THE TROPHIC STRUCUTRE OF FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN THE CHISHUI RIVER BASED ON STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS
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摘要:
为探究赤水河鱼类食物网特征, 本研究根据2023年丰水期(6月)和枯水期(12月)不同江段采集的鱼类样本的碳、氮稳定同位素值(δ13C和δ15N), 采用MixSIAR模型和SIBER等方法对赤水河鱼类营养级及群落营养结构的时空变化特征等进行了分析。结果表明, 赤水河鱼类的δ13C值和δ15N值变化范围分别为–29.36‰— –15.81‰和6.27‰—16.66‰, 上游和中游段丰水期δ13C值和δ15N值显著高于枯水期(P<0.05), 而下游段季节变化不明显(P>0.05); 鱼类δ13C和δ15N值整体表现出随着河流向下游延伸先增加后降低的趋势, 中游段鱼类δ13C和δ15N值显著高于其他江段(P<0.05)。鱼类营养级范围为1.21—4.46, 丰水期平均营养级显著高于枯水期(P<0.05), 中游段鱼类平均营养级显著高于其他江段(P<0.05)。不同摄食功能群营养级差异显著, 鱼食性鱼类的营养级显著高于其他摄食功能群(P<0.05)。营养结构特征指标分析显示, 赤水河鱼类群落营养结构时空差异显著。时间上, 除下游江段外, 其他江段的氮值范围(NR)、生态位总面积(TA)、平均最邻近距离(MNND)和最邻近距离标准差(SDNND)等指标均表现为丰水期高于枯水期, 表明丰水期鱼类资源利用更为广泛、生态位分化更为明显、食物网结构更为复杂; 空间上, 随着河流向下游延伸, 氮值范围(NR)、碳值范围(CR)和生态位总面积(TA)逐渐增加, 表明群落营养多样性逐渐增加、食物网结构渐趋复杂。研究为理解赤水河生态系统结构与功能提供了重要视角, 同时也为赤水河鱼类多样性保护与生态修复提供了科学依据。
Abstract:This study aimed to analyse the temporal and spatial variations in the trophic structures of fish assemblages in the Chishui River, the last undammed tributary of the upper Yangtze River. Fish samples were collected from different sections (the headwater, the upstream, the midstream and the downstream) along the longitudinal gradient during the flood season (June) and dry season (December) of 2023. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) were measured for 2016 fish specimens, belonging to 3 orders, 13 families and 83species. Temporal and spatial variations were analyzed by using MixSIAR and SIBER. Results showed that the δ13C values of fish species ranged from -29.36‰ to -15.81‰, while δ15N values ranged from 6.27‰ to 16.66‰. The δ13C and δ15N values in the upstream and midstream were significantly higher in the flood season than that in the dry season (P<0.05), while those in the downstream showed non-significant seasonal differences. Along the longitudinal gradient, the δ13C and δ15N values increased gradually first and then decreased in the downstream, with the maximum values occurring in the midstream. Trophic levels of fish assemblages ranged from 1.21 to 4.46, with average trophic levels significantly higher in the flood season than those in the dry season (P<0.05). Fish assemblages in the midstream exhibited significantly higher average trophic levels than those in other sections (P<0.05). The analysis of trophic structure indicators revealed significant temporal and spatial differences in fish assemblages. Temporally, for most sections (except for the downstream), higher Nitrogen Range (NR), Total Area (TA), Mean Nearest Neighbor Distance (MNND), and Standard Deviation of Nearest Neighbor Distance (SDNND) were observed in the flood season, suggesting greater trophic niche differentiation and more complex food webs than that in the dry season. Spatially, NR, Carbon Range (CR), and TA increased gradually along the longitudinal gradient, suggesting greater trophic diversity and increasingly complex food web downstream. Significant differences were observed among different feeding guilds, with the piscivore fishes exhibited the highest trophic level. These findings provide critical insights into the ecosystem structure and function of the Chishui River and offer scientific guidance for fish biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration efforts.
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Keywords:
- the Chishui River /
- Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes /
- Food web /
- Trophic level
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图 2 赤水河不同江段丰水期和枯水期鱼类δ13C和δ15N值变化范围
Figure 2. The range of δ13C and δ15N values of fish species in different sections of the Chishui River during the flood and dry seasons
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图 3 不同江段丰水期和枯水期鱼类δ13C和δ15N值的比较
不同字母表示差异显著; 下同
Figure 3. Comparison of the δ13C and δ15N values of fish species in different river sections during the flood and dry seasons
Different letters indicate significant differences. The same applies below
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图 4 不同摄食功能群鱼类δ13C和δ15N值的比较
*表示该摄食功能群季节差异显著; NS表示季节差异不显著
Figure 4. Comparison of δ13C and δ15N values of different feeding guilds
* indicates significant seasonal differences in this feeding guild; NS Indicates non-significant seasonal differences in this feeding guild
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图 5 不同江段鱼类营养级季节变化比较
Figure 5. Comparison of the seasonal variations in trophic levels of fish in different sections
表 1 采样区域位置范围
Table 1 Geographic coordinate range of the sampling areas
区域
Sample area位置范围
Range of location经纬度
Latitude and longitude源头段Headwater 文阁村−斑鸠井 105.0528°E, 27.6977°N—
105.2087°E, 27.7590°N上游段Upstream 野奶角−赤水镇 105.3944°E, 27.7515°N—
105.5374°E, 27.7535°N中游段Midstream 沙滩驿站−
太平渡106.0557°E, 28.1416°N—
106.2547°E, 28.0800°N下游段Downstream 实录−贯湾 105.7866°E, 28.7557°N—
105.8116°E, 28.8039°N
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表 2 赤水河丰水期和枯水期鱼类δ13C和δ15N值
Table 2 The δ13C and δ15N values of fish species in the Chishui River during the flood and dry seasons
种类
Species食性
Feeding guild丰水期Flood season 枯水期Dry season δ13C δ15N 样本量
n体长Body
length (mm)δ13C δ15N 样本量
n体长Body
length (mm)宽鳍鱲Zacco platypus 杂食性 –21.47±0.85 11.32±0.76 22 110—123 –23.37±1.80 10.50±0.84 10 100—115 马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens 鱼食性 –20.89±1.10 12.74±0.57 21 159—203 –21.60±0.89 11.72±0.62 16 147—180 草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus 草食性 –21.02±1.00 7.40±1.15 5 132—175 –17.80±2.30 5.47±0.61 4 153—227 飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis 底栖动物食性 –22.36±0.88 11.54±1.14 13 189—274 –23.33±0.68 10.47±0.56 10 177—230 寡鳞飘鱼
Pseudolaubuca engraulis杂食性 –23.09±0.31 10.37±1.22 2 145—212 — — — — 伍氏华鳊
Sinibrama wui杂食性 — — — — –22.20±0.53 12.42±0.17 4 92—130 汪氏近红鲌
Ancherythroculter wangi★底栖动物食性 — — — — –26.81±0.01 12.04±0.01 2 207—209 高体近红鲌
Ancherythroculter kurematsui★底栖动物食性 –22.69±0.81 12.60±0.54 17 154—206 –23.14±0.62 11.87±1.03 28 151—203 黑尾近红鲌
Ancherythroculter nigrocauda★底栖动物食性 –23.83±0.52 12.62±0.55 12 185—236 –23.57±0.37 12.95±0.78 12 200—250 半䱗Hemiculterella sauvagei★ 杂食性 –22.22±0.80 11.15±0.86 26 100—128 –23.07±0.69 10.48±0.98 16 102—141 张氏䱗Hemiculter tchangi★ 杂食性 –22.09±1.59 9.98±1.27 9 114—221 –23.09±1.46 10.23±1.80 10 170—208 贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri 杂食性 –22.93 11.21 1 108 — — — — 红鳍原鲌
Cultrichthys erythropterus鱼食性 –23.08±0.49 11.94±0.96 6 191—228 — — — — 翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus 鱼食性 –22.23±0.32 13.50±0.50 4 292—426 –23.60±1.88 11.86±1.14 16 228—275 蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus 鱼食性 –22.77±1.62 13.25±1.41 12 219—317 –22.25±1.72 11.14±1.92 18 232—250 达氏鲌Culter dabryi 鱼食性 –24.54±0.53 11.12±1.36 5 181—195 — — — — 厚颌鲂
Megalobrama pellegrini★杂食性 –23.82±0.56 9.77±0.62 12 164—374 –23.72±0.76 10.33±0.60 26 175—232 长体鲂
Megalobrama elongata★杂食性 –22.74 9.88 1 159 –23.76±0.02 7.85±0.01 2 172—174 银鲴Xenocypris argentea 着生藻类食性 –21.12 10.04 1 172 — — — — 黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi 杂食性 –21.54±1.30 10.46±1.29 8 200—253 –21.44±0.97 9.48±0.63 10 240—281 细鳞鲴Xenocypris microlepis 着生藻类食性 –20.95±0.99 10.25±0.60 7 161—227 –20.96±0.01 10.43±0.12 2 297—299 圆吻鲴
Distoechodon tumirostris着生藻类食性 –20.26±1.97 9.47±0.80 8 203—334 –20.87±1.37 9.07±0.88 18 192—275 似鳊Pseudobrama simony 着生藻类食性 –21.32±1.89 10.38±1.22 11 103—186 –20.09±0.71 10.10±0.91 22 128—153 鲢
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix浮游食性 –25.77±2.17 8.69±0.60 5 196—268 –24.80±0.49 5.26±0.57 6 248—274 鳙Aristichthys nobilis 浮游食性 –24.36±0.51 9.91±0.85 3 118—132 — — — — 唇䱻Hemibarbus labeo 底栖动物食性 –22.00±1.32 11.66±1.27 52 126—207 –22.84±1.43 11.44±1.14 52 145—214 花䱻Hemibarbus maculates 底栖动物食性 — — — — –22.28±1.64 11.43±0.47 8 122—175 麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva 杂食性 –21.17±1.10 12.00±1.66 7 65—97 — — — — 华鳈Sarcocheilichthys sinensis 杂食性 –23.79±0.06 10.96±0.79 2 102—108 –24.12±1.22 9.95±1.08 14 75—142 银鮈Squalidus argentatus 杂食性 –22.58±1.49 11.72±0.77 44 68—121 –22.80±0.52 11.16±1.50 33 78—204 棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis 杂食性 –22.49±1.81 11.29±0.27 4 72—105 –21.25±0.01 10.89±0.01 2 87—89 钝吻棒花鱼
Abbottina obtusirostris杂食性 –20.64±0.36 11.29±0.27 6 59—68 — — — — 吻鮈Rhinogobio typus 底栖动物食性 –23.10±1.08 11.51±1.07 19 123—277 –23.16±1.01 11.38±1.17 36 134—285 圆筒吻鮈
Rhinogobio cylindricus★杂食性 –24.68±0.83 9.53±0.24 3 216—256 –23.34±0.45 11.31±0.84 12 211—285 裸腹片唇鮈
Platysmacheilus nudiventris★杂食性 –21.14±0.75 12.17±0.96 16 60—95 –23.22±0.01 12.26±0.15 2 82—84 蛇鮈Saurogobio dabryi 杂食性 –22.15±1.35 11.00±1.72 29 116—203 –23.03±1.09 10.25±1.31 38 118—190 斑点蛇鮈Saurogobio punctatus 杂食性 –21.83±1.42 10.79±1.73 44 139—225 –21.84±0.99 11.01±0.89 56 145—204 高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus 着生藻类食性 –21.43±1.46 9.56±0.88 3 40—61 –20.88±0.08 11.10±0.02 2 74—76 大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus 杂食性 –22.53±0.65 10.48±0.76 3 76—84 — — — — 中华倒刺鲃
Spinibarbus sinensis杂食性 –20.82±1.50 10.49±1.28 30 209—292 –22.73±1.48 8.77±1.23 66 216—410 宽口光唇鱼
Acrossocheilus monticolus★杂食性 –22.20±0.98 11.41±1.02 29 150—207 –22.95±1.12 11.09±0.91 42 157—175 云南光唇鱼
Acrossocheilus yunnanensis杂食性 –22.38±0.83 10.60±0.69 28 165—243 –23.12±0.52 10.25±0.58 21 165—191 白甲鱼Onychostoma sima 着生藻类食性 –19.98±1.70 9.35±0.72 21 173—277 –22.44±1.38 8.86±1.25 40 168—324 宽唇华缨鱼
Sinocrossocheilus labiata★着生藻类食性 –18.93±1.10 8.23±0.85 8 68—87 –21.56±0.12 8.65±0.82 4 76—82 金沙鲈鲤
Percocypris pingi★鱼食性 –19.98 11.66 1 257 — — — — 伦氏孟加拉鲮
Bangana rendahli★着生藻类食性 –23.7±3.36 11.32±0.10 2 240—271 –23.44±0.25 10.29±0.53 4 168—170 鲮Cirrhinus molitorella* 着生藻类食性 –23.56 8.98 1 224 — — — — 泉水鱼
Pseudogyrinocheilus procheilus着生藻类食性 –22.63±1.17 9.25±1.00 34 157—208 –23.70±0.46 9.39±0.72 28 140—200 墨头鱼Garra pingi 着生藻类食性 –22.30±1.52 9.91±0.91 26 122—288 –23.52±0.67 9.40±0.73 15 153—321 昆明裂腹鱼
Schizothorax grahami★着生藻类食性 –22.10±1.00 9.77±1.10 12 214—285 –21.46±1.40 8.92±0.93 13 245—405 四川裂腹鱼
Schizothorax kozlovi★杂食性 –24.59±0.72 11.90±0.19 2 191—205 –22.98±0.32 10.94±0.35 6 188—192 岩原鲤Procypris rabaudi★ 杂食性 –21.99±1.24 11.44±0.94 44 180—350 –23.08±1.41 11.06±1.03 36 173—198 鲤Cyprinus carpio 杂食性 –23.22±1.54 8.06±1.59 5 171—268 –21.54±1.16 8.34±0.99 4 168—315 散鳞镜鲤
Cyprinu carpio L. mirror*杂食性 –22.29 12.08 1 195 — — — — 鲫Carassius auratus 杂食性 –22.11±1.93 11.00±1.57 28 144—253 –22.29±1.23 9.53±2.17 36 146—270 湘云鲫Triploid crucian carp* 杂食性 –21.77 9.59 1 173 — — — — 胭脂鱼Myxocyprinus asiaticus 底栖动物食性 –21.19±0.66 9.21±1.69 2 320—347 — — — — 贝氏高原鳅
Trilophysa bleekeri底栖动物食性 –24.10±0.96 12.96±0.88 3 63—80 — — — — 红尾副鳅
Paracobitis variegatus底栖动物食性 –21.46±0.74 11.57±1.18 5 80—145 — — — — 花斑副沙鳅Parabotia fasciata 底栖动物食性 –21.87±1.63 13.32±0.66 2 186—192 — — — — 长薄鳅Leptobotia elongate★ 鱼食性 –22.04±0.02 11.39±0.35 3 212—246 — — — — 中华沙鳅Botia superciliaris 底栖动物食性 –22.23±0.44 12.52±0.62 6 106—118 — — — — 泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus 杂食性 –18.55 10.73 1 151 — — — — 大鳞副泥鳅
Paramisgurnus dabryanus杂食性 –23.28 10.73 1 127 — — — — 犁头鳅Lepturichthys fimbriata 着生藻类食性 –24.24 11.3 1 92 — — — — 四川华吸鳅
Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis★着生藻类食性 — — — — –23.31±0.86 11.02±0.71 20 55—89 西昌华吸鳅
Sinogastromyzon sichangensis★着生藻类食性 –22.21±1.19 10.73±0.83 6 47—62 — — — — 侧沟爬岩鳅Beaufortia liui★ 杂食性 — — — — –22.70±0.01 10.21±0.03 2 62—47 黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 杂食性 –21.94±1.77 12.25±0.89 6 119—337 –20.05±0.05 12.07±0.10 2 152—154 光泽黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus nitidus 杂食性 –23.15±1.81 11.37±1.21 12 105—160 –23.36±1.49 10.56±1.14 26 127—179 瓦氏黄颡鱼
Pelteobagrus vachelli杂食性 –21.52±1.38 11.30±0.96 28 212—368 –22.26±1.29 11.10±1.01 51 200—243 粗唇鮠
Leiocassis crassilabris杂食性 –21.98±1.39 11.74±0.79 43 150—253 –22.56±1.11 11.66±0.94 44 154—247 切尾拟鲿
Pseudobagrus truncates杂食性 –21.94±1.09 11.78±0.90 21 146—220 –23.04±0.64 10.65±0.40 12 140—149 大鳍鳠Mystus macropterus 杂食性 –21.43±1.37 12.19±1.04 32 254—320 –21.94±1.29 12.32±0.99 49 253—317 鲇Silurus asotus 鱼食性 –20.78±1.58 12.69±0.88 14 371—530 — — — — 南方鲇Silurus meridionalis 鱼食性 –23.25±0.23 12.02±0.26 3 249—283 — — — — 白缘䱀Liobagrus marginatus 底栖动物食性 –22.33 11.67 1 115 — — — — 中华纹胸鮡
Glyptothorax sinensis底栖动物食性 –22.74±0.93 11.93±0.54 5 71—106 — — — — 青石爬鮡
Euchiloglanis davidi★杂食性 –23.52 11.99 1 89 — — — — 鳜Siniperca chuatsi 鱼食性 –21.47±0.97 13.16±1.06 29 208—248 –22.17±0.95 13.12±0.50 37 186—218 斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri 鱼食性 –22.5 13.86 1 210 — — — — 大眼鳜Siniperca kneri 鱼食性 –22.61±0.02 12.78±0.47 2 155—166 — — — — 梭鲈Sander lucioperca* 鱼食性 –24.23 12.45 1 455 — — — — 子陵吻虾虎鱼
Rhinogobius giurinus底栖动物食性 –22.55±0.89 11.88±0.99 26 56—97 — — — — 注: 同列数据肩标不同小写字母差异显著(P<0.05)Note: ★ indicates fish species endemic to the upper Yangtze River; * indicates exotic fish species; —indicates species those absented from catches in this season
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表 3 不同江段丰水期和枯水期鱼类群落营养生态位指标变化
Table 3 Changes in the trophic niche indicators of fish assemblages among different river sections during the flood and dry seasons
指标Indicator 源头Headwater 上游Upstream 中游Midstream 下游Downstream 丰水期Flood 枯水期Dry 丰水期Flood 枯水期Dry 丰水期Flood 枯水期Dry 丰水期Flood 枯水期Dry NR 7.11 4.10 8.25 5.91 9.92 9.56 7.11 9.83 CR 7.51 5.35 7.56 5.19 7.60 8.01 12.03 11.01 TA 31.56 14.28 43.61 24.82 56.23 48.42 52.86 72.46 CD 2.11 1.61 1.54 1.54 1.38 1.86 1.87 1.91 MNND 0.38 0.14 0.16 0.11 0.20 0.12 0.17 0.11 SDNND 0.29 0.10 0.18 0.07 0.36 0.08 0.20 0.08 SEA 7.45 4.65 5.04 4.41 4.30 7.57 7.11 7.67 SEAc 7.56 4.77 5.06 4.43 4.32 7.60 7.13 7.69
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表 4 不同摄食功能群营养生态位指标比较
Table 4 Comparison of trophic niche indicators of different feeding guilds
指标
Indicator浮游食性
Planktivore着生藻类食性
Periphytivore草食性
Herbivore杂食性
Omnivore底栖动物食性
Benthivore鱼食性
Piscivore丰水期
Flood枯水期
Dry丰水期
Flood枯水期
Dry丰水期
Flood枯水期
Dry丰水期
Flood枯水期
Dry丰水期
Flood枯水期
Dry丰水期
Flood枯水期
DryNR 2.90 1.44 6.60 4.69 2.83 1.26 7.82 8.69 6.18 6.12 7.57 7.68 CR 5.63 1.17 8.75 6.66 2.62 4.34 9.26 8.01 5.61 6.72 7.37 6.17 TA 8.11 0.62 34.87 23.07 3.64 1.40 49.32 48.84 28.58 25.77 43.55 30.29 CD 1.57 0.64 1.86 1.84 1.22 2.04 1.69 1.73 1.41 1.42 1.62 1.61 MNND 1.07 0.22 0.26 0.12 1.25 0.64 0.14 0.09 0.20 0.13 0.25 0.13 SDNND 1.02 0.24 0.21 0.07 0.29 0.13 0.14 0.06 0.22 0.10 0.31 0.08 SEA 4.83 0.50 6.18 5.79 3.53 1.65 5.65 6.12 4.17 4.35 5.28 5.22 SEAc 5.63 0.63 6.23 5.83 4.70 2.47 5.66 6.13 4.19 4.38 5.31 5.24
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