ARSENIC BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOTRANSFORMATION MECHANISMS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEM
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摘要:
砷是一种在自然环境中广泛分布的有毒元素, 能够通过生物累积和食物链传递，对生态系统及人类健康构成威胁。砷污染问题已经成为河口与沿海区域不容忽视的环境问题之一。本章综述了海洋浮游动植物、多毛类、软体动物、虾蟹类及鱼类中砷的生物累积与转化作用，同时总结了内源性与外源性因素对海洋生物砷累积与转化的影响，进一步揭示了海洋生物通过独特的生物代谢过程，将高毒性的无机砷转化为低毒性的甲基砷，并生成无毒的砷糖和砷甜菜碱等有机砷形态的普遍规律，发现海洋生物体内的有机砷具有更高的生物可利用性，是导致海洋生物中砷富集的重要原因。鉴于海洋生物高砷富集的复杂性与特殊性，未来研究应进一步探究海洋生物中砷累积与转化的影响因素和分子机制，以期深入揭示海洋生物对砷的富集与代谢规律。
Abstract:Arsenic is a toxic element that is widely distributed in natural environments, posing significant risks to ecosystems and human health through trophic transfer along food chains. Arsenic pollution has emerged as a critical environmental concern in estuarine and nearshore areas. This review provides an overview of the bioaccumulation and transformation patterns of arsenic across various marine organisms, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, polychaetes, shellfish, shrimp, crabs, and marine fish. Marine organisms can accumulate high concentrations of arsenic, predominantly in the forms of arsenobetaine and arsenosugars, reflecting unique bioaccumulation and transformation mechanisms. Through biotransformation processes, marine organisms can convert highly toxic inorganic arsenic into less toxic organic arsenic compounds. Organic arsenic exhibits greater bioavailability compared to inorganic arsenic, thereby contributing to higher concentrations of arsenic in marine organisms. Additionally, both endogenous and exogenous factors influencing arsenic accumulation and transformation in these organisms. Given the complexity and specificity of arsenic enrichment in marine systems, future research should prioritize investigate the molecular mechanisms of arsenic bioaccumulation and transformation across diverse marine species.
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Keywords:
- Arsenic /
- Marine organisms /
- Bioaccumulation /
- Biotransformation
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图 1 海洋生态系统中常见的砷化合物结构
Figure 1. Structures of arsenic speciation commonly found in marine ecosystem
表 1 海洋生物体内总砷含量和所检出的砷化合物形态
Table 1 The concentrations of total arsenic and speciation in marine organisms
海洋生物类群
Marine organism
group砷浓度范围
(μg/g, 干重)
Arsenic concentration
range (μg/g, dry weight)砷形态
Arsenic speciation浮游植物Phytoplankton 0.1—35 As (Ⅲ)、As (Ⅴ)、MMA、DMA、TMA、TMAO、AsS 浮游动物 Zooplankton 0.2—24.4 As (Ⅲ)、As (Ⅴ)、MMA、DMA、AsS、AsB 多毛类Polychaete 0.07—2739 As (Ⅲ)、As (Ⅴ)、MMA、DMA、TETRA、AsB 腹足类Gastropod 0.42—118 As (Ⅲ)、As (Ⅴ)、MMA、DMA、AsB 双壳类Bivalve 0.06—100 As (Ⅲ)、As (Ⅴ)、MMA、DMA、AsS、AsC、AsB 头足类Cephalopoda 0.23—1300 As (Ⅲ)、As (Ⅴ)、MMA、DMA、AsB 甲壳类Crustacean 0.21—35.8 As (Ⅲ)、As (Ⅴ)、MMA、DMA、AsC、AsB 海胆类Echinoidea 2.84—53 As (Ⅲ)、As (Ⅴ)、MMA、DMA、AsB 上层鱼类
Pelagic fish2.09—134 As (Ⅲ)、As (Ⅴ)、MMA、DMA、AsC、AsB 底栖鱼类
Benthic fish5.6—449.5 As (Ⅲ)、As (Ⅴ)、MMA、DMA、AsC、AsB 
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