POPULATION DYNAMICS OF DIPLOSTOMUM SPATHACEUM AND ITS PREFERENCE IN INFECTING GYMNOCYPRIS SELINCUOENSIS FROM SILING LAKE, TIBET AUTONOMOUS REGION, CHINA
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摘要: 文章通过种群动态研究匙形双穴吸虫感染在时空上的变化, 并研究该虫感染是否存在对宿主性别、左右眼及眼球不同部位的寄生偏好性, 摸清匙形双穴吸虫在色林错裸鲤中的感染情况, 分析种群消长原因, 探究其生活史策略。跨年按不同季节采捕色林错裸鲤, 记录全长、体重和性别, 采集并统计匙形双穴吸虫囊蚴数量, 计算不同时空下的感染率和平均丰度, 通过独立样本非参数检验, 判断不同性别宿主、左右眼及眼球不同部位的感染数量是否存在显著差异性, 以检验匙形双穴吸虫是否存在寄生偏好。共剖检色林错裸鲤165尾[全长28.7—49.5 cm, 平均全长(37.9±4.0) cm, 体重196.9—827.2 g, 平均体重(473.3±127.9) g, 包括雌性82尾, 雄性83尾], 共检出匙形双穴吸虫515只, 最大寄生量为32只/尾。在时间上, 匙形双穴吸虫感染率和平均丰度在2020年夏季最高, 秋季和春季呈下降趋势, 2021年夏季感染率下降, 平均丰度却呈上升趋势, 2021年秋季与2020年秋季感染率与平均丰度较为接近。在空间上, 根据色林错裸鲤全长范围, 以5 cm为分组间隔, 将其分为5个全长组, 感染率和平均丰度在25 cm≤TL<30 cm全长组最低, 在30 cm≤TL<35 cm、35 cm≤TL<40 cm和40 cm≤TL<45 cm全长组均较为接近, 在45 cm≤TL<50 cm全长组出现了较大的上升。匙形双穴吸虫对色林错裸鲤的感染, 在不同性别的宿主中不存在偏好, 对宿主的左右眼也不存在偏好性, 但在晶状体和玻璃体中存在明显的偏好性, 更多寄生于晶状体中。匙形双穴吸虫种群消长的季节动态, 与水温等环境因素、候鸟的迁徙时间和螺类的存在息息相关。随着鱼类宿主全长的增长, 眼睛体积增加, 可容纳数量更多的复口吸虫, 长期积累性接触也使感染数目更多。在45 cm≤TL<50 cm全长组出现了较大的上升, 可能是因为更大的体型代表着更大的表面积, 不仅可受到更多尾蚴的入侵, 也在一定程度上有利于色林错裸鲤在不断增加的感染水平下保持生存, 从而积累更多的匙形双穴吸虫。匙形双穴吸虫感染色林错裸鲤的寄生偏好, 是适应环境所表现出的一种生活史策略, 有利于种群的传播和繁衍。Abstract: In this paper, the population dynamics of the parasite Diplostomum spathaceum is studied to understand infections in the hosts Gymnocypris selincuoensis from Siling Lake, including seasonal and group differences in infections and reasons for changes in the population size, identify the parasite’s preferences for male/female hosts, left/right eyes of hosts, or specific parts of hosts’ eyes, and discuss their life history strategies. The samples were collected in different seasons in two years (2020 and 2021), with their total length, weight and sex and the number of metacercariae living on them being recorded. The prevalence and mean abundance of infection of different groups and in different seasons were calculated. To find out whether the parasite exhibits preferences for the hosts, a non-parametric test was conducted for independent groups to identify any significant difference in the size of parasite population on male/female hosts, left/right eyes of hosts and different parts of hosts’ eyes. A total of 165 samples [total length: 28.7—49.5 cm; average length: (37.9±4.0) cm; weight: 196.9—827.2 g; average weight: (473.3±127.9) g], including 82 female samples and 83 male samples, were dissected, with 515 parasites being found. The maximum number of parasites observed is 32 worms per fish. In terms of seasonal difference, the prevalence and mean abundance of infection peak in the summer of 2020 and drop in the following autumn and spring. In the summer of 2021, the prevalence of infection is on the decline, while the mean abundance of infection is on the rise. Similar prevalence and mean abundance of infection are observed in the autumn in both 2020 and 2021. To find out group difference, the samples were divided into 5 groups by their total length (TL) at the interval of 5 cm. The minimum values of the prevalence and mean abundance of infection are found in the group of which TL is between 25 cm (inclusive) and 30 cm. Groups of which TL is between 30 cm (inclusive) and 35 cm, between 35 cm (inclusive) and 40 cm, and between 40 cm (inclusive) and 45 cm have similar prevalence and mean abundance of infection. The maximum values of the prevalence and mean abundance of infection are observed in the group of which TL is between 45 cm (inclusive) and 50 cm. The parasite does not exhibit preferences for male/female hosts or left/right eyes of hosts, but they significantly prefers the crystalline lens to the vitreous body. Changes in the size of parasite population are closely related to the seasonal changes, water temperature, bird migration, and snails. The size of parasite population grows with the increase in the total length and eye volume of hosts and frequency of parasite exposure. The reason why the group with TL between 45 cm (inclusive) and 50 cm has higher values of prevalence and mean abundance may lie in the fact that they have a higher risk of parasite exposure because they are larger in size, which enables the hosts to survive from severer infection caused by a larger number of parasites. The preferences exhibited by the parasite in selecting hosts and position of eyes are part of adaptative life history strategies for better transmission and reproduction.
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图 1 匙形双穴吸虫感染色林错裸鲤的季节动态
Figure 1. Seasonal dynamics of Diplostomum spathaceum in Gymnocypris selincuoensis
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图 2 匙形双穴吸虫感染色林错裸鲤的空间动态
Figure 2. Spatial dynamics of Diplostomum spathaceum in Gymnocypris selincuoensis
表 1 匙形双穴吸虫在色林错裸鲤左右眼中的寄生情况
Table 1 Parasitic profile of Diplostomum spathaceum in left or right eye of Gymnocypris selincuoensis
指标Index 左眼Left eye 右眼Right eye 匙形双穴吸虫总数Total number 254 261 感染率Prevalence 49.0 43.0 感染强度Intensity 1—16 1—23 平均丰度Mean abundance 1.5±2.6 1.6±3.2 
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表 2 匙形双穴吸虫在色林错裸鲤眼球不同部位的寄生情况
Table 2 Parasitic profile of Diplostomum spathaceum in different parts of eyes of Gymnocypris selincuoensis
指标Index 晶状体Len 玻璃体Vitreous humour 匙形双穴吸虫总数Total number 447 68 感染率Prevalence 43.0 8.0 感染强度Intensity 1—17 1—18 平均丰度Mean abundance 1.4±2.5 0.2±1.3
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表 3 匙形双穴吸虫在不同性别色林错裸鲤中的寄生情况
Table 3 Parasitic profile of Diplostomum spathaceum in different sex of Gymnocypris selincuoensis
指标Index 雌性Femaln=82 雄性Malen=83 感染率Prevalence 64.0 55.0 感染强度Intensity 1—25 1—31 平均丰度Mean abundance 3.1±5.1 3.1±5.2
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