢(3)波恩氏液固定后性腺形态学观察; XY基因型的精巢(4)、XY基因型的卵巢(5)、XX基因型的卵巢(6) HE染色后性腺组织学观察; 7—9为4—6对应的放大图; SPG. 精原细胞; PSP. 初级精母细胞; SSP. 次级精母细胞; PO. 初级卵母细胞; N. 细胞核
图版Ⅰ. Gonadal phenotypes of P. ussuriensis treated with different concentrations of E2 at 90dph
Testis of XY genotype (1), ovary of XY genotype (2), ovary of XX genotype (3) fixed by bouin’s solution; testis of XY genotype (4), ovary of XY genotype (5), ovary of XX genotype (6) stained by hematoxylin-eosin; 7—9. the corresponding magnified picture of 4—6; SPG. spermatogonia; PSP. primary spermatocytes; SSP. secondary spermatocytes; PO. primary oocyte, N. nucleus
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图 4 性别分化关键基因在性腺的表达分析
雄性性别分化关键基因dmrt1 (A)、amh (B)和cyp17a1 (C)在XY精巢、XY卵巢和XX卵巢组织中的表达; 雌性性别分化关键基因cyp19a1a (D)、zar1 (E)和gdf9 (F)在XY精巢、XY卵巢和XX卵巢组织中的表达; ns表示单因素方差分析显示组间没有显著性差异, *表示有显著性差异(P<0.05), **表示有显著性差异(P<0.01)
Figure 4. Relative expression of key sex differentiation-related genes
Relative expression of male differentiation genes dmrt1 (A), amh (B), and cyp17a1 (C) in XY testis, XY ovary, and XX ovary; Relative expression of female differentiation genes cyp19a1a (D), zar1 (E), and gdf9 (F) in XY testis, XY ovary, and XX ovary; ns means no significant differences in each tissue, *means significant differences (P<0.05) and ** means significant differences (P<0.01) by One-way ANOVA
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图 5 1年龄乌苏里拟鲿全雄群体与两性群体生长对比
引物M2鉴定XY雄性与XY生理雌性繁殖获得的子代基因型(A)，1、2、4、6、7、12、14、16、17为XY雄鱼，8、9、10、15为XX雌鱼，3、5、11、13为YY超雄鱼；1年龄乌苏里拟鲿全雄群体与两性群体的雄性比例(B)、体长(C)和体重(D)对比分析
Figure 5. Comparative analysis of growth performance in one-year-old P. ussuriensis between all-male and mixed-sex population
Genotype identification of offspring mating by XY male and XY female with primer M2 (A), 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 16, 17 are XY males, 8, 9, 10, 15 are XX females, and 3, 5, 11, 13 are YY supermales; Comparative analysis of male ratio (B), body length (C) and body weight (D) in one-year-old P. ussuriensis between all-male and mixed-sex population
表 1 乌苏里拟鲿基因型鉴定引物和定量PCR引物
Table 1 Primer of genotype identification and qRT-PCR in P. ussuriensis
引物名称
Primer name引物序列
Sequence (5′—3′)扩增大小
Amplicon size（bp）目的
PurposeM1-F TCCCTCCAAGATTACGC Y和X特异片段分别为349和424 bp 基因型鉴定 M1-R CTCGCAGGCAGACAGAA M2-F ACCATCTGCTGAAACCC Y和X特异片段分别为212和308 bp 基因型鉴定 M2-R CAGGACCAAATCAAATAAG dmrt1-F AACCACGGCTTCGTCTCG 217 qRT-PCR dmrt1-R CAGGCTCATTCTTCACCACA amh-F TTGCTTCTGCCACTAACG 285 qRT-PCR amh-R TTCGGCTCACCGTCCTTA cyp17a1-F GAGTTGAGCCTTACACCC 269 qRT-PCR cyp17a1-R CAGACTGGTCCTGTCACTTA zar1-F TGTGAAGGAAGGACCGAAGA 281 qRT-PCR zar1-R CTCCCAGCGAAGGTTGCA cyp19a1a-F AACATCACGCTGTGGAAG 199 qRT-PCR cyp19a1a-R GAACAGACGGTTGGAAAT gdf9-F TAGACCCGATTCCAGATA 255 qRT-PCR gdf9-R AAGTGATACCGCGTAGTT β-actin-F ATTGCCGCACTGGTTGTT 270 qRT-PCR β-actin-R CAGCTCGTTGTAGAAGGTATGA 
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表 2 全基因组重测序数据统计及与参考基因组比对分析
Table 2 Statistics on genome re-sequencing data and results of mapping to reference genome of P. ussuriensis
样品名
Sample滤后数据
Clean reads (Gb)Q20 (%) GC (%) 比对片段
Mapped reads比对率
Mapping rate (%)测序深度
Depth (×)覆盖率
Coverage (%)雌1 14.50 98.15 39.23 96749092 98.48 19.81 95.94 雌2 11.57 98.19 39.17 76718966 98.31 15.86 95.79 雌3 13.86 98.32 39.35 91846572 98.33 18.88 95.96 雌4 13.14 98.40 39.24 87469694 98.50 17.98 95.94 雌5 14.29 98.35 39.39 94780100 98.38 19.45 96.12 雌6 16.50 98.45 39.56 111238674 98.66 22.43 96.23 雌7 14.22 98.28 39.21 94303612 98.40 19.48 95.75 雌8 14.99 98.25 39.40 99265184 98.36 20.40 96.26 雌9 16.40 97.89 39.27 109939318 98.61 22.32 96.11 雌10 15.48 98.26 39.32 103286516 98.45 21.15 96.09 雌11 14.51 98.16 39.40 96758464 98.45 19.77 96.24 雌12 15.55 97.89 39.34 103774566 98.53 21.19 96.02 雌13 13.80 98.18 39.29 92052298 98.46 18.93 95.76 雌14 16.34 98.51 39.88 111871132 98.73 22.25 96.22 雌15 15.31 97.82 39.24 102373812 98.58 20.89 96.10 雄1 14.72 97.90 39.25 98008536 98.33 20.11 96.04 雄2 12.86 97.53 39.33 85642362 98.40 17.70 95.63 雄3 14.50 98.08 39.44 96807852 98.34 19.78 96.03 雄4 16.03 98.41 39.19 107289926 98.58 21.89 95.98 雄5 14.39 98.20 39.31 95864434 98.41 19.67 95.98 雄6 16.13 97.51 39.31 107485372 98.49 22.09 95.77 雄7 13.37 98.25 39.41 88689152 98.38 18.26 95.98 雄8 15.14 97.99 39.26 100476860 98.33 20.70 95.96 雄9 14.72 98.16 39.28 98048248 98.33 20.07 96.11 雄10 11.52 94.47 39.17 77728982 98.80 15.95 95.15 雄11 14.58 97.58 39.18 97830558 98.53 19.95 95.85 雄12 15.19 98.31 39.27 101311888 98.44 20.75 96.13 雄13 13.13 98.15 39.27 87638776 98.42 17.98 95.87 雄14 14.43 97.97 39.40 96155192 98.37 19.68 96.04 雄15 9.16 94.62 39.50 61381790 98.60 12.75 94.93 均值Average 14.34 97.87 39.33 95759597 98.47 19.60 95.93
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表 3 SNP和Indel统计分析
Table 3 Statistics on SNP and Indel
样品名
SampleSNP总数
Number of
SNP性别连锁SNP
Number of
sex linkage
SNPIndel总数
Number of
Indel性别连锁Indel
Number of sex
linkage Indel雌1 1740567 170 565254 56 雌2 1740223 761 557201 194 雌3 1687628 157 550540 68 雌4 1748462 62 568832 30 雌5 1717626 349 560197 97 雌6 1758374 45 579774 26 雌7 1687038 488 549668 140 雌8 1749949 92 579301 33 雌9 1756990 14 574583 9 雌10 1687241 156 553102 67 雌11 1682511 605 552340 130 雌12 1752807 40 571522 23 雌13 1746836 275 563831 74 雌14 1725321 159 552191 60 雌15 1739789 368 568588 108 雄1 1883954 99233 609847 27476 雄2 1773911 98768 566891 27317 雄3 1888591 99052 608598 27371 雄4 1891707 99323 612275 27494 雄5 1900439 99098 611746 27424 雄6 1894298 99310 610198 27484 雄7 1864146 98944 601139 27317 雄8 1808798 99250 584040 27478 雄9 1863312 99233 602056 27459 雄10 1673463 97382 519145 26630 雄11 1833216 99183 585992 27437 雄12 1830696 99236 595590 27471 雄13 1889415 98928 601542 27303 雄14 1815201 99130 585570 27457 雄15 1589405 94634 485372 25674 过滤后Filter 3777645 99601 1287509 27614
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表 4 不同浓度梯度E2投喂条件下的90dph乌苏里拟鲿生长、存活率和性逆转比例统计
Table 4 Statistics on growth, survival rate, and sex reversal ratio of P. ussuriensis treated with different concentrations of E2 at 90dph
雌二醇浓度
E2 concentration (mg/kg)体长
Body length (cm)体重
Body weight (g)存活率
Survival rate (%)卵巢比例
Ovarian ratio (%)性逆转率
Sex reversal ratio (%)对照组 7.79±1.20a 7.19±1.86a 90.00±2.50a 54.45±3.85b 0.00±0.00b 10 6.48±0.93b 4.43±1.06b 89.08±3.26a 100±0.00a 100±0.00a 50 5.81±0.96c 3.62±0.99c 41.42±3.50b 100±0.00a 100±0.00a 100 5.13±0.74d 3.07±0.63d 21.17±2.50c 100±0.00a 100±0.00a 150 — — — — — 注: 对不同浓度E2的数据显著性差异用“a, b, c, d”表示, 同列数据不同字母上标表示有显著差异(P<0.05), 卵巢比例(%)=(卵巢数量/解剖性腺总数量)×100, 性逆转率(%)=(XY卵巢数量/解剖XY性腺总数量)×100; 下同Note: The significant differences in data for different concentrations of E2 are represented in “a, b, c d”. In the same line, different superscript letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05). Ovarian ratio (%)=(number of ovaries / total number of dissected gonads)×100, sex reversal ratio (%)=(number of XY ovaries/total number of dissected XY gonads)×100; the same applies below
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表 5 10 mg/kg E2投喂不同时间组90dph乌苏里拟鲿生长、存活率和性逆转比例统计
Table 5 Statistics on growth, survival rate, and sex reversal ratio of P. ussuriensis treated with different sustained times of 10 mg/kg E2 at 90dph
持续时间
Sustained time (dph)体长
Body length (cm)体重
Body weight (g)存活率
Survival rate (%)卵巢比例
Ovarian ratio (%)性逆转率
Sex reversal ratio (%)对照组 7.69±1.09a 7.18±1.76a 88.75±1.25a 48.89±3.85c 0.00±0.00d 10—20 7.30±0.80b 6.46±1.23b 89.58±5.64a 64.44±5.09b 34.78±1.27c 10—30 7.26±1.10b 6.36±1.30b 88.75±2.50a 95.56±1.93a 92.33±3.60b 10—40 7.12±0.96b 5.46±1.54c 89.17±1.91a 100.00±0.00a 100.00±0.00a 10—50 6.44±0.75c 4.55±1.13d 88.75±5.00a 100.00±0.00a 100.00±0.00a 10—60 6.44±0.76c 4.94±1.07d 88.33±3.82a 100.00±0.00a 100.00±0.00a
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