稚幼鱼的营养与饲料研究进展
ADVANCES IN NUTRITION AND FEED FOR POSTLARVAE AND JUVENILES
-
摘要: 在水产养殖中,稚鱼的营养来源主要依赖于活饵料,还不能大规模地用人工饵料来饲养早期稚鱼,尤其是开口期的稚鱼。投喂人工饵料也只是在以活饵料饲养了一段时期以后或是人工饵料和活饵料混合投喂。然而生产活饵料的高昂代价、天气条件对活饵料生产量的影响以及活饵料营养价值的变化,给稚幼鱼的人工培育带来了极大不便和潜在威胁。Person Le Ruyer计算了以活饵料(主要是卤虫)饲养尖吻鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)的费用,饲养稚鱼到45日龄时,生产活饵料的费用占总生产费用的79%,在前3个月,活饵料占了饲养费用的50%,而活饵料却只占所需饵料总干重的1.6%。因此,寻找合适大小、有吸引力和可消化的人工微粒饵料来替代活饵料饲养稚幼鱼就成为了当前各国营养学家们致力研究的热点。
-
Keywords:
- Postlarvae and juvenile /
- Artificial diet /
- Nutritional requirement /
- Live food
-
-
[1] Person-Le Ruyer J. Early weaning of marine fish larvae onto microdiets:constraints and perspectives[R]. Advances in Tropical Aquaculture,Tahiti,Feb. 20-March 4,1989. Ifemer,Actes de Colloque Brest France,1993,9:625-642[2] Ketola H G Amino acid nutrition of fishes:requirements and supplementations of diets[J]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,1982,73B:17-24[3] Qian X,Cui Y,Xie S,et al. A review of dietary protein requirement for aquaculture fishes[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2002,26(4):410-416. [钱雪桥,崔奕波,解绶启,等.养殖鱼类饲料蛋白需要量的研究进展.水生生物学报,2002,26(4):410-416][4] Darbrowski K. Ontogenetical aspects of nutritional requirements in fish[J]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,1986,85A:639-655[5] Cahu C,Zambonino lnfante J. Ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract of marine fish larvae[J]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,2001b,130C:477-487[6] Zambonino Infante J L,Cahu C L. High dietary lipid levels enhance digestive tract maturation and improve Dicentrarchus labrax larval development[J]. J. Nutr,1999,129:1195-1200[7] Kolkovski S,Tandler A,Kissil GWm. The effect of dietary enzymes with age on protein and lipid assimilation and deposition in Sparus aurata larvae[C]. Fish Nutrition in Practice.,Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique,Paris(France),Colloques,1993b,61:569-578[8] RadU **nz-Neto J,Corraze G Charlon N,et al. Lipid supplementation of casein-based purified diets for carp(Cyprinus carpio) larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1994,128:153-161[9] Szlaminska M,Escaffre A M,Charlon N,et al. Preliminary data on semisynthetic diets for goldfish(Carassius aurata)larvae[M]. In:Kaushik,S. J.,Luquet,P(Eds. ),Fish Nutrition in Practice,Edition INRA,Paris,Les Colloques,1993,61:606-612[10] Fiogbé E D,Kestemont P. An assessment of the protein and amino acid requirements in goldfish(Carassius auratus)larvae[J]. J. Appl. Ichthyol,1995,11:282-289[11] Cowey C B. Amino acid requirements of fish:a critical appraisal of present values[J]. Aquaculture,1994,124:1-11[12] Kanazawa A. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and phospholipids on stress tolerance of fish[J]. Aquaculture,1997,155:129-134[13] Kanazawa A. Formulated microdiets[M]. In:Y Yone(Editor),Fish Nutrition and Mariculture. Japan International Cooperation Agency,Tokyo,1988,132-146[14] Naess T,Germain-Henry M,Naas K E. First feeding of Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus) using different combinations of Artemia and wild plankton[J]. Aquaculture,1995,130:235-250[15] Dabrowski K. The feeding of fish Iarvae:present"state of the art"and perspectives[J]. Reprod. Nutr. Dev.,1984,24:807-833[16] Salhi M,Hernández-Cruz C M,Bessonart M,et al. Effect of different dietary polar lipid levels and different n-3 HUFA content in polar lipids on gut and liver histological structure of githead seabream(Sparus aurata) larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1999,179:253-263[17] Furuita H.,Takeuchi T,Uematsu K. Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on growth,survival and brain development of larval Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus[J]. Aquaculture,1998,161,269-279[18] Kanazawa A. Essential phospholipid of fish and crustaceans[M]. In:Kaushik,S. J.,Luquet,P. (Eds. ),Fish Nutrition in Practice,Editon INRA,Paris,Les Colloques,1993,61:519-530[19] Kanazawa A. Essential fatty acid and lipid requirement of fish[M]. In:C. B. Cowey,A. M. Mackie and J. G Bell(Editors),Nutrition and Feeding in Fish. Academic Press,London,1985,pp. 281-298[20] Agrawal N K,Mahajan C L. Nutritional deficiency disease in an lndian major carp,Cirrhina mrigala Hamilton,due to avitaminosis C during early growth[J]. J. Fish Dis.,1980,3:231-248[21] Dabrowski K. Ascorbic acids status in the early life of white fish Cirrhina mrigala L[J]. Aquaculture,1990,84:61-70.[22] Merchie G,Lavens P,Sorgeloos P. Optimization of dietary vitamin C in fish and crustacean larvae:a review[J]. Aquaculture,1997,155:165-181[23] Mustin W G,Lovell R T. Na-L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate as a source of vitamin C for channel catfish[J]. Aquaculture,1992,105:95-100[24] Sandnes K,Torrissen O,Waagb R. The minimum dietary requirement of vitamin C in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar) fry using Ca ascorbate-2-monophosphate as dietary source[J]. Fish Physiol. Biochem.,1992,10:315-319[25] Lee P S,Southgate P C,Fielder DS. Assessment of two microbound artificial diets for weaning Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer[J]. Asian Fish Sci.,1996,9:115-120[26] Walford J,Lim T M,Lam T J. Replacing live foods with microencapsulated diets in the rearing of seabass Lates calcarifer larvae:do the larvae ingest and digest protein-membrane microcapsules[J]?Aquaculture,1991,92:225-235[27] Yufera M,Kolkovski S,Fernandez-Diaz C,et al. Microencapsulated diets for fish larvae-current‘state of art'[R]. Bioencapsulation Ⅶ and Microencapsulation Symposium Proceedings,Easton,Maryland,USA. Naval Research Laboratory,Washington,D. C.,USA,1998[28] Partridge G J,Southgate P C. The effect of binder composition on ingestion and assimilation of microbound diets(MBD)by barram undi Lates calcarifer Bloch larvae[J]. Aquacult. Res.,1999,30:1-8[29] Fernandez-Diaz C,Yufera M. Detecting growth in githead seabream Sparus aurata L. larvae fed microcapsules[J]. Aquaculture,1997,153:93-102[30] Takeuchi T,Ohkuma N,Ishida S,et al. Development of micro-particle diets for marine fish larvae[C]. In:Recent Advances in Finfish and Crustacean Nutrition. Ⅷ International Symposium on Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain. 1-4 June 1998. Programme and Abstracts.,1998,pp. 193[31] Calun C,Zambonino lnfante J,Quazuguel M M,et al. Protein hydrolysate vs. fish meal in compound diets for 10-day old sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1999,171:109-119[32] Fernadez-Diaz C,Pascual E,Yufera M. Feeding behaviour and prey size selection of githead seabream Sparus aurata L.,larvae fed on inert and live food[J]. Mar Biol.,1994,118:323-328[33] Yin M C. Feeding and growth of the larval stage of fish[J]. J Fisher. of China,1995,19(4):335-342. [殷名称. 鱼类仔鱼期的摄食和生长. 水产学报,1995,19(4):335-342. ][34] Glamuzina B,Jug-Dujakovic J,Katavic L. Preliminary studies on reproduction and larval rearing of cormmon Dentex dentex(Linnacus 1758)[J]. Aquaculture,1989,77:75-84[35] Gawlicka A,Mc Laughlin L,Hung S S O,et al. Limitation of carageenan microbound diets for feeding white sturgeon Acipenser tramontanus larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1996,141:245-265[36] Cahu C,Zambonino Infante J. Substitution of live food by formulated diets in marine fish larvae[J]. Aquaculture,2001a,200:161-180[37] Fernandez-Diaz C,Yufera M. Capacity of githead seabream Sparus aurata L.,larvae to break down dietary microcapsules[J]. Aquaculture,1995,134:269-278[38] Chan C B,Hale E. Effect of somatostatin on intragastrie pressure and smooth muscle contactility of the rainbow trout walbaum[J].J. Fish Biol,1992,40:545-556[39] Tandler A,Kolkovski S. Rates of ingestion and digestibility as limiting factors in the successful application of microdiets in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata larvae[J]. Israeli J. Aquaculture/Bamidgeh,1992,44(4):128-129[40] Kurokawa T,Suzuki T. Formation of the diffuse pancreas and the development of digestive enzyme systhesis in the larvae of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus[J]. Aquaculture,1996,141:267-276[41] Kolkovski S. Digesive enzymes in fish larvae and juveniles-implications and applications to formulated diets[J]. Aquaculture,2001,200:181-201[42] Kolkovski S,Koven W Tandler A. The mode of action of Artemia in enhancing utilization of microdict by githead seabream Sparus aurata larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1997,155:193-205[43] Carvalho A P C,Escaffre A M,Oliva Teles A.,et al. First feeding of common carp larvae on diets with high levels of protein hydrolysates[J]. Aquacult. Int.,1997,5:361-367[44] Kolkovski S,Tandler A. The use of squid protein hydrolysate as a protein source in microdiets for githead seabream Sparus aurata larvae[J]. Aquacult. Nutr.,2000,6:11-17[45] Xue M,Xie S,Cui Y,et al. Advances in studies on fish feeding stimulants[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2003,27(6):639-643. [薛敏;解绶启,崔奕波等.鱼类促摄食物质研究进展.水生生物学报,2003,27(6):639-643][46] Rodehutscord M,Mandel S,Pack M,et al. Free amino acids can replace protein-bound amino acids in test diets for studies in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus myliss[J]. J. Nutr.,1995,125:956-963[47] Kolkovski S,Tandler A,Kissil GWm,et al. The effect of dietary exogenous digestive enzymes on ingestion,assimilation,growth and survival of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata,L. larvae[J]. Fish Physiol Biochem,1993a,12(3):203-209[48] Lauff M,Hoffer R. Proteolytic enzymes in fish development and the im. portance of dietary enzymes[J]. Aquaculture,1984,37:335-346[49] Kurokawa T,Suzuki T. Development of intestinal brush border aminopeptidase in the larval Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus[J]. Aquaculture,1998,162:113-124[50] Garcia-Ortega A,Verreth J,Segner H. Post-prandial protease activity in the digestive tract of African catfish Clarias gariepinus larvae fed decapsulated cysts of Artemia[J]. Fish Physiol. Biochem.,2000,22:237-244[51] Ribeiro L,Zambonino Infante J L,Cahu C,et al. Development of digestive enzymes in larvae Solea Senegalensis,Kaup 1858[J]. Aquaculture,1999,179:465-473[52] Kurokawa T,Shiraishi M,Suzuki T. Quantification of exogenous protease derived from zooplankton in the intestine of Japanese sardine(Sardinops melanotictus) larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1998,161:491-499[53] McDonald T J,Jornvale H,Nilsson G et al. Characterization of gastrin releasing peptide from porcine non-antral gastric tissue[J]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.,1979,90:227[54] Koven W M,Kolkovski S,Tandler A,et al. The effect of dietary lecithin and lipase as a funcition of age,on n-9 fatty acid incorporation in the tissue lipids of Sparus aurata larvae[J]. Fish Physiol. Biochem,1993,10:357-364[55] Koven W M,Parra G,Kolkovski S,et al. The effect of dietary phosphatidylcholine and its constituent fatty acids on microdiet ingestion and fatty acid absorption rate in githead seabream Sparus aurata larvae[J]. Aquacult. Nutr,1998,4:39-45[56] Hadas E. The influence of dietary phospholipids on feeding rate and absorption of fatty acids in the larvae of the githead seabream (Sparus aurata)[D]. MSe Thesis. The Faculty of Agriculture. The Hebrew University of Jerusalern,Rchovot,Israel,1998,pp. 62[57] Fontagné S,Geurdén L,Escaffre A M,et al. Histological changes induced by dietary phospholipids in intestine and liver of common carp(Cyprinus carpio L)larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1998,161:213-223 Person-Le Ruyer J. Early weaning of marine fish larvae onto microdiets:constraints and perspectives[R]. Advances in Tropical Aquaculture,Tahiti,Feb. 20-March 4,1989. Ifemer,Actes de Colloque Brest France,1993,9:625-642[2] Ketola H G Amino acid nutrition of fishes:requirements and supplementations of diets[J]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,1982,73B:17-24[3] Qian X,Cui Y,Xie S,et al. A review of dietary protein requirement for aquaculture fishes[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2002,26(4):410-416. [钱雪桥,崔奕波,解绶启,等.养殖鱼类饲料蛋白需要量的研究进展.水生生物学报,2002,26(4):410-416][4] Darbrowski K. Ontogenetical aspects of nutritional requirements in fish[J]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,1986,85A:639-655[5] Cahu C,Zambonino lnfante J. Ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract of marine fish larvae[J]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,2001b,130C:477-487[6] Zambonino Infante J L,Cahu C L. High dietary lipid levels enhance digestive tract maturation and improve Dicentrarchus labrax larval development[J]. J. Nutr,1999,129:1195-1200[7] Kolkovski S,Tandler A,Kissil GWm. The effect of dietary enzymes with age on protein and lipid assimilation and deposition in Sparus aurata larvae[C]. Fish Nutrition in Practice.,Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique,Paris(France),Colloques,1993b,61:569-578[8] RadU **nz-Neto J,Corraze G Charlon N,et al. Lipid supplementation of casein-based purified diets for carp(Cyprinus carpio) larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1994,128:153-161[9] Szlaminska M,Escaffre A M,Charlon N,et al. Preliminary data on semisynthetic diets for goldfish(Carassius aurata)larvae[M]. In:Kaushik,S. J.,Luquet,P(Eds. ),Fish Nutrition in Practice,Edition INRA,Paris,Les Colloques,1993,61:606-612[10] Fiogbé E D,Kestemont P. An assessment of the protein and amino acid requirements in goldfish(Carassius auratus)larvae[J]. J. Appl. Ichthyol,1995,11:282-289[11] Cowey C B. Amino acid requirements of fish:a critical appraisal of present values[J]. Aquaculture,1994,124:1-11[12] Kanazawa A. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and phospholipids on stress tolerance of fish[J]. Aquaculture,1997,155:129-134[13] Kanazawa A. Formulated microdiets[M]. In:Y Yone(Editor),Fish Nutrition and Mariculture. Japan International Cooperation Agency,Tokyo,1988,132-146[14] Naess T,Germain-Henry M,Naas K E. First feeding of Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus) using different combinations of Artemia and wild plankton[J]. Aquaculture,1995,130:235-250[15] Dabrowski K. The feeding of fish Iarvae:present"state of the art"and perspectives[J]. Reprod. Nutr. Dev.,1984,24:807-833[16] Salhi M,Hernández-Cruz C M,Bessonart M,et al. Effect of different dietary polar lipid levels and different n-3 HUFA content in polar lipids on gut and liver histological structure of githead seabream(Sparus aurata) larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1999,179:253-263[17] Furuita H.,Takeuchi T,Uematsu K. Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on growth,survival and brain development of larval Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus[J]. Aquaculture,1998,161,269-279[18] Kanazawa A. Essential phospholipid of fish and crustaceans[M]. In:Kaushik,S. J.,Luquet,P. (Eds. ),Fish Nutrition in Practice,Editon INRA,Paris,Les Colloques,1993,61:519-530[19] Kanazawa A. Essential fatty acid and lipid requirement of fish[M]. In:C. B. Cowey,A. M. Mackie and J. G Bell(Editors),Nutrition and Feeding in Fish. Academic Press,London,1985,pp. 281-298[20] Agrawal N K,Mahajan C L. Nutritional deficiency disease in an lndian major carp,Cirrhina mrigala Hamilton,due to avitaminosis C during early growth[J]. J. Fish Dis.,1980,3:231-248[21] Dabrowski K. Ascorbic acids status in the early life of white fish Cirrhina mrigala L[J]. Aquaculture,1990,84:61-70.[22] Merchie G,Lavens P,Sorgeloos P. Optimization of dietary vitamin C in fish and crustacean larvae:a review[J]. Aquaculture,1997,155:165-181[23] Mustin W G,Lovell R T. Na-L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate as a source of vitamin C for channel catfish[J]. Aquaculture,1992,105:95-100[24] Sandnes K,Torrissen O,Waagb R. The minimum dietary requirement of vitamin C in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar) fry using Ca ascorbate-2-monophosphate as dietary source[J]. Fish Physiol. Biochem.,1992,10:315-319[25] Lee P S,Southgate P C,Fielder DS. Assessment of two microbound artificial diets for weaning Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer[J]. Asian Fish Sci.,1996,9:115-120[26] Walford J,Lim T M,Lam T J. Replacing live foods with microencapsulated diets in the rearing of seabass Lates calcarifer larvae:do the larvae ingest and digest protein-membrane microcapsules[J]?Aquaculture,1991,92:225-235[27] Yufera M,Kolkovski S,Fernandez-Diaz C,et al. Microencapsulated diets for fish larvae-current‘state of art'[R]. Bioencapsulation Ⅶ and Microencapsulation Symposium Proceedings,Easton,Maryland,USA. Naval Research Laboratory,Washington,D. C.,USA,1998[28] Partridge G J,Southgate P C. The effect of binder composition on ingestion and assimilation of microbound diets(MBD)by barram undi Lates calcarifer Bloch larvae[J]. Aquacult. Res.,1999,30:1-8[29] Fernandez-Diaz C,Yufera M. Detecting growth in githead seabream Sparus aurata L. larvae fed microcapsules[J]. Aquaculture,1997,153:93-102[30] Takeuchi T,Ohkuma N,Ishida S,et al. Development of micro-particle diets for marine fish larvae[C]. In:Recent Advances in Finfish and Crustacean Nutrition. Ⅷ International Symposium on Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain. 1-4 June 1998. Programme and Abstracts.,1998,pp. 193[31] Calun C,Zambonino lnfante J,Quazuguel M M,et al. Protein hydrolysate vs. fish meal in compound diets for 10-day old sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1999,171:109-119[32] Fernadez-Diaz C,Pascual E,Yufera M. Feeding behaviour and prey size selection of githead seabream Sparus aurata L.,larvae fed on inert and live food[J]. Mar Biol.,1994,118:323-328[33] Yin M C. Feeding and growth of the larval stage of fish[J]. J Fisher. of China,1995,19(4):335-342. [殷名称. 鱼类仔鱼期的摄食和生长. 水产学报,1995,19(4):335-342. ][34] Glamuzina B,Jug-Dujakovic J,Katavic L. Preliminary studies on reproduction and larval rearing of cormmon Dentex dentex(Linnacus 1758)[J]. Aquaculture,1989,77:75-84[35] Gawlicka A,Mc Laughlin L,Hung S S O,et al. Limitation of carageenan microbound diets for feeding white sturgeon Acipenser tramontanus larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1996,141:245-265[36] Cahu C,Zambonino Infante J. Substitution of live food by formulated diets in marine fish larvae[J]. Aquaculture,2001a,200:161-180[37] Fernandez-Diaz C,Yufera M. Capacity of githead seabream Sparus aurata L.,larvae to break down dietary microcapsules[J]. Aquaculture,1995,134:269-278[38] Chan C B,Hale E. Effect of somatostatin on intragastrie pressure and smooth muscle contactility of the rainbow trout walbaum[J].J. Fish Biol,1992,40:545-556[39] Tandler A,Kolkovski S. Rates of ingestion and digestibility as limiting factors in the successful application of microdiets in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata larvae[J]. Israeli J. Aquaculture/Bamidgeh,1992,44(4):128-129[40] Kurokawa T,Suzuki T. Formation of the diffuse pancreas and the development of digestive enzyme systhesis in the larvae of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus[J]. Aquaculture,1996,141:267-276[41] Kolkovski S. Digesive enzymes in fish larvae and juveniles-implications and applications to formulated diets[J]. Aquaculture,2001,200:181-201[42] Kolkovski S,Koven W Tandler A. The mode of action of Artemia in enhancing utilization of microdict by githead seabream Sparus aurata larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1997,155:193-205[43] Carvalho A P C,Escaffre A M,Oliva Teles A.,et al. First feeding of common carp larvae on diets with high levels of protein hydrolysates[J]. Aquacult. Int.,1997,5:361-367[44] Kolkovski S,Tandler A. The use of squid protein hydrolysate as a protein source in microdiets for githead seabream Sparus aurata larvae[J]. Aquacult. Nutr.,2000,6:11-17[45] Xue M,Xie S,Cui Y,et al. Advances in studies on fish feeding stimulants[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2003,27(6):639-643. [薛敏;解绶启,崔奕波等.鱼类促摄食物质研究进展.水生生物学报,2003,27(6):639-643][46] Rodehutscord M,Mandel S,Pack M,et al. Free amino acids can replace protein-bound amino acids in test diets for studies in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus myliss[J]. J. Nutr.,1995,125:956-963[47] Kolkovski S,Tandler A,Kissil GWm,et al. The effect of dietary exogenous digestive enzymes on ingestion,assimilation,growth and survival of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata,L. larvae[J]. Fish Physiol Biochem,1993a,12(3):203-209[48] Lauff M,Hoffer R. Proteolytic enzymes in fish development and the im. portance of dietary enzymes[J]. Aquaculture,1984,37:335-346[49] Kurokawa T,Suzuki T. Development of intestinal brush border aminopeptidase in the larval Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus[J]. Aquaculture,1998,162:113-124[50] Garcia-Ortega A,Verreth J,Segner H. Post-prandial protease activity in the digestive tract of African catfish Clarias gariepinus larvae fed decapsulated cysts of Artemia[J]. Fish Physiol. Biochem.,2000,22:237-244[51] Ribeiro L,Zambonino Infante J L,Cahu C,et al. Development of digestive enzymes in larvae Solea Senegalensis,Kaup 1858[J]. Aquaculture,1999,179:465-473[52] Kurokawa T,Shiraishi M,Suzuki T. Quantification of exogenous protease derived from zooplankton in the intestine of Japanese sardine(Sardinops melanotictus) larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1998,161:491-499[53] McDonald T J,Jornvale H,Nilsson G et al. Characterization of gastrin releasing peptide from porcine non-antral gastric tissue[J]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.,1979,90:227[54] Koven W M,Kolkovski S,Tandler A,et al. The effect of dietary lecithin and lipase as a funcition of age,on n-9 fatty acid incorporation in the tissue lipids of Sparus aurata larvae[J]. Fish Physiol. Biochem,1993,10:357-364[55] Koven W M,Parra G,Kolkovski S,et al. The effect of dietary phosphatidylcholine and its constituent fatty acids on microdiet ingestion and fatty acid absorption rate in githead seabream Sparus aurata larvae[J]. Aquacult. Nutr,1998,4:39-45[56] Hadas E. The influence of dietary phospholipids on feeding rate and absorption of fatty acids in the larvae of the githead seabream (Sparus aurata)[D]. MSe Thesis. The Faculty of Agriculture. The Hebrew University of Jerusalern,Rchovot,Israel,1998,pp. 62[57] Fontagné S,Geurdén L,Escaffre A M,et al. Histological changes induced by dietary phospholipids in intestine and liver of common carp(Cyprinus carpio L)larvae[J]. Aquaculture,1998,161:213-223
计量
- 文章访问数: 889
- HTML全文浏览量: 6
- PDF下载量: 449
下载: