MECHANISMS OF SALINITY ADAPTABILITY OF LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI UNDER DIFFERENT SALINITY CONDITIONS
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摘要: 为研究不同遗传背景的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)在对盐度的适应能力上具有明显的差异的机理, 比较了30个凡纳滨对虾家系在3个不同盐度水体(5‰、20‰和30‰)中饲养30d后的生长性状。研究结果证实了不同家系对虾在不同盐度条件下的生长性能和适应能力存在显著差异。研究进一步对比分析了各盐度条件下不同家系间生理代谢、ATP含量及ATP合成关键酶酶活力的差异, 并检测了不同家系凡纳滨对虾鳃Na+/K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase酶活水平。结果发现盐度适应力差的对虾家系的Na+/K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase酶活力较弱, 这可能是由于其机体能量供给不足所导致。此外, 研究以血浆中皮质醇浓度为指标, 对比了不同盐度下不同对虾家系的机体应激水平, 结果显示盐度适应力差的对虾家系在经30d饲养后仍处于应激状态。综合研究结果得出, 不同遗传背景的对虾对盐度的适应能力不同, 可能是由其机体代谢、离子转运及能量合成能力所决定。
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关键词:
- 凡纳滨对虾 /
- 盐度 /
- 能量合成 /
- Na+/K+-ATP酶 /
- Ca2+-ATP酶
Abstract: Owing to their high tolerance to a wide range of salinity, white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has been generally recognized as an excellent candidate for inland culture. Recently, inland farming of L. vannamei has become a growing industry in many regions of the world. Therefore, the effects of water salinity on the survival and development of L. vannamei has attracted great research interest at present. However, according to previous studies, the salinity adaptability of different families of L. vannamei were found to vary significantly and the most optimal salinity for the culture of L. vannamei is still debatable, which pose a challenge for the selection of seed juvenile for inland culture. It has been reported that the different salinity adaptability of different families of L. vannamei may be due to different genetic backgrounds, and the underneath mechanism remains unknown. This study compared the growth traits (specific growth rate and survival rate) under different salinity conditions (5‰, 20‰ and 30‰) among 30 families of L. vannamei. Consistent with previous studies, our results demonstrated that the specific growth rates of shrimps were significant different among different families after 30 days exposure to different salinity conditions. Four L. vannamei families with two highest (family 6016 and 6022) and two poorest salinity adaptability (family 6039 and 6040) were chosen based on specific growth rates and survival rates of 30 L. vannamei families for further investigation. Plsama cortisol concentration has long been generally used as an important index for the evaluation of environmental adaptive capacity of aquatic organisms including shrimps. Therefore, in this study, the plsama cortisol concentration of shrimps from different families were measured after 30 days exposure to different salinity conditions by using commercial ELISA kit. The plsama cortisol concentrations of shrimps from family 6039 and 6040 at salinity of 5‰ were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those from family 6016 and 6022, which indicated a stress response of these shrimps at a water salinity of 5‰ even after 30 days accommodation. This result suggested that these shrimps from family 6039 and 6040 may be inadaptable to the lower water salinity conditions, which may therefore lead to the inhibited growth and survival rates of shrimps of these families as observed in the present study. According to previous studies, Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase are key enzymes for the regulation of osmotic pressure involved in the active transport of ions including Na+, K+ and Ca2+ in the animal cells. Furthermore, the adaptation of aquatic animals, especially marine animals, to a low salinity environment has been reported to be mediated by these enzymes. As a result, in order to explore the physiological mechanism of the varied adaptation to an altered salinity among these L. vannamei families, the enzymatic activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase in the shrimp gills from different families after 30 days exposure under different salinity conditions were examined by using ATPase activity assay kit in the present study. Results obtained found that both Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase were significant lower in L. vannamei family 6039 and 6040 compared to that of family 6016 and 6022, suggested the hampered ability for osmotic pressure maintenance of shrimps from family 6039 and 6040. Since the driving of active transport of osmoregulatory related ions by Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase is a process requiring energy source from ATP, the metabolism as well as the ATP contents and ATP synthase activities in the muscle of shrimps raised under different salinity conditions after 30 days exposure were also analyzed among different families. In the present study, the respiration rates and ammonium excretion rates of shrimps from all families were significantly (P<0.05) altered with the declined water salinity. However, compared to these shrimps from family 6016 and 6022, the families with poor salinity adaptability (family 6039 and 6040) showed a significantly (P<0.05) lower metabolic rates at all water salinity conditions. Similarly, the ATP contents and ATP synthase (pyruvate kinase) activities were also significantly (P<0.05) lower in the muscle of shrimps from these families (family 6039 and 6040) after 30 days exposure, indicated a constrained energy supply under low water salinity conditions. Based on the data obtained in this study, the suppressed Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase in the gills of shrimps with poor salinity adaptability can be resulted from their energy shortage for osmoregulatory under low water salinity levels. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the different salinity adaptability among different shrimp families may be due to their differences in metabolism rate, ion transportation, and energy synthesis. In addition, this study will contribute to the efficient production of seed juvenile for inland culture of L. vannamei.-
Keywords:
- Litopenaeus vannamei /
- Salinity /
- Energy synthesis /
- Na+/K+-ATPase /
- Ca2+-ATPase
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图 1 不同盐度条件下四个家系凡纳滨对虾的(A)耗氧率和(B)排氨率(均值±标准误)
各盐度组中上标字母不同表示组内差异显著, *表示盐度组间差异显著(P<0.05); 下同
Figure 1. Respiration rates (A) and ammonium excretion rates (B) of Litopenaeus vannamei from 4 families possessing the highest and the lowest salinity adaptive ability at salinity of 5‰, 20‰, and 30‰ (Mean±SE)
Means with different superscripts in the same salinity group are significantly different; * means significant difference compared with the 30‰ group (P<0.05). The same applies below
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图 2 不同盐度条件下四个家系凡纳滨对虾肌肉ATP含量(均值±标准误)
Figure 2. ATP contents in the muscle of Litopenaeus vannamei from 4 families possessing the highest and the lowest salinity adaptive ability at salinity of 5‰, 20‰, and 30‰ (Mean±SE)
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图 3 不同盐度条件下四个家系凡纳滨对虾肌肉丙酮酸激酶酶活力(均值±标准误)
Figure 3. Activities of pyruvate kinase in the muscle of Litopenaeus vannamei from 4 families possessing the highest and the lowest salinity adaptive ability at salinity of 5‰, 20‰, and 30‰ (Mean±SE)
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图 4 不同盐度条件下四个家系凡纳滨对虾鳃(A)Ca2+-ATPase和(B)Na+/K+-ATPase酶活力(均值±标准误)
Figure 4. Activities of Ca2+-ATPase (A) and Na+/K+-ATPase (B) in the gill of Litopenaeus vannamei from 4 families possessing the highest and the lowest salinity adaptive ability at salinity of 5‰, 20‰, and 30‰ (Mean±SE)
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图 5 不同盐度条件下4个家系凡纳滨对虾血浆皮质醇浓度(均值±标准误)
Figure 5. Plasma cortisol concentrations of Litopenaeus vannamei from 4 families possessing the highest and the lowest salinity adaptive ability at salinity of 5‰, 20‰, and 30‰ (Mean±SE)
表 1 对照组与实验组的海水理化参数值(均值±标准误)
Table 1 Seawater chemistry parameters of the control and experiment groups (Mean±SE)
目标盐度 测定盐度 温度 pH 5 5±0.3 29.1±0.3 8.1±0.3 20 20±0.2 29.1±0.2 8.2±0.2 30 30±0.2 29.1±0.2 8.2±0.2 
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表 2 不同盐度条件下30个凡纳滨对虾家系的生长率和存活率(均值±标准误)突出显示部分加注英文
Table 2 The growth and survival rates of 30 families of Litopenaeus vannamei under different salinity conditions (Mean±SE)
家系号Family No. 盐度 30‰salinities 盐度 20‰salinities 盐度 5‰salinities 总评分Total score 特定生长率Specific growth rate (%/d) 存活率Survival rate (%) 评分Score 特定生长率Specific growth rate (%/d) 存活率Survival rate (%) 评分Score 特定生长率Specific growth rate (%/d) 存活率Survival rate (%) 评分Score 6002 3.90±0.25 83.33 3.25 3.15±0.16 100.00 3.15 3.17±0.53 11.11 0.35 6.76 6003 3.10±0.26 100.00 3.10 3.41±0.42 88.89 3.03 2.86±0.26 27.78 0.79 6.92 6005 3.55±0.26 94.44 3.35 3.65±0.25 97.22 3.55 3.30±0.68 16.67 0.55 7.45 6006 3.03±0.22 100.00 3.03 3.25±0.20 83.33 2.71 3.05±0.37 25.00 0.76 6.50 6009 3.45±0.30 77.78 2.68 3.37±0.27 77.78 2.62 2.72±0.72 22.22 0.61 5.91 6010 3.47±0.27 91.67 3.18 3.86±0.36 69.44 2.68 3.64±0.33 22.22 0.81 6.67 6016 4.21±0.20 100.00 4.21 4.20±0.32 100.00 4.20 3.63±0.24 47.22 1.71 10.11 6017 4.90±0.17 75.00 3.68 4.36±0.36 80.56 3.51 3.71±0.20 11.11 0.41 7.60 6018 5.11±0.24 77.78 3.98 4.67±0.48 52.78 2.46 4.38±0.47 11.11 0.49 6.93 6019 4.39±0.23 75.00 3.30 3.74±0.32 50.00 1.87 3.77±0.23 33.33 1.26 6.42 6020 5.11±0.25 72.22 3.69 4.93±0.35 44.44 2.19 4.66±0.33 22.22 1.03 6.92 6022 4.94±0.23 88.89 4.39 5.38±0.26 72.22 3.89 3.92±0.16 41.67 1.63 9.91 6023 5.06±0.17 100.00 5.06 5.17±0.17 77.78 4.02 4.51±0.22 16.67 0.75 9.83 6024 4.87±0.17 91.67 4.47 4.41±0.15 52.78 2.33 3.48±0.30 11.11 0.39 7.18 6026 4.41±0.21 91.67 4.04 4.52±0.40 94.44 4.26 3.32±0.29 33.33 1.11 9.41 6027 4.75±0.24 100.00 4.75 4.38±0.26 80.56 3.53 3.80±0.60 25.00 0.95 9.23 6028 4.82±0.30 91.6 4.42 4.21±0.18 83.33 3.51 3.71±0.22 27.78 1.03 8.96 6029 3.37±0.18 100.00 3.37 3.44±0.19 83.33 2.86 2.81±0.28 36.11 1.02 7.25 6030 4.63±0.18 75.00 3.47 4.36±0.11 63.89 2.78 3.21±0.20 22.22 0.71 6.97 6031 3.91±0.26 100.00 3.91 4.15±0.41 75.00 3.11 3.25±0.27 55.56 1.81 8.83 6032 3.61±0.30 97.22 3.51 4.05±0.16 100.00 4.05 4.06±0.21 33.33 1.35 8.91 6034 4.91±0.31 83.33 4.09 4.55±0.21 30.56 1.39 3.47±0.27 36.11 1.25 6.73 6035 3.83±0.18 97.22 3.72 4.23±0.26 69.44 2.93 3.14±0.13 11.11 0.35 7.01 6036 4.40±0.20 80.56 3.54 3.84±0.23 36.11 1.39 2.85±0.30 33.33 0.95 5.88 6037 3.78±0.32 88.89 3.35 4.04±0.26 83.33 3.37 3.30±0.34 41.67 1.37 8.10 6039 4.12±0.36 44.44 1.83 1.56±0.37 25.00 0.39 2.51±0.18 13.89 0.35 2.57 6040 5.03±0.20 77.78 3.91 4.71±0.33 30.56 1.44 2.91±0.25 8.33 0.24 5.59 6045 5.07±0.36 69.44 3.52 4.76±0.20 80.56 3.83 3.72±0.21 30.56 1.14 8.49 6047 4.89±0.51 83.33 4.08 4.33±0.17 63.89 2.77 3.46±0.63 22.22 0.77 7.61 6050 4.84±0.27 86.11 4.17 4.67±0.83 69.44 3.25 3.96±0.16 16.67 0.66 8.07 平均值Mean 4.31±0.12a 86.48±2.31A 4.11±0.13a 70.56±3.95B 3.48±0.10b 25.56±2.19C 注: 同一行中上标不同表示差异显著(P<0.05)Note: Data in the same row without the same superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05)
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