MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ALLOMETRIC GROWTH PATTERN OF KONOSIRUS PUNCTATUS AT LARVAE AND JUVENILE STAGES
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摘要: 运用光学显微镜技术和实验生态学方法, 对斑鰶(Konosirus punctatus)早期形态发育观察、异速生长模式及其生态学意义进行了研究。结果表明: 在水温(21.5±0.5)℃下, 初孵仔鱼全长(3.18±0.52) mm, 斑鰶仔鱼期从孵化出膜到43日龄棱鳞开始出现前, 稚鱼期从44日龄棱鳞出现到55日龄全身覆满鳞片。斑鰶的形态变化和器官分化主要发生在仔鱼期。斑鰶的吻长、躯干长、肠道长、胸鳍长、腹鳍长等重要形态学指标均存在异速生长现象, 其生长拐点依次为 42日龄(TL: 26.41 mm)、24日龄(TL: 15.57 mm)、31日龄(TL: 21.41 mm)、41日龄(TL: 25.47 mm)、42日龄(TL: 26.41 mm)。相对于全长、吻长和胸鳍长在拐点前后由正异速生长变为等速生长, 腹鳍长由正异速生长转为负异速生长, 这为呼吸、摄食和成功逃避捕食者提供有利条件; 而肠道长由负异速生长变为等速生长, 这可能与斑鰶的食性转化有关。综上所述, 为适应复杂多变的生存环境, 斑鰶在早期发育阶段优先发育对生长生存起关键作用的器官, 这对提高仔、稚鱼的存活率具有重要的生态学意义。研究将为今后进一步人工繁育和苗种培育提供理论依据。Abstract: This study investigated the morphological development and allometric growth pattern in early life cycle of Konosirus punctatus and illustrated their crucial ecological meanings for survival. Results showed that the average total length of larvae fish was (3.18±0.52) mm with water temperature at (21.5±0.5)℃. The morphological development of K. punctatus was divided into larvae stage (0—43 day age, from hatching to keeled scales appearing) and fry stage (44—55 day age, from keeled scales appearing to scales covering the body). Morphological changes and organ diffe-rentiations mainly occurred in the larval stage. Key morphological characteristics including rostrum length, trunk length, intestinal length, pectoral length and pelvic fin length exhibited allometric growth patterns, in which the growth infle-xion point were 42 day age (TL: 25.47 mm), 24 day age (TL: 15.57 mm), 31 day age (TL: 21.41 mm), 41 day age (TL: 25.47 mm), 42 day age (26.41 mm), respectively. The growth rate in rostrum length and pectoral length changed from the positive allometry (before inflexion point) to the same rate (after inflexion point); the growth rate in pelvic fin length changed from the positive allometry to the negative allometry. These variations could enhance the capacities of breathing, feeding and escaping. The growth rate in intestinal length changed from negative allometry to the same rate, which is related to the dietary conversion of K. punctatus. To adapt to the complex environments, key organs involved in growth and survival were preferentially developed at the early stage, which facilitated the survival rate of K. punctatus. All the findings provide a fundamental evidence for artificial breeding and seedling cultivation in the future.
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Keywords:
- Konosirus punctatus /
- Larvael fish /
- Juvenile fish /
- Morphological development /
- Allometric growth
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图 1 斑鰶形态特征测量直观图
1. 头长; 2. 头高; 3.上颌长; 4. 眼径; 5. 吻长; 6. 躯干长; 7. 体高; 8. 尾柄长; 9. 背鳍长; 10. 背鳍最后一枚鳍条长; 11. 胸鳍长; 12. 尾鳍; 13. 全长
Figure 1. Illustration measurement for K. punctatus
1. Head length; 2. Head height; 3. Upper jaw length; 4. Eye diameter; 5. Rostrum; 6. Trunk length; 7. Body height; 8. Caudal peduncle length; 9. Dorsal fin length; 10. The last dorsal fin long; 11. Pectoral length; 12. Tail fin length; 13. Total length
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图 2 斑鰶肠道示意图
A. 肠道; B. 幽门盲囊; C. 胃; a. 幽门盲囊与肠道连接点; b. 肛门
Figure 2. Intestine of K. punctatus
A. Intestine; B. Pyloric caeca; C. Stomach; a. The intersection of the Pyloric caeca and the intestine; b. Anus
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图 3 斑鰶仔、稚鱼的生长曲线及投饵策略
Figure 3. Growth curve of larvae and juvenile K. punctatus and feeding method
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图版 I 斑鰶仔、稚鱼形态发育
1. 初孵仔鱼; 2. 1日龄仔鱼; 3. 3日龄仔鱼; 4. 6日龄仔鱼; 5. 9日龄仔鱼; 6. 14日龄仔鱼; 7. 17日龄仔鱼; 8. 19日龄仔鱼; 9. 23日龄仔鱼; 10. 39日龄仔鱼; 11. 44日龄稚鱼; 12. 55日龄稚鱼。图1—11标尺为500 μm; 图12标尺为5 mm
图版 I. Morphological development on larvae and juveniles of K. punctatus
1. Newly hatched larva; 2. 1-day old larva; 3. 3-day old larva; 4. 6-day old larva; 5. 9-day old larva; 6. 14-day old larva; 7. 17-day old larva; 8. 19-day old larva; 9. 23-day old larva; 10. 39-day old larva; 11. 44-day old juvenile; 12. 55-day old juvenile. Bar=500 μm for figure 1—11; Bar=5 mm for figure 12
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图版 II 斑鰶仔、稚鱼局部特征
1. 初孵仔鱼的卵黄囊; 2. 3日龄仔鱼的头部; 3. 6日龄仔鱼的消化道; 4. 9日龄仔鱼的头部; 5. 14日龄仔鱼的消化道; 6. 17日龄仔鱼的尾部; 7. 23日龄仔鱼的头部; 8. 39日龄仔鱼的躯干; 9. 44日龄稚鱼的腹部; OB: 油球; H: 心脏; M: 口; I: 肠道; F: 肠壁褶皱; R: 轮虫; G: 鳃丝; FS: 丰年虫; DF: 背鳍; Hy: 尾下骨; CV: 尾椎骨; SB: 鱼鳔; AS: 棱鳞; 图中标尺500 μm
图版 II. Local character on larvae and juveniles of K. punctatus
1. The yolk sac of the newly hatched larva; 2. Head of 3-day old larva; 3. Intestine of 6-day old larva; 4. Head of 9-day old larva; 5. Intestine of 14-day old larva; 6. Caudal fin of 17-day old larva; 7. Head of 23-day old larva; 8. Trunk of 39-day old larva; 9. Abdomen of 44-day old juvenile. OB: oil ball; H: heart; M: mouth; I: Intestine; F: Intestinal wall fold; R: rotifer; G: gill; FS: fairy shrimp; DF: dorsal fin; Hy: hypural; CV: caudal vertebra; SB: swim bladder; AS: abdominal scale; Bar=500 μm
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图 4 斑鰶仔、稚鱼头部各器官异速生长曲线
Figure 4. Allometric growth curve of head organs in the larval and juvenile K. punctatus
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图 5 斑鰶仔、稚鱼身体各器官异速生长曲线
Figure 5. Allometric growth curve of body sections of larval and juvenile K. punctatus
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图 6 斑鰶仔、稚鱼游泳器官异速生长曲线
Figure 6. Allometric growth curve of swimming functional organs of larval and juvenile K. punctatus
表 1 斑鰶全长与日龄的模型分析与参数估计
Table 1 The summary and parameters between total length and age in days of K. punctatus
模型Model 模型分析Model summary 参数估计Parameter estimate R2 F df1 df2 Sig. Constant b1 b2 b3 线性模型Linear 0.974 3081.99 1 251 0.000 1.067 0.684 对数曲线模型Logarithmic 0.740 230.184 1 251 0.000 –10.191 10.380 反函数曲线模型Inverse 0.277 31.048 1 251 0.000 23.111 –35.594 二次曲线模型Quadratic 0.993 5960.771 2 250 0.000 3.915 0.315 0.006 三次曲线模型Cubic 0.995 4924.753 3 249 0.000 2.860 0.559 –0.004 0 复合曲线模型Compound 0.962 2072.284 1 251 0.000 4.873 1.041 幂函数模型Power 0.920 930.665 1 251 0.000 2.042 0.687 S曲线模型S curve model 0.465 70.454 1 251 0.000 2.967 –2.736 增长曲线模型Growth 0.962 2072.284 1 251 0.000 1.584 0.040 指数曲线模型Exponential 0.962 2072.284 1 251 0.000 4.873 0.040 逻辑斯蒂曲线模型Logistic 0.986 5540.437 1 251 0.000 0.219 0.943 
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