TEMPORAL VARIATION OF FISH BIODIVERSITY IN POYANG LAKE
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摘要: 研究基于2010年4月、7月和2018年8月、2019年5月在鄱阳湖9个区域的鱼类多样性调查数据, 分析鱼类物种多样性、功能多样性和分类差异指数的时空变化以及其与环境之间的关系, 了解鄱阳湖近十年来鱼类群落多样性的时空变化特征。结果显示, 2010年和2018—2019年分别调查到鱼类74种和93种, 群落结构差异显著(P<0.05), 差异贡献率最高的物种为短颌鲚、似鳊、鲫、光泽黄颡鱼和鲤; 水温、总悬浮物和叶绿素等环境因素具有显著的年际和季节差异(P<0.05)。与2010年相比, 2018—2019年鱼类物种多样性和功能多样性指数有一定增加, 分类差异指数没有显著变化。分类差异指数的随机检验显示(Randomization test), 与2010年相比, 2018—2019年位于95%概率置信范围下方的区域增加。水温、总悬浮物和叶绿素等环境因素对物种多样性、功能多样性和分类差异指数有显著的影响(P<0.05)。结果表明, 近十年来, 鄱阳湖鱼类群落结构发生明显改变, 但是小型鱼类依旧是优势种, 鱼类群落小型化明显, 主要原因可能是过度捕捞的影响。同时, 鄱阳湖的人类活动干扰增大, 鄱阳县、新建县和余干县等距离长江干流较远的区域人类活动干扰较大。长江十年禁渔的实施会对鄱阳湖鱼类资源恢复会起到明显作用。Abstract: Biodiversity serves as an important index in reflecting the impact of environmental changes on ecological communities. It is also essential in evaluating the health and integrity of ecosystems, providing insights into management and conservation initiatives. The river-lake complex ecosystem in the middle and lower Yangtze River are one of the most threatened areas subjected to anthropogenic activities. However, there is still a lack of research on taxonomic diversity and general understanding of fish community and diversity changes in the Poyang Lake over a long time span. Based on data derived from fish resources investigation in 9 regions of the Poyang Lake area in April and July 2010, August 2018 and May 2019, we analyzed the temporal changes of species diversity, functional diversity and taxonomic diversity of fish communities in the Poyang Lake as well as the relationship between biodiversity and environmental factors. The results showed that 74 and 93 species of fish were collected in 2010 and 2018—2019, respectively. There were significant differences in community structure, with Coilia brachygnathus, Pseudobrama simoni, Carassius auratus, Pelteobaggrus nitidus and Cyprinus carpio contributed the most variance. There were also significant differences in environmental factors between different years and seasons (P<0.05). Although the species diversity and functional diversity in 2018—2019 were higher than those in 2010, the variations in functional diversity and taxonomic distinctness (Λ+) were insignificant, suggesting the taxonomic range has narrowed albeit the fish species has increased in the past decade. The randomization test of the average taxonomic distinctness index (Δ+) and the variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ+) showed that the number of sampling localities below the 95% probability confidence funnel from 2018 to 2019 increased compared with 2010, indicating that the degree of interference in the Poyang Lake area increased. The fish biodiversity in the Poyang Lake area was significantly correlated with water temperature, chlorophyll and total suspended solids concentration (P<0.05). The biodiversity of fish community was positively correlated with water temperature. However, the average taxonomic distinctness index (Δ+) and the variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ+) were negatively correlated with the chlorophyll and total suspended solids. The results showed that the number of fish species in the Poyang Lake has increased under the periodic fishing ban of the Yangtze River, breeding and releasing project and ecological regulations. However, the small-sized fishes were still the dominant species in fish communities in the Poyang Lake during the past decade. This could be attributed to over-exploitation. Besides, anthropogenic disturbance compromised habitat heterogeneity. In particular, regions that located far from the Yangtze mainstream like the Poyang county, Xinjian county and Yugan county were more impacted by human activities. In order to protect and restore fish diversity in the Poyang Lake as well as the flood plain habitats in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, we suggest to take a series of measures in complementary to the ten-year fishing ban, such as demolition of small hydro power plants, reduction of reclamation and restoration of natural habitats.
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图 1 2010年和2018—2019年鄱阳湖鱼类多样性调查区域
Figure 1. Sampling area in the Poyang Lake Basin in 2010 and 2018—2019
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图 2 2010年和2018—2019年鄱阳湖湖区的鱼类群落时空变化
Figure 2. The spatial-temporal changes of fish assemblage structures in the Poyang Lake
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图 3 2010年和2018—2019年鄱阳湖不同季度的多样性指数变化(a和 b存在显著差异, a和ab、b和ab之间表示不存在显著差异, P<0.05)
Figure 3. The seasonal changes of the diversity indexes of fish assemblages in the Poyang Lake (Different letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05)
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图 4 鄱阳湖不同季度鱼类群落平均分类差异性指数的随机化检验
中心线是总物种列表的平均值。漏斗线是95%模拟值的置信区间; 下同
Figure 4. The changes of the average taxonomic distinctness of fish assemblages in the sampling area of Poyang Lake are analyzed by the randomization test
Central line is the mean value for the total species list. Funnel line is confidence limits within which 95% of simulated values lie. The same applies below
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图 5 鄱阳湖不同季度鱼类群落分类差异变异指数的随机化检验
Figure 5. The changes of the variation in taxonomic distinctness of fish assemblages in the sampling area of Poyang Lake are analyzed by the randomization test
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图 6 鄱阳湖鱼类多样性指数与环境因素关系
Figure 6. Relationship between fish diversity indexes and environmental factors in the Poyang Lake
表 1 鄱阳湖鱼类的功能性状参数
Table 1 Fish functional traits in the Poyang lake
类别
Category功能性状
Functional traits单位/描述
Unit/Description形态
Morphology体型 体长(cm)/体高(cm) 体长/尾柄长 最大体长 cm 相对眼径 头长(cm)/眼径(cm) 口位 上位、端位、下位 生境
Habitat垂直分布 底栖、中下层、中上层 流速喜好 流水型、静水型、广适型 洄游类型 洄游型、湖泊定居型、河流型 营养水平
Trophic level食性 植食性、鱼食性、杂食性 、浮游生物食性、底栖无脊椎食性、碎屑食性 生活史
Life history寿命 鱼类最大存活时间(年) 初次性成熟时间 鱼类繁殖的最初时间 产卵类型 漂流性卵、黏性卵、筑巢产卵、于贝类中产卵 产卵量 鱼类一次繁殖期产卵的数量 
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表 2 2010年与2018—2019年鱼类群落结构差异的主要影响物种
Table 2 The fish species mainly contributed to the dissimilarity of the fish assemblage structures in the Poyang Lake between 2010 and 2018—2019
种类
Species对差异的贡献
Contribution to dissimilarity贡献率
Contribution
(%)累积贡献率
Cumulative
(%)短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus 8.51 8.51 似鳊Pseudobrama simoni 8.26 16.77 鲫Carassius auratus 7.32 24.09 光泽黄颡鱼Pelteobaggrus nitidus 5.03 29.12 鲤Cyprinus carpio 4.7 33.82 蛇Saurogobio dabryi 4.63 38.45 翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus 3.5 41.95 䱗Hemiculter leucisculus 3.43 45.38 短须鱊Acheilognathus barbatulus 3.07 48.45 光唇蛇Saurogobio gymnocheilus 2.88 51.33 大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus 2.79 54.12 鲂Megalobrama skolkovii 2.77 56.89 贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri 2.59 59.48 麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva 2.54 62.02 蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus 2.18 64.2 银鲴Xenocypris macrolepis 2.16 66.36 高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus 1.91 68.26 鲇Silurus asotus 1.88 70.14
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表 3 鄱阳湖不同季度环境因素比较
Table 3 The environmental factors at the different seasons in Poyang Lake
环境参数Environmental factors 2010年4月
April 20102010年7月
July 20102018年8月
August 20182019年5月
May 2019水温 Water temperature (℃) 16.2±1.3a 30.1±1.9b 32.3±1.9c 25.0±2.9d 透明度 Transparency (cm) 52.1±17.9a 88.6±25.2b 47.7±23.1a 56.7±29.6a 叶绿素 Chl. a (mg/L) 5.5±1.0ab 5.7±0.7b 4.7±0.6a 6.3±1.5b 总悬浮物 Total suspended matter (mg/L) 35.6±3.1a 24.9±2.3b 35.6±3.1a 31.7±4.4c 注: 表中数据为环境指数的平均值(P<0.05)。a和 b表示存在显著差异, a和ab、b和ab之间表示不存在显著差异Note: Data are the means of environmental index. The different superscript letters in the upper right corner of the same row show significantly difference between the data (P<0.05)
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