DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF VARIOUS DIETARY STARCHES ON THE GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF RAINBOW TROUT JUVENILES
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摘要: 试验旨在考察不同淀粉种类对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标、肝脏糖代谢酶、肝脏组织学和摄食后血糖含量的影响。选用木薯淀粉、小麦淀粉、豌豆淀粉和玉米淀粉为淀粉源, 设置相同的淀粉水平(15%), 配制4组等氮等脂饲料, 饲喂初始体重(7.7±0.1) g的虹鳟56d。结果表明, 木薯淀粉组增重率最高(1049.3%), 饲料系数最低(0.83)。各组脏体比、肝体比、全鱼和肝脏常规组成无显著差异(P>0.05); 豌豆淀粉组肝糖原含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。各组血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶无显著差异(P>0.05)。木薯淀粉组和小麦淀粉组肝脏己糖激酶活性显著高于豌豆淀粉组和玉米淀粉组(P<0.05), 玉米淀粉组肝脏磷酸果糖激酶活性显著低于木薯淀粉组和小麦淀粉组(P<0.05)。摄食后, 各组的血糖含量均在7h达到最高, 木薯淀粉组在摄食后1—7h内的血糖含量显著高于其余3组(P<0.05)。各组的肝脏组织形态无显著差异。综上, 木薯淀粉较其他3种淀粉更适宜作为虹鳟饲料的淀粉源。Abstract: To investigate the effects of various starches on the growth, serum biochemical indices, and metabolism of rainbow trout juveniles, cassava starch, wheat starch, pea starch and corn starch were included in diets at the same level of 15% to form four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets to feed rainbow trout with an initial body weight of (7.7±0.1) g for 56 days. The results showed that the cassava starch group had the highest weight gain (1049.3%) and the lowest feed coefficient ratio (0.83). There were no significant difference in viscera-body ratio, liver-body ratio, and proximate composition of whole body and liver among all the groups (P>0.05). The liver glycogen content of pea starch group was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity among all the groups (P>0.05). The liver hexokinase activity of cassava starch and wheat starch groups was significantly higher than that of pea starch and corn starch groups (P<0.05), and the liver phosphofructokinase activity in corn starch group was significantly lower than that in cassava starch and wheat starch groups (P<0.05). Serum glucose content reached to the highest value at the 7th hour in all groups, and cassava starch group showed significantly higher serum glucose content than the other three groups from the 1h to 7h (P<0.05). No significant difference in liver tissue morphology was observed among all the groups. In conclusion, cassava starch is a suitable starch source for rainbow trout juveniles.
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Keywords:
- Starch types /
- Growth /
- Carbohydrate metabolic enzymes /
- Serum glucose /
- Hepatic histology /
- Oncorhynchus mykiss
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图 2 虹鳟肝脏组织切片
A．木薯淀粉组; B．小麦淀粉组; C．豌豆淀粉组; D．玉米淀粉组。“→”示细胞核, “▲”示细胞质
Figure 2. Tissue slices of rainbow trout liver (200×)
A. Cassava starch; B. Wheat starch; C. Pea starch; D. Corn starch.“→”nucleus “▲”cytoplasm
表 1 试验饲料配方组成及营养成分含量(风干基础, g/kg)
Table 1 Ingredients and proximate composition of experimental diets (air-dry basis, g/kg)
原料Ingredienta (g/kg) 木薯淀粉组Cassava starch 小麦淀粉组Wheat starch 豌豆淀粉组Pea starch 玉米淀粉组Corn starch 鱼粉Fish meal 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 豆粕Soybean meal 130.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 大豆浓缩蛋白
Soybean protein concentrate140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 肉骨粉Meat and bone meal 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 啤酒酵母Brewers dried yeast 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 木薯淀粉Cassava starch 150.0 小麦淀粉Wheat starch 150.0 豌豆淀粉Pea starch 150.0 玉米淀粉Corn starch 150.0 纤维素Cellulose 49.5 49.5 49.5 49.5 鱼油Fish oil 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 豆油Soybean oil 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 维生素预混料
Vitamin premixb5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 矿物质预混料
Mineral premixc25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 氧化钇Yttrium oxide 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 合计Total 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 常规组成Proximate composition 粗蛋白质Crude protein 424.1 423.5 422.3 424.6 粗脂肪Crude lipid 97.8 96.4 97.3 97.1 粗灰分Crude ash 133.5 132.1 134.5 133.0 水分Moisture 85.4 84.7 82.9 88.6 注: a. 饲料原料购于浙江粤海饲料有限公司。饲料原料蛋白质含量如下: 鱼粉(678 g/kg); 豆粕(449 g/kg); 大豆浓缩蛋白(631 g/kg); 肉骨粉(560 g/kg); 啤酒酵母(464 g/kg); b. 维生素预混料(mg或IU/kg 饲料): VA 10000 IU; VD3 3000 IU; VE 150 IU; VK3 12.17 mg; VB1 20 mg; VB2 20 mg; VB3 100 mg; VB6 22 mg; VB12 0.15 mg; VC 1000 mg(35%); 生物素biotin 0.6 mg; 叶酸 folic acid 8 mg; 肌醇 inositol 500 mg; c. 矿物质预混料(mg或IU/kg 饲料): I 1.5 mg; Co 0.6 mg; Cu 3 mg; Fe 63 mg; Zn 89 mg; Mn 11.45 mg; Se 0.24 mg; Mg 180 mg; Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O 20 gNote: a. The feed ingredients were purchased from Zhejiang Yuehai Feed Co., Ltd. The protein contents of ingredients are as follow: Fish meal (67.8%); Soybean meal (44.9%); Soybean protein concentrate (63.1%); Meat and bone meal (56.0%); Brewers dried yeast (46.4%); b. Vitamin premix (mg or IU/kg diet): vitamin A 10000 IU; vitamin D3 3000 IU; vitamin E 150 IU; vitamin K3 12.17 mg; vitamin B1 20 mg; vitamin B2 20 mg; vitamin B3 100 mg; vitamin B6 22 mg; vitamin B12 0.15 mg; vitamin C 1000 mg (35%); biotin 0.6 mg; folic acid 8 mg; inositol 500 mg; c. Mineral premix (mg/kg diet): I 1.5 mg; Co 0.6 mg; Cu 3 mg; Fe 63 mg; Zn 89 mg; Mn 11.45 mg; Se 0.24 mg; Mg 180 mg; Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O 20 g 
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表 2 饲料淀粉种类对虹鳟生长性能和形体指标的影响
Table 2 Effects of dietary starches on growth and morphological indices of rainbow trout
项目Item 木薯淀粉组Cassava starch 小麦淀粉组Wheat starch 豌豆淀粉组
Pea starch玉米淀粉组
Corn starch初始均重IBW (g) 7.7±0.1 7.7±0.1 7.7±0.1 7.7±0.1 终末均重FBW (g) 88.49±1.26a 84.57±1.26b 83.62±2.76b 83.52±2.57b 增重率WGR (%) 1049.3±16.3a 998.2±7.3b 986.0±35.9b 984.7±33.3b 摄食量Feed Intake (g/尾) 67.0±0.8 66.7±0.6 66.2±0.9 65.9±0.4 饲料系数FCR 0.83±0.01b 0.87±0.01a 0.87±0.03a 0.87±0.02a 成活率SR (%) 100 100 100 100 肥满度CF (g/cm3) 1.47±0.06 1.50±0.10 1.49±0.10 1.46±0.09 脏体比VSI 9.49±1.31 9.37±0.96 9.56±1.49 8.85±0.86 肝体比HSI 1.40±0.31 1.47±0.36 1.36±0.17 1.25±0.20 注: 同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示不同组间差异显著(P<0.05)。下同Note: In the same row, values with different lowercase superscripts indicate significant difference (P<0.05). The same applies below
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表 3 饲料淀粉种类对虹鳟全鱼和肝脏组成的影响(鲜重, %)
Table 3 Effects of dietary starches on body and liver composition of rainbow trout (fresh weight, %)
项目Item 木薯淀粉组
Cassava starch小麦淀粉组
Wheat starch豌豆淀粉
Pea starch玉米淀粉组
Corn starch鱼体Body (%) 水分Moisture 72.50±2.63 73.78±2.89 71.56±2.28 72.48±1.11 粗蛋白Crude protein 16.01±0.94 16.16±1.68 16.43±0.67 16.54±0.52 粗脂肪Crude lipid 6.50±1.02 5.74±1.37 6.93±0.50 6.18±0.24 粗灰分Crude ash 2.29±0.25 2.16±0.21 2.35±0.02 2.42±0.10 蛋白沉积率Protein retention 50.27±3.55 48.48±5.30 49.20±3.54 49.69±2.53 脂肪沉积率Lipid retention 92.82±15.42 78.12±19.10 94.67±9.01 84.37±5.50 肝脏Liver (%) 水分Moisture 74.23±1.49 74.76±1.19 73.92±0.48 74.30±0.87 粗蛋白Crude protein 16.81±0.92 17.03±0.57 17.26±0.55 17.07±0.73 粗脂肪Crude lipid 3.47±0.22 3.69±0.29 3.52±0.25 3.65±0.33 肝糖原Liver glycolgen (mg/g) 10.02±0.64a 9.96±0.02a 9.36±0.26b 10.02±0.55a
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表 4 饲料淀粉种类对虹鳟血液生化指标的影响
Table 4 Effects of dietary starches on serum biochemical indices of rainbow trout
项目
Item木薯淀粉组
Cassava starch小麦淀粉组
Wheat starch豌豆淀粉组
Pea starch玉米淀粉组
Corn starch甘油三酯TG (mmol/L) 1.46±0.20 1.37±0.20 1.42±0.33 1.46±0.17 总胆固醇TCHO (mmol/L) 1.82±0.32 1.85±0.38 1.96±0.26 1.75±0.16 谷草转氨酶GOT (U/mL) 5.10±0.46 5.27±0.50 5.30±0.38 5.23±0.32 谷丙转氨酶GPT (U/mL) 3.34±0.31 3.37±0.24 3.53±0.17 3.41±0.30
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表 5 饲料淀粉种类对虹鳟肝脏糖代谢酶活性的影响
Table 5 Effects of dietary starches on activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in the liver of rainbow trout (U/mg prot)
项目Item 木薯淀粉组
Cassava starch小麦淀粉组
Wheat starch豌豆淀粉组
Pea starch玉米淀粉组
Corn starch丙酮酸激酶PK 59.40±2.97 57.71±2.05 55.07±4.89 56.04±3.39 己糖激酶HK 48.10±2.30a 49.13±1.28a 41.39±1.64b 42.32±0.65b 磷酸果糖激酶PFK 28.12±2.07a 28.35±0.30a 26.56±0.44ab 25.17±1.18b 葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶G6Pase 39.69±1.24 40.51±2.30 41.40±3.57 37.79±3.91 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶PEPCK 233.90±15.87 229.81±5.15 226.84±7.08 245.58±10.75
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表 6 饲料淀粉种类对虹鳟摄食后血糖含量的影响
Table 6 Effects of dietary starches on postprandial serum glucose content of rainbow trout (mmol/L)
时间Time (h) 木薯淀粉组
Cassava starch小麦淀粉组
Wheat starch豌豆淀粉组
Pea starch玉米淀粉组
Corn starch0 3.43±0.16A 3.08±0.19A 3.30±0.17A 3.31±0.32A 1 6.00±0.62a, B 3.90±0.38b, A 3.75±0.38b, A 4.00±0.37b, AB 3 8.15±0.66a, C 6.19±1.41b, B 5.85±0.96b, B 5.83±0.52b, BC 5 9.64±0.52a, D 7.89±0.42b, C 7.34±1.23b, B 7.09±1.74b, CD 7 10.71±0.83a, D 8.45±0.69b, C 7.65±1.07b, B 8.19±1.21b, D 9 7.44±1.03C 6.18±0.63B 6.14±1.36B 6.23±1.55CD 双因素分析Two-way ANOVA 餐后时间Time 0.000 淀粉种类Starches 0.000 交互Interaction 0.505 注: 同列数据肩标不同大写字母表示不同时间差异显著(P<0.05)Note: values with different capital letter superscripts indicate significant difference among different times (P<0.05)
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