THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIPID LEVELS ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BODY COMPOSITION AND PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL INDICES IN COBIA (RACHYCENTRON CANADUM L.) AT TWO DIFFERENT SIZES
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摘要: 实验旨在确定2种规格军曹鱼的脂肪需求, 同时探索不同含量的脂肪对2种规格军曹鱼体组成及血清生化指标的影响。以鱼粉、酪蛋白和豆粕为蛋白源, 鱼油为脂肪源, 通过添加不同配比的鱼油配制6种脂肪水平[5.27%、8.22%、10.81%、14.26%、17.32%和20.94% (占干重)]的等氮实验饲料。挑选(38.24±0.30) g (25尾/箱, 40 g规格)和(529.17±5.67) g (10尾/箱, 500 g规格)2种规格的军曹鱼, 置于浮式网箱(1.3 m×1.3 m×2.5 m)中每日饱食投喂2次, 分别进行10周和8周的摄食生长实验。结果表明：随着饲料脂肪含量的增加, 2种规格军曹鱼特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER)均先上升再下降, 而脏体比(VSI)与肥满度(CF)均显著升高(P<0.05)。另外, 随着饲料脂肪水平的增加, 40 g规格的军曹鱼肝体比(HSI)、鱼体、肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量均显著升高, 鱼体水分和蛋白含量显著下降(P<0.05), 而500 g规格的军曹鱼各处理之间未发现显著差异(P>0.05)。随着饲料脂肪水平的增加, 40 g规格的军曹鱼, 血清总甘油三酯(TG)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)及血糖(Glu)含量显著增加(P<0.05), 而500 g规格的军曹鱼, 除血清TG在各处理之间呈现出显著差异外(P<0.05), 其余指标在各处理之间均未发现显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述, 以SGR和FER为评价指标, 40 g左右规格的军曹鱼脂肪需求量为13.97%—14.16%, 500 g左右规格的军曹鱼脂肪需求量为13.18%—13.47%。Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary lipid requirement and the effect of different lipid levels on the body composition and plasma biochemical indices in cobia (Rachycentron canadum L.) at two different body sizes (initial weight: 40 g vs. 500 g). Six isonitrogenous diets were formulated using fish meal, soybean meal and wheat meal as the protein source and fish oil as lipid source, with six different lipid contents of 5.27%, 8.22%, 10.81%, 14.26%, 17.32% and 20.94% (at a dry matter basis), respectively. Fish at two different growth stages were randomly distributed to seawater floating net cages (1.5 m×1.5 m×2.5 m) at a density of 25 and 10 fish per net cage, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish twice daily to satiation for 10 weeks (40 g) and 8 weeks (500 g), respectively. Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) significantly increased and then decreased with increasing dietary lipid levels at both developmental stages. The Viscerosomatic index (VSI) and Condition factor (CF) increased significantly with the increase of dietary lipid levels. Significantly higher Hepatosomatic index (HSI), whole-body, liver and muscle lipid contents and lower moisture and protein contents were observed in fish feed the diets containing higher lipid among small fish groups, but no significant difference was detected among large body size groups among above parameters. In addition, the contents of TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and Glu increased significantly with the increasing lipid levels among small fish groups, there was no significant effect among large fish groups in these indices except TG. The overall results showed that based on SGR and FER, the diet containing 13.97%—14.16% and 13.18%—13.47% lipid was most suitable for the cobia culture at the body size of 40 g and 500 g, respectively.
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Keywords:
- SGR /
- FER /
- Body composition /
- Plasma biochemical indices /
- Requirement of lipid /
- Cobia
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图 1 脂肪含量对2种规格的军曹鱼特定生长率(SGR)的影响
Figure 1. Relationship between different lipid levels and SGR of cobia at two body sizes
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图 2 脂肪含量对2种规格的军曹鱼饲料效率(FER)的影响
Figure 2. Relationship between different lipid levels and FER of cobia at two body sizes
表 1 饲料配方及主要营养成分组成(%, 干重)
Table 1 The formulation and proximate composition of the experimental diets (%, dry matter)
原料Ingredient (%) 组别Group 处理1
Diet 1处理2
Diet 2处理3
Diet 3处理4
Diet 4处理5
Diet 5处理6
Diet 6鱼粉Fish meal a 31.10 31.10 31.10 31.10 31.10 31.10 酪蛋白Caseina 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 豆粕Soybean meal a 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 小麦粉Wheat meal a 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 小麦淀粉Wheat starchb 19.35 16.35 13.35 10.35 7.35 4.35 鱼油Fish oil 0.00 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 大豆卵磷脂Soy lecithin 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 矿物质混合物Mineral mixture c 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 维生素混合物Vitamin mixture d 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 乙氧基喹啉Ethosyquin 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 主要营养成分(%, 干重)Proximate composition (%, dry matter) 粗蛋白Crude protein (%) 44.48 44.88 44.53 44.67 44.31 44.55 粗脂肪Crude lipid (%) 5.27 8.22 10.81 14.26 17.32 20.94 灰分Ash (%) 8.97 8.88 8.87 8.81 8.70 8.61 注: a 鱼粉、酪蛋白、豆粕和小麦粉均来自广东粤海饲料集团(中国, 广东); b 小麦淀粉来自鄄城明珠淀粉厂(中国, 山东); c矿物质混合物 (mg or g/kg diet): NaF, 2 mg; KI, 0.8 mg; CoCl2·6H2O (1%), 50 mg; CuSO4·5H2O, 10 mg; FeSO4·H2O, 80 mg; ZnSO4·H2O, 50 mg; MnSO4·H2O, 60 mg; MgSO4·7H2O, 1200 mg; Ca (H2PO3)2·H2O, 3000 mg; NaCl, 100 mg; zoelite, 10.45 g; d 维生素混合物 (mg or g/kg diet): thiamin (B1), 25 mg; riboflavin, 45 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 20 mg; vitamin B12, 0.1 mg; vitamin K3,10 mg; inositol, 800 mg; pantothenic acid, 60 mg; niacin acid, 200 mg; folic acid, 20 mg; biotin, 1.20 mg; retinal acetate, 32 mg; cholecalciferol, 5 mg; α-tocopherol, 120 mg; ascorbic acid, 2000 mg; cholinechloride, 2000 mg; ethoxyquin 150 mg; wheat middling, 14.52 gNote: a Fish meal, Casein, Soybean meal and wheat meal obtained from Guangdong Yuehai Feed Group Co. Ltd. (Guangzhou, China);b Wheat starch, obtained from Juancheng Mingzhu Starch Factory (Shandong, China); c Mineral premix (mg or g/kg diet):NaF, 2 mg; KI, 0.8 mg; CoCl2·6H2O (1%), 50 mg; CuSO4·5H2O, 10 mg; FeSO4·H2O, 80 mg; ZnSO4·H2O, 50 mg; MnSO4·H2O, 60 mg; MgSO4·7H2O, 1200 mg; Ca (H2PO3)2·H2O, 3000 mg; NaCl, 100 mg; zoelite, 10.45 g; dVitamin premix (mg or g/kg diet): thiamin (B1), 25 mg; riboflavin, 45 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 20 mg; vitamin B12, 0.1 mg; vitamin K3,10 mg; inositol, 800 mg; pantothenic acid, 60 mg; niacin acid, 200 mg; folic acid, 20 mg; biotin, 1.20 mg; retinal acetate, 32 mg; cholecalciferol, 5 mg; α-tocopherol, 120 mg; ascorbic acid, 2000 mg; cholinechloride, 2000 mg; ethoxyquin 150 mg; wheat middling, 14.52 g 
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表 2 军曹鱼2个不同生长阶段成活率(SR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FER)、脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)、肥满度(CF) (%, 湿重; 均值±标准误)*
Table 2 Effect of lipid levels on Survival ratio (SR), Specific growth rate (SGR), Feed efficiency ratio (FER), Viscerosomatic index (VSI), Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and Condition factor (CF) of cobia at two different body weight (%, wet weight; Means±SEM)*
编号No. 脂肪含量Lipid level (%) SR (%) SGR (%/d) FER VSI (%) HSI (%) CF 实验1 Trial 1 初始体重: (38.24±0.30) g 处理1 Diet 1 5.27 96.00±2.31 1.76±0.01d 0.48±0.01d 7.95±0.34c 1.29±0.01d 0.88±0.03c 处理2 Diet 2 8.22 96.00±2.31 1.96±0.01bc 0.55±0.01c 9.59±0.47bc 1.36±0.04cd 0.92±0.02bc 处理3 Diet 3 10.81 98.67±1.33 2.05±0.05ab 0.64±0.00b 9.64±0.57bc 1.41±0.02cd 1.00±0.04bc 处理4 Diet 4 14.26 98.67±1.33 2.13±0.02a 0.70±0.01a 10.52±0.71b 1.47±0.02c 1.08±0.03ab 处理5 Diet 5 17.32 97.33±1.33 2.10±0.02a 0.64±0.01b 11.65±0.59ab 1.63±0.03b 1.16±0.03a 处理6 Diet 6 20.94 96.00±2.31 1.86±0.01cd 0.56±0.01c 13.47±0.43a 1.78±0.03a 1.22±0.04a F 0.483 40.012 153.888 47.148 12.79 15.291 P 0.782 <0.001 <0.001 0.001< 0.001< 0.001< 实验2 Trial 2 初始体重: (529.17±5.67) g 处理1 Diet 1 5.27 100.00±0.00 0.21±0.02c 0.09±0.01d 6.99±0.18d 1.04±0.12 0.92±0.01c 处理2 Diet 2 8.22 100.00±0.00 0.35±0.05ab 0.15±0.01bc 7.37±0.15cd 1.14±0.10 0.98±0.01bc 处理3 Diet 3 10.81 100.00±0.00 0.43±0.02a 0.18±0.01ab 8.48±0.10abc 1.27±0.10 1.07±0.05abc 处理4 Diet 4 14.26 100.00±0.00 0.46±0.04a 0.20±0.01a 8.06±0.29bcd 1.38±0.13 1.07±0.05abc 处理5 Diet 5 17.32 100.00±0.00 0.36±0.05ab 0.16±0.01ab 8.80±0.39ab 1.15±0.03 1.17±0.04ab 处理6 Diet 6 20.94 96.67±3.33 0.26±0.06bc 0.11±0.01cd 9.36±0.20a 1.38±0.06 1.23±0.08a F 1.000 15.524 20.923 2.185 13.851 5.866 P 0.458 0.001< 0.001< 0.12 0.001< 0.001< 注: *数值为三个重复的平均值, 标相同字母上标表示组间经Tukey多重检验差异不显著(P>0.05); 下同Note: *Date are means of triplicate. Means in the same row sharing the same superscript letter are not significantly different determined by the Turkey’s test (P>0.05); the same applies below
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表 3 两种规格的军曹鱼全鱼组成(%, 湿重; 均值±标准误)
Table 3 Effect of lipid level on whole-body composition of cobia at two body weight (%, wet weight; Means±SEM)
编号No. 脂肪含量Lipid level (%) 水分Moisture (%) 蛋白质Crude protein (%) 脂肪Crude lipid (%) 灰分Ash (%) 实验1 Trial 1 初始体重: (38.24±0.30) g 处理1 Diet 1 5.27 73.44±0.05a 18.01±0.05a 5.86±0.06f 3.33±0.13 处理2 Diet 2 8.22 73.12±0.24ab 17.48±0.15ab 6.51±0.09e 3.14±0.17 处理3 Diet 3 10.81 71.77±0.34c 17.40±0.13b 7.97±0.14d 2.96±0.04 处理4 Diet 4 14.26 71.60±0.18c 17.18±0.07bc 8.48±0.06c 3.25±0.11 处理5 Diet 5 17.32 72.19±0.28bc 16.69±0.18c 9.01±0.15b 3.36±0.09 处理6 Diet 6 20.94 71.82±0.16c 15.94±0.08d 9.87±0.10a 3.06±0.07 F 11.551 36.662 201.570 2.035 P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.122 实验2 Trial 2 初始体重: (529.17±5.67) g 处理1 Diet 1 5.27 77.67±0.70 15.33±0.26 6.14±0.08 3.60±0.16 处理2 Diet 2 8.22 77.11±1.64 16.23±0.66 6.15±0.06 3.44±0.23 处理3 Diet 3 10.81 74.89±0.80 15.78±0.52 6.20±0.05 3.56±0.08 处理4 Diet 4 14.26 75.96±1.03 15.11±0.61 6.32±0.14 3.50±0.12 处理5 Diet 5 17.32 76.57±0.26 15.93±0.27 6.25±0.09 3.76±0.11 处理6 Diet 6 20.94 76.51±0.64 15.46±0.28 6.18±0.08 3.56±0.04 F 1.034 0.793 0.592 0.643 P 0.441 0.575 0.707 0.672
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表 4 两种规格的军曹鱼肝脏组成(%, 湿重; 均值±标准误)
Table 4 Effect of lipid level on liver composition of cobia at two body weight (%, wet weight; Means±SEM)
编号No. 脂肪含量Lipid level (%) 水分Moisture (%) 蛋白质Crude protein (%) 脂肪Crude lipid (%) 糖原Glucogen (mg/g) 实验1 Trial 1 初始体重: (38.24±0.30) g 处理1 Diet 1 5.27 73.84±0.55a 12.77±0.25 12.35±0.35c 4.33±0.42a 处理2 Diet 2 8.22 73.21±0.31ab 12.98±0.14 13.69±0.44bc 4.05±0.20a 处理3 Diet 3 10.81 71.84±0.51abc 13.30±0.14 15.20±0.35b 3.46±0.26ab 处理4 Diet 4 14.26 72.44±0.69abc 12.14±0.67 17.41±0.33a 3.42±0.21ab 处理5 Diet 5 17.32 71.22±0.52bc 11.92±0.57 17.68±0.68a 3.20±0.33ab 处理6 Diet 6 20.94 70.56±0.28c 12.52±0.45 17.39±0.34a 2.49±0.21b F 6.079 1.485 27.077 5.298 P 0.005 0.265 <0.001 0.008 实验2 Trial 2 初始体重: (529.17±5.67) g 处理1 Diet 1 5.27 74.79±0.52 14.36±0.76 7.69±0.90 4.50±0.06 处理2 Diet 2 8.22 76.24±0.24 14.00±1.17 6.90±0.90 4.56±0.29 处理3 Diet 3 10.81 75.66±0.87 13.20±0.34 8.47±0.76 5.06±0.34 处理4 Diet 4 14.26 75.59±0.46 11.96±0.67 10.00±0.96 5.37±0.24 处理5 Diet 5 17.32 75.21±0.68 12.88±0.48 8.68±1.56 5.44±0.16 处理6 Diet 6 20.94 73.71±0.97 11.46±0.21 11.57±0.49 5.38±0.13 F 1.696 2.743 2.917 3.583 P 0.210 0.071 0.060 0.033
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表 5 两种规格的军曹鱼肌肉组成(%, 湿重; 均值±标准误)
Table 5 Effect of lipid level on muscle composition of cobia at two body weight (%, wet weight; Means±SEM)
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No.脂肪含量
Lipid level (%)水分
Moisture (%)蛋白质
Crude protein (%)脂肪
Crude lipid (%)灰分
Ash (%)糖原
Glucogen (mg/g)实验1 Trial 1 初始体重: (38.24±0.30) g 处理1 Diet 1 5.27 78.72±0.29a 19.41±0.20 5.27±0.11b 1.52±0.04 0.18±0.01a 处理2 Diet 2 8.22 77.95±0.10ab 19.77±0.14 5.41±0.09b 1.48±0.04 0.15±0.01ab 处理3 Diet 3 10.81 76.84±0.35ab 20.16±0.23 5.55±0.06b 1.47±0.03 0.15±0.00ab 处理4 Diet 4 14.26 76.47±0.17abc 20.17±0.11 5.52±0.10b 1.47±0.01 0.14±0.02ab 处理5 Diet 5 17.32 75.79±0.31bc 20.19±0.41 6.18±0.10a 1.62±0.02 0.10±0.01bc 处理6 Diet 6 20.94 74.09±1.12c 21.20±0.80 6.58±0.17a 1.60±0.04 0.08±0.01c F 10.068 2.31 22.526 4.674 11.517 P 0.001 0.109 <0.001 0.013 <0.001 实验2 Trial 2 初始体重: (529.17±5.67) g 处理1 Diet 1 5.27 79.30±0.45 18.42±0.28 5.50±0.45 1.33±0.01 0.14±0.01a 处理2 Diet 2 8.22 77.91±0.45 18.97±0.40 5.50±0.42 1.38±0.02 0.14±0.00a 处理3 Diet 3 10.81 78.18±0.28 18.21±0.06 5.50±0.04 1.39±0.01 0.09±0.01b 处理4 Diet 4 14.26 78.88±0.69 18.35±0.30 5.38±0.54 1.31±0.04 0.09±0.01b 处理5 Diet 5 17.32 79.28±0.51 18.45±0.39 5.62±0.59 1.40±0.03 0.07±0.01b 处理6 Diet 6 20.94 79.12±0.46 18.51±0.28 5.76±0.24 1.33±0.02 0.06±0.01b F 1.486 0.715 0.092 1.893 14.164 P 0.265 0.624 0.992 0.169 <0.001
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表 6 两种规格的军曹鱼血清生化指标(%, 湿重; 均值±标准误)
Table 6 Effect of lipid level on serum biochemical indices of cobia at two body weight (%, wet weight; Means±SEM)
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No.脂肪含量
Lipid level (%)TG
(mmol/L)TC
(mmol/L)TP
(g/L)LDL-C
(mmol/L)HDL-C
(mmol/L)GLU
(mmol/L)实验1 Trial 1 初始体重: (38.24±0.30) g 处理1 Diet 1 5.27 1.03±0.05c 1.52±0.06c 28.5±0.2 0.0768±0.0130c 0.4518±0.0511d 0.90±0.29c 处理2 Diet 2 8.22 1.05±0.07c 1.76±0.03b 28.8±0.3 0.0886±0.0092bc 0.5923±0.0429cd 1.95±0.32c 处理3 Diet 3 10.81 1.31±0.02b 1.76±0.01b 27.8±0.4 0.1101±0.0039abc 0.7100±0.0784bc 2.45±0.23bc 处理4 Diet 4 14.26 1.37±0.05b 1.79±0.01ab 27.6±1.1 0.1063±0.0088abc 0.7473±0.0633bc 3.70±0.54ab 处理5 Diet 5 17.32 1.36±0.03b 1.88±0.02ab 27.2±0.7 0.1269±0.0059ab 0.9159±0.0091ab 4.11±0.15a 处理6 Diet 6 20.94 1.59±0.03a 1.92±0.01a 27.4±0.8 0.1298±0.0034a 1.0305±0.0373a 3.96±0.30ab F 23.494 21.826 0.869 6.659 16.496 15.41 P <0.001 <0.001 0.529 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 实验2 Trial 2 初始体重: (529.17±5.67) g 处理1 Diet 1 5.27 0.69±0.15b 1.45±0.16 28.1±1.7 0.1031±0.0166 1.0208±0.1751 3.10±0.53 处理2 Diet 2 8.22 0.90±0.21ab 1.78±0.15 27.6±0.4 0.1117±0.0118 0.4410±0.2075 2.71±0.59 处理3 Diet 3 10.81 1.12±0.24ab 1.93±0.14 27.9±1.8 0.0986±0.0167 0.9687±0.1406 3.27±0.87 处理4 Diet 4 14.26 0.90±0.18ab 1.59±0.10 26.4±3.4 0.1066±0.0054 0.9571±0.1145 2.02±0.79 处理5 Diet 5 17.32 1.25±0.13ab 1.47±0.14 23.7±1.2 0.0967±0.0201 0.6918±0.0871 2.72±0.21 处理6 Diet 6 20.94 1.63±0.18a 1.64±0.19 23.9±2.5 0.0899±0.0191 0.6236±0.0528 4.02±0.57 F 3.159 1.544 0.939 0.24 2.791 1.131 P 0.048 0.249 0.49 0.937 0.067 0.396 注: TG. 总甘油三酯Triglyceride; TC. 总胆固醇Total cholesterol; TP. 总蛋白Total protein; LDL-C. 低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇Low density lipoportein-cholesterol; HDL-C. 高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇Low density lipoportein-cholesterol; GLU. 葡萄糖Glucose
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