湖北省五大湖泊水生植物多样性的比较研究
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON AQUATIC PLANT DIVERSITY IN FIVE LARGEST LAKES OF HUBEI PROVINCE IN CHINA
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摘要: 对湖北省五大湖泊斧头湖、洪湖、梁子湖、长湖和西凉湖水生植物多样性进行了监测、为保护与可持续利用提供依据,本文将断面法与GIS及GPS技术相结合,通过野外调查和分析前人的工作,揭示了五大湖泊水生植物多样性的现状和50余年来的变化,探讨了人为干扰强度与多样性丰富程度及丧失程度的关系,主要结论是:(1)2001年斧头湖、洪湖、梁子湖、长湖和西凉湖各分布有水生植物61种、94种、8种、92种和种,种数/面积比值以重度干扰的斧头湖和洪湖最小(分别为0.53与0.2种/km2),以轻度干扰的西凉湖最大(1.0种/km2).(2)斧头湖、洪湖、梁子湖、长湖与西凉湖现各有水生植物群丛类型5、5、12、12和13个,植被覆盖率分别是16.30%、16.43%、32.56%、45.16%和62.04%,全湖平均单位面积生物量(鲜重)分别为299.0g/m2、64.2g/m2、808.6g/m2、1039.1g/m2和119.8g/m2.(3)近50余年来斧头湖、洪湖、梁子湖、长湖和西凉湖水生植被分布区严重缩小、覆盖率显著下降、生物量极大降低,分别有9、8、5、3和1种水生植物消失,消失的水生植物群丛类型数各为、8、4、2和1个.(4)多样性的丰富程度随人为干扰强度的增强而下降,多样性的丧失程度随干扰强度的增强而上升;围网养殖比围垦对五大湖泊水生植物多样性的破坏更为严重.Abstract: In order to provide references for the monitoring and conservation of aquatic plant diversity in Lake Futou, Honghu,Liangzi,Changhu and Xiliang of Hubei Province in China,the species and community diversity and their long-term changes in the last fifty years were studied using field investigation(from 1999 to 2001),geographical information system technique (GIS) and global position system technique (GPS).The relationship between diversity loss and human disturbance intensity was also analyzed in the paper.Besides,the authors discussed the mechanisms leading to the diversity loss.The main results are summarized as follows:(1)It was found that in the year 2001,there were 61,94,87,92 and 77 aquatic plant species in Lake Futou,Honghu, Liangzi,Changhu and Xiliang ,respectively. Among the five lakes,Lake Futou and Honghu(experiencing the highest disturbance intensity)showed the lowest species to area ratio(0.53 species/km2and 0.27 species/km2,respectively). The highest value, 1.07species/km2,was found in Lake Xiliang(with the lowest disturbance intensity).(2)At present,there were 5,5,12,12 and 13 aquatic plant associations in Lake Futou,Honghu,Liangzi,Changhu and Xiliang,respectively.The vegetation in the five lakes,with respective coverage of 16.30%,16.43%,32.56%,45.16% and 62.04%,showed the mean biomass in the whole lake of 299.0g/m2,764.2g/m2,808.6g/m2,1039.1g/m2and 1719.8g/m2(fresh weight),respectively.(3)It was found that in the last fifty years,9,8,5,3 and 1 aquatic plant species,and 7,8,4,2 and 1 associations had disappeared from these lakes,respectively.(4)The results indicated that aquaculture in enclosures(from the late 1980s to the present )decreased aquatic plant diversity in the five lakes much more than inning of the lakes(from the early 1950s to the early 1980s).And the richness of aquatic plant diversity in the five lakes was negatively related with human disturbance intensity experienced by the lakes.Whereas the relationship between diversity loss and the disturbance intensity was just the opposite.
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[1] Ni L Y.Long-term changes of the structure and biodiversity of aquatic vegetation of Lake Donghu,Wuhan[J].Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1996,20(Suppl):60-74.[倪乐意. 武汉东湖水生植被结构及其生物多样性的长期变化.水生生物学报,1996,20(Suppl):60-74][2] Cook C D K.Aquatic Plant Book[M].The Hague,the Netherlands:SPB Academic Publishing,1990[3] Qian Y Q,Ma K P,Han X G .Principles and methodologies of biodiversity studies[M].Beijing:Chinese Science and Technology Press,1994,148-152.[钱迎倩,马克平,韩兴国,生物多样性研究的原理与方法.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994.148-152][4] Magurran A E.Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement[M].New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1988[5] Wang B S.Phytopopulology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,1987.49.[王伯荪,植物群落学.北京:高等教育出版社,1987.49][6] Krebs C.Ecology:the experimental analysis of distributions and abundance(2nd ed)[M].New York:Harper Row Publishers,1978[7] Wang W M,Yang G R,Fan Q X et al.Aquatic vegetation in Liangzi Lake[J].J Huazhong Agr Univ,1994.13(3):281-290.[王卫民,杨干荣,樊启学,等.梁子湖水生植被.华中农业大学学报,1994,13(3):281-290][8] Jin G.State of submerged vegetation resources in Lake Liangzi,Lake, Niushan and Lake Bao-an[J]. Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1999,23(1):87-89,[金刚.梁子湖、牛山湖和保安湖沉水植被资源现状. 水生生物学报,1999,23(1):87-89][9] Chen H D.Aquatic vegetation of Lake Honghu[J].Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1963,3:69-81.[陈洪达.洪湖水生植被.水生生物学集刊,1963,3:69-80][10] Li W.Flora studies on aquatic vascular plants in Lake Honghu[J].J Wuhan Bot Res,1997,15(2):113-122.[李伟.洪湖水生维管束植物区系研究.武汉植物学研究,1997,15(2):113-122][11] Feng C,Wang X L,Wang Z X et al.Studies on the communities of aquatic vascular plants in Changhu Lake[J].J Wuhan Bot Res,1989,7(2):123-130.[冯灿,王学雷,王增学,等. 长湖水生维管束植物群落研究. 武汉植物学研究,7(2):123-130][12] Liang Y L and Liu H Q.Resources,environment and fishery ecological management of macrophytic Lakes[M].Beijing:Science Press,1995,160-171.[梁彦龄,刘火泉. 草型湖泊资源、环境与渔业生态学管理(一).北京:科学出版社,1995.160-170][13] Chen J K,Zhou J.Phytocoenological studies on floating-leaved anchored aquatic plants in Futouhu Lake,Hubei I.The structure of Comm. Trapa spp[J].Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1995,19(1):40-48[陈家宽,周进.湖北斧头湖浮叶水生植物群落学研究. I.菱群落的结构.水生生物学报,1995,19(1):40-47][14] Li W,Zhou J,Wang H Q.A phytocoenological study on the emergent vegetation in Futou Lake I.The structure of Comm.Zizania latiflolia[J].J Wuhan Bot Res,1992,10(2):109-116.[李伟,周进,王徽勤.斧头湖挺水植被的群落学研究.I.菰群落(Com.Zizania latifolia)的结构.武汉植物学研究,1992,10(2):109-116][15] Zhou J,Chen J K.Phytocoenolgical studies on floating-leaved anchored aquatic plants in Futouhu Lake,Hubei Province II.The structure of Comm.Nymphoides peltata[J].Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1996,20(1):49-56.[周进,陈家宽,湖北斧头湖浮叶水生植物群落学研究. II.荇菜群落的结构.水生生物学报,1996,20(1):49-56][16] Li W.Flora studies on aquatic vascular plants in Lake Futuo[J]J Shanxi Norm Univ(Nat Sci Ed),1993(Suppl.):1-6[李伟. 斧头湖水生维管束植物区系分析. 山西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1993(Supp L.):1-6][17] Anton R H,Mark D F,Brian J N et al .Plant community dynamics in a chain of lakes:principal factors in the decline of rooted macrophytes with eutrophication[J].Hydrobiol,1989,173:199-217[18] Sinha A K,Baruah A,Singh D K et al.Biodiversity and pollutional status in relation to physico-chemical factors of Kawar lake wetland(Begusarai),North Bihar [J],J Freshwat Biol,1994,6(4):309-316[19] Chen H D,He C H .Standing crop of the macrophytes of Lake Donghu,Wuchang,with reference to the problem of its rational piscicultural utilization[J].Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1975,5(3):410-420.[陈洪达,何楚华. 武昌东湖水生微管束植物的生物量及其在渔业上的合理利用问题[J].水生生物学集刊.1975,5(3):410-420][20] Lehman A,Lachavanne J B.Geographic information system and remote sensing in aquatic botany[J].Aquat Bot,1997,58:195-207 Ni L Y.Long-term changes of the structure and biodiversity of aquatic vegetation of Lake Donghu,Wuhan[J].Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1996,20(Suppl):60-74.[倪乐意. 武汉东湖水生植被结构及其生物多样性的长期变化.水生生物学报,1996,20(Suppl):60-74][2] Cook C D K.Aquatic Plant Book[M].The Hague,the Netherlands:SPB Academic Publishing,1990[3] Qian Y Q,Ma K P,Han X G .Principles and methodologies of biodiversity studies[M].Beijing:Chinese Science and Technology Press,1994,148-152.[钱迎倩,马克平,韩兴国,生物多样性研究的原理与方法.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994.148-152][4] Magurran A E.Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement[M].New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1988[5] Wang B S.Phytopopulology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,1987.49.[王伯荪,植物群落学.北京:高等教育出版社,1987.49][6] Krebs C.Ecology:the experimental analysis of distributions and abundance(2nd ed)[M].New York:Harper Row Publishers,1978[7] Wang W M,Yang G R,Fan Q X et al.Aquatic vegetation in Liangzi Lake[J].J Huazhong Agr Univ,1994.13(3):281-290.[王卫民,杨干荣,樊启学,等.梁子湖水生植被.华中农业大学学报,1994,13(3):281-290][8] Jin G.State of submerged vegetation resources in Lake Liangzi,Lake, Niushan and Lake Bao-an[J]. Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1999,23(1):87-89,[金刚.梁子湖、牛山湖和保安湖沉水植被资源现状. 水生生物学报,1999,23(1):87-89][9] Chen H D.Aquatic vegetation of Lake Honghu[J].Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1963,3:69-81.[陈洪达.洪湖水生植被.水生生物学集刊,1963,3:69-80][10] Li W.Flora studies on aquatic vascular plants in Lake Honghu[J].J Wuhan Bot Res,1997,15(2):113-122.[李伟.洪湖水生维管束植物区系研究.武汉植物学研究,1997,15(2):113-122][11] Feng C,Wang X L,Wang Z X et al.Studies on the communities of aquatic vascular plants in Changhu Lake[J].J Wuhan Bot Res,1989,7(2):123-130.[冯灿,王学雷,王增学,等. 长湖水生维管束植物群落研究. 武汉植物学研究,7(2):123-130][12] Liang Y L and Liu H Q.Resources,environment and fishery ecological management of macrophytic Lakes[M].Beijing:Science Press,1995,160-171.[梁彦龄,刘火泉. 草型湖泊资源、环境与渔业生态学管理(一).北京:科学出版社,1995.160-170][13] Chen J K,Zhou J.Phytocoenological studies on floating-leaved anchored aquatic plants in Futouhu Lake,Hubei I.The structure of Comm. Trapa spp[J].Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1995,19(1):40-48[陈家宽,周进.湖北斧头湖浮叶水生植物群落学研究. I.菱群落的结构.水生生物学报,1995,19(1):40-47][14] Li W,Zhou J,Wang H Q.A phytocoenological study on the emergent vegetation in Futou Lake I.The structure of Comm.Zizania latiflolia[J].J Wuhan Bot Res,1992,10(2):109-116.[李伟,周进,王徽勤.斧头湖挺水植被的群落学研究.I.菰群落(Com.Zizania latifolia)的结构.武汉植物学研究,1992,10(2):109-116][15] Zhou J,Chen J K.Phytocoenolgical studies on floating-leaved anchored aquatic plants in Futouhu Lake,Hubei Province II.The structure of Comm.Nymphoides peltata[J].Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1996,20(1):49-56.[周进,陈家宽,湖北斧头湖浮叶水生植物群落学研究. II.荇菜群落的结构.水生生物学报,1996,20(1):49-56][16] Li W.Flora studies on aquatic vascular plants in Lake Futuo[J]J Shanxi Norm Univ(Nat Sci Ed),1993(Suppl.):1-6[李伟. 斧头湖水生维管束植物区系分析. 山西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1993(Supp L.):1-6][17] Anton R H,Mark D F,Brian J N et al .Plant community dynamics in a chain of lakes:principal factors in the decline of rooted macrophytes with eutrophication[J].Hydrobiol,1989,173:199-217[18] Sinha A K,Baruah A,Singh D K et al.Biodiversity and pollutional status in relation to physico-chemical factors of Kawar lake wetland(Begusarai),North Bihar [J],J Freshwat Biol,1994,6(4):309-316[19] Chen H D,He C H .Standing crop of the macrophytes of Lake Donghu,Wuchang,with reference to the problem of its rational piscicultural utilization[J].Acta Hydrobiol Sin,1975,5(3):410-420.[陈洪达,何楚华. 武昌东湖水生微管束植物的生物量及其在渔业上的合理利用问题[J].水生生物学集刊.1975,5(3):410-420][20] Lehman A,Lachavanne J B.Geographic information system and remote sensing in aquatic botany[J].Aquat Bot,1997,58:195-207
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