FISH COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS IN THE FUHEYUAN NATURE RESERVE, JIANGXI PROVINCE
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摘要: 基于2018年5月和7月对江西省抚河源自然保护区的鱼类资源调查数据, 研究了该保护区鱼类群落结构及主要物种生长特征。结果显示, 该保护区鱼类共有4目9科18属20种, 其中鲤形目鱼类最多, 占总种数的55%。优势种为侧条光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus parallens)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)。保护区主要以肉食性和杂食性、底层性、定居性鱼类为主。物种多样性分析显示, 杨溪港鱼类多样性指数和丰富度指数最高(H′=1.52; D=2.07), 天井溪鱼类多样性指数和丰富度指数最低(H′=0.84; D=0.99)。主要鱼类的体长体重线性回归拟合方程式分析显示, 侧条光唇鱼(b=2.903)、鲫(b=3.039)和马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)(b=2.994)呈等速增长, 银(Squalidus argentatus, b=2.459)和宽鳍鱲(b=3.398)呈异速增长。β多样性分析显示, 杨溪港与桐斜河(βr=12.3)、横路河(βr=10.8)、天井溪(βr=11.6)间的生境差异较大, 鱼类物种分化较大。相似性分析显示, 洪水坑与桐斜河(Cj=0.09)、天井溪(Cj=0.13)、胡洋溪(Cj=0.14)间的鱼类物种组成相似性较低。研究结果补充了保护区鱼类群落结构和主要鱼类生长特征的基础资料, 为抚河源自然保护区鱼类资源的保护和管理提供理论依据。Abstract: The Fuheyuan Nature Reserve is located in the southeastern of Jiangxi Province. The surveys of fish resources were conducted in May and July 2018. A total of 20 fish species were recorded, belonging to 9 families and 4 orders. Cypriniformes are the greatest, accounting for 55% of total fish. Dominant fish species are Acrossocheilus parallens, Carassius auratus and Zacco platypus. Carnivorous, omnivorous, demersal and settlement fish were mainly ecological types. Fish diversity index was the highest in the YXG (H′=1.52; D=2.07) and the lowest in the YXR2 (H′=0.84; D=0.99). Analysis of the linear regression equation of fish body length and weight showed that Acrossocheilus parallens (b=2.903), Carassius auratus (b=3.039) and Opsariichthys bidens (b=2.994) increased at the same rate, while Squalidus argentatus (b=2.459) and Zacco platypus (b=3.398) have different growth rates. There were great differences among the lower reaches of YXG, TXR, HLR and YXR2 based on beta diversity, indicating significant differences in fish species in these regions. Moreover, fish composition similarity between ZHR1, TXR, YXR2 and YXR2 is low. The research results supplement the basic data of the fish community structure and main fish growth characteristics in the reserve, and provide a theoretical basis for the protection and management of fish resources in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve.
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图 1 抚河源自然保护区鱼类采样示意图
ZHR1和ZHR2分别代表招禾河洪水坑和西港采样点; YXR1和YXR2分别代表姚西河胡洋溪和天井溪采样点; TXR代表桐斜河; HLR代表横路河; PBR代表坪背河; YXG代表杨溪港
Figure 1. Sampling sites in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
ZHR1. Hongshuikeng in the Zhaohe River; ZHR2. Xigang in the Zhaohe River; YXR1. Huyangxi in the Yaoxi River; YXR2. Tianjingxi in the Yaoxi River; TXR. Tongxie River; HLR. Henglu River; PBR. Pingbei River; YXG. Yangxigang River
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图 2 抚河源自然保护区鱼类采样完整性分析
Figure 2. Analysis of fish sampling completeness of fish in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
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图 3 抚河源自然保护区主要鱼类体长分布
Figure 3. Distribution of fish body length of fish in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
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图 4 抚河源自然保护区主要鱼类体重分布
Figure 4. The distribution of fish body weight of fish in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
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图 5 抚河源自然保护区鱼类体长体重关系
Figure 5. The relationship between fish body length and body weight of fish in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
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图 6 抚河源自然保护区与其他保护区鱼类物种数的比较
Figure 6. Comparison of the number of fish species in Fuheyuan Nature Reserve and other reserves
表 1 抚河源自然保护区采样点的生境特征
Table 1 Habitat characteristics of sampling sites in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
调查水域Collecting site 经度 Longitude 纬度 Latitude 海拔Altitude
(m)河床底质 Sediment 水流Current 水质 Water quality 水深River depth (m) 河宽 River width (m) ZHR1 E: 116°16′11.96′′ N: 26°37′58.28′′ 319 泥沙、砾石、岩石 急流、水潭 清澈 0.2—0.8 2.0—5.0 ZHR2 E: 116°17′10.67′′ N: 26°38′22.08′′ 272 泥沙、砾石 缓流 清澈 0.2—0.8 1.0—2.0 YXR1 E: 116°17′48.69′′ N: 26°33′02.83′′ 305 砾石、泥沙 缓流 浑浊 0.1—0.8 0.8—1.5 YXR2 E: 116°17′22.78′′ N: 26°32′36.01′′ 304 砾石、泥沙 缓流 清澈 0.5—0.8 1.0—2.0 TXR E: 116°18′56.34′′ N: 26°31′26.31′′ 290 泥沙、砾石 急流 清澈 0.2—0.6 1.0—2.5 HLR E: 116°20′37.95′′ N: 26°32′09.48′′ 278 泥沙、岩石 缓流 清澈 0.2—1.2 1.0—5.0 PBR E: 116°18′32.48′′ N: 26°33′43.05′′ 277 泥沙、砾石 缓流、水潭 清澈 浑浊 0.1—0.6 1.0—3.0 YXG E: 116°23′00.72′′ N: 26°39′29.14′′ 252 泥沙、砾石 急流、缓流、水潭 清澈 浑浊 0.2—2.5 2.0—10.0 注: ZHR1和ZHR2分别代表招禾河洪水坑和西港采样点; YXR1和YXR2分别代表姚西河胡洋溪和天井溪采样点; TXR代表桐斜河; HLR代表横路河; PBR代表坪背河; YXG代表杨溪港Note: ZHR1. Hongshuikeng in the Zhaohe River; ZHR2. Xigang in the Zhaohe River; YXR1. Huyangxi in the Yaoxi River; YXR2. Tianjingxi in the Yaoxi River; TXR. Tongxie River; HLR. Henglu River; PBR. Pingbei River; YXG. Yangxigang River 
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表 2 抚河源自然保护区鱼类名录、分布、生态类型和濒危状况
Table 2 Species composition, distribution, ecological types and endangered status of fish in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
ZHR1 ZHR2 YXR1 YXR2 TXR HLR PBR YXG 生态类型Ecological types 濒危状况Endangered status 食性Feeding habits 栖息水层Habitat characteri-stics 生活习性Life habits 蒋志刚(2016) IUCN Ⅰ.鲤形目Cypriniformes ⅰ.鲤科Cryprinidea 1.侧条光唇鱼Acrossocheilus parallens + + + + + + + + O L MS LC LC 2.鲤Cyprinus carpio + + + + O DE SE LC VU 3.鲫Carassius auratus + + + + + O DE SE LC LC 4.高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus + + + + O L SE LC DD 5.马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens + + C U MS LC LC 6.宽鳍鱲Zacco platypus + + + + + + C U MS LC NE 7.麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva + + O L MS LC LC 8.银Squalidus argentatus + O L SE LC DD 9.花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus + C DE SE LC NE ⅱ.平鳍鳅科Homalopteridae 10.平舟原缨口鳅Vanmnernia pinchowensis + + O DE MS LC LC ⅲ.鳅科Cobitidae 11.泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus + + + + O DE SE LC LC Ⅱ.鲇形目Siluriformes ⅳ.鲿科Bagridae 14.切尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus struncatus + O DE SE DD NE 15.黄颡鱼Tachysurus lvidraco + C DE SE LC LC ⅴ.钝头科Amblycipitidae 13.黑尾䱀Liobagrus nigricauda + O DE SE DD EN ⅵ.鲇科Siluridae 12.鲇Silurus asotus + C L SE LC LC Ⅲ.鲈形目Perciformes ⅶ.斗鱼科Belontiidae 16.叉尾斗鱼Macropodus opercularis + + C L SE LC LC ⅷ.虾虎鱼科Gobiidae 17.林氏吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius lindbergi + + C DE MS DD NE 18.褐吻虾虎鱼Ctenogobius brunneus + C DE MS DD DD 19.子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus + C DE MS LC LC Ⅳ.合鳃鱼目Synbranchiformes ⅸ.合鳃鱼科Synbranchidae 20.黄鳝Monopterus albus + + + C DE SE LC LC 注: “+”号表示鱼类在该采样点出现过。食性: C-肉食性; H-植食性; O-杂食性。栖息水层: DE-底层性; L-中下层性; U-中上层性。生活习性: SE-定居性; M-洄游性; MS-山溪性。濒危状况: CR-极危; EN-濒危; VU-易危; NT-近危; LC-无危; DD-数据缺乏; NE-没有评估Note: “+”. fish were found in the sampling sites; Life habits, SE. Settlement fish; MS. Mountain streams fish; M. Migration fish; Habitat characteristics, LL. Lower layer fish; DE. Demersal fish; UL. Upper layer fish; Feeding habits, O. Omnivorous; C. Carnivorous; H. Herbivorous. Endangered categories, DD. Data Deficient; LC. Least Concern; NT. Near Threatened; VU. Vulnerable; EN. Endangered; CR. Critically Endangered
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表 3 抚河源自然保护区鱼类相对重要性指数分析
Table 3 The Index of Relative Importance of fish in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
物种Species N (%) W (%) F (%) IRI 侧条光唇鱼Acrossocheilus parallens 16.74 36.35 100.00 5309.00 鲤Cyprinus carpio 0.57 0.52 50.00 54.50 鲫Carassius auratus 13.16 15.37 62.50 1783.13 高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus 1.86 0.57 50.00 121.50 马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens 12.88 12.52 25.00 635.00 宽鳍鱲Zacco platypus 40.34 25.16 75.00 4912.50 麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva 0.86 0.17 25.00 25.75 银Squalidus argentatus 6.01 2.43 12.50 105.50 花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus 0.14 0.41 12.50 6.88 平舟原缨口鳅Vanmnernia pinchowensis 0.57 0.56 25.00 28.25 泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus 2.00 1.15 50.00 157.50 切尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus truncatus 0.14 0.19 12.50 4.13 黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidrac 0.29 0.23 12.50 6.50 黑尾䱀Liobagrus nigricauda 0.14 0.22 12.50 4.50 鲇Silurus asotus 0.29 0.58 12.50 10.88 叉尾斗鱼Macropodus opercularis 0.43 0.17 25.00 15.00 林氏吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius lindbergi 1.29 0.48 25.00 44.25 褐吻虾虎鱼Ctenogobius brunneus 0.14 0.05 12.50 2.38 子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus 1.00 0.37 12.50 17.13 黄鳝Monopterus albus 1.14 2.49 37.50 136.13
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表 4 抚河源自然保护区内鱼类多样性空间变化
Table 4 Spatial changes of fish diversity in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
指标Index 采样地点Sampling site ZHR1 ZHR2 YXR1 YXR2 TXR HLR PBR YXG H' 0.42 1.31 1.39 0.84 0.79 0.86 1.40 1.52 J' 0.39 0.63 0.86 0.47 0.36 0.62 0.78 0.63 D 0.53 1.75 1.67 0.99 1.71 0.66 1.07 2.07
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表 5 抚河源自然保护区区域间鱼类β多样性分析, 左下角(βc)和右上角(βr)
Table 5 Analysis of βc (below diagonal) and βr (above diagonal) diversity in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
ZHR1 ZHR2 YXR1 YXR2 TXR HLR PBR YXG ZHR1 7.1 5.4 6.4 9.3 3.5 5.2 9. 9 ZHR2 3.5 7.0 8.8 9.7 8.0 7.9 9.9 YXR1 2.5 2.5 6.1 7.9 5.2 7.1 9. 7 YXR2 2.5 4.0 2.5 9.7 6.1 8.0 11.6 TXR 4.5 3.5 3.0 4.5 8.9 9.7 12.3 HLR 1.5 3.5 2.5 2.5 4.5 6.1 10.8 PBR 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.5 3.5 8.0 YXG 3.0 2.5 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.5 3.5
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表 6 抚河源自然保护区鱼类相似性分析
Table 6 Analysis of similarity of fish in the Fuheyuan Nature Reserve
ZHR1 ZHR2 YXR1 YXR2 TXR HLR PBR YXG ZHR1 ZHR2 0.22 YXR1 0.14 0.44 YXR2 0.13 0.27 0.38 TXR 0.09 0.42 0.40 0.25 HLR 0.40 0.20 0.29 0.25 0.18 PBR 0.29 0.40 0.22 0.20 0.25 0.25 YXG 0.17 0.58 0.33 0.21 0.33 0.15 0.50
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