SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FISH RESOURCES IN ERHAI LAKE BASED ON HYDROACOUSTICS AND CATCH SURVEY METHODS
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摘要:
为掌握洱海鱼类资源时空动态, 研究于2022—2023年采用水声学和渔获物调查方法评估洱海鱼类群落结构及其时空分布, 对鱼类群落结构、鱼类时空分布特征与环境因子之间的关系进行了研究和分析。研究共采集鉴定鱼类22种, 隶属于4目8科17属, 优势种为子陵吻虾虎鱼(Rhinogobius giurinus)。水声学调查结果显示: 4个季节鱼类TS值主要集中在–70— –58 dB (全长1.2—5.0 cm), 在夏、秋、冬和春季占比分别为88.40%、83.03%、84.53%和82.92%; 鱼类在夏、秋、冬和春季4个季度的平均目标强度分别为(–59.08±0.08)、(–54.99±0.15)、(–55.90±0.16)和(–58.07±0.18) dB, 鱼类密度分别为夏季(23851.61±889.30) ind./ha、秋季(14185.69±1106.54) ind./ha、冬季(2423.19±179.54) ind./ha和春季(3382.16±440.71) ind./ha。从各季节水平空间特征来看, 夏季和春季主要集中在北部区域。在垂直方向上, 夏、秋和春季均以2.5—6.5 m水层鱼类的占比较高, 占比分别为32.99%、30.65%和62.78%; 冬季以14.5—18.5 m水层鱼类占比较高, 占比为34.05%; 在冬季和春季鱼类在垂直方向上表现出明显的迁徙现象。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示, 水温(WT)、氨氮(NH3-N)、透明度(SD)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)等水体理化因子对洱海小型鱼类的分布具有明显影响。研究证明了水声学调查与渔获物调查相结合评估鱼类资源时空分布的可行性, 研究结果为洱海鱼类资源保护和恢复提供科学依据。
Abstract:Erhai Lake, the second largest plateau freshwater lake in Yunnan Province, is known for its unique fish resources. In order to understand the temporal and spatial dynamics of fish resources, we evaluated the community structure and spatial-temporal distribution of fish in Erhai Lake by using hydroacoustics and catch survey methods from 2022 to 2023 this study. Additionally, the relationship anmong fish community structure, fish distribution characteristics, and environmental factors was analyzed. A total of 22 fish species were identified in the fishery survey, belonging to 17 genera, 8 families, and 4 orders, with Rhinogobius giurinus being the dominant species. The hydroacoustic survey results showed that the TS value of fish mainly ranged from –70 to –58 dB (total length 1.2—5.0 cm) in four seasons, accounting for 88.40%, 83.03%, 84.53%, and 82.92% in summer, autumn, winter, and spring, respectively. The average target intensity of fish in summer, autumn, winter, and spring were (–59.08±0.08) dB, (–54.99±0.15) dB, (–55.90±0.16) dB, and (–58.07±0.18) dB, respectively. Fish densities were as follows: (23851.61±889.30) ind./ha in summer, (14185.69±1106.54) ind./ha in autumn, (2423.19±179.54) ind./ha in winter, and (3382.16±440.71) ind./ha in spring. Spatially, fish in summer and spring were primarily concentrated in the northern region. Vertically, a higher proportion of fish were found in the 2.5—6.5 m water layer during summer, autumn, and spring, accounting for 32.99%, 30.65%, and 62.78%, respectively, whereas in winter, 34.05% of the fish were found in the 14.5—18.5 m water layer. Significant vertical migration was observed in winter and spring. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that water temperature (WT), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), transparency (SD), and high salinity index (CODMn) significantly affected the distribution of small fish in Erhai Lake. This study demonstrates the feasibility of combining acoustic surveys with catch surveys to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of fish resources. The results provide a scientific basis for the protection and restoration of fish resources in Erhai Lake.
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Keywords:
- Hydroacoustics /
- Community structure /
- Spatial and temporal distribution /
- Erhai Lake
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图 1 洱海鱼类渔获物调查采样点分布及水声学调查走航路线图
Figure 1. Distribution of sampling points of fish gillnet survey and hydroacoustic survey line in Erhai Lake
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图 2 洱海鱼类目标强度分布季节变化
Figure 2. Seasonal variation of target intensity distribution of fish in Erhai Lake
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图 3 基于水声学和渔获物采样四个季度洱海鱼类全长分布
Figure 3. Total length distribution of fish in Erhai lake in four quarters based on hydroacoustics and catch sampling
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图 4 四个季度洱海鱼类密度水平分布
Figure 4. Horizontal distribution of fish density during four seasons in Erhai Lake
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图 5 洱海各季节不同水层鱼类密度垂直分布特征
Figure 5. Vertical distribution characteristics of fish density in different layers of Erhai Lake in different seasons
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表 1 Sonar5-Pro主要参数设置
Table 1 Main parameters of Sonar-5Pro
Sonar5-Pro参数项
Parameter of Sonar-5Pro参数设置
Parameter setting前景滤波器Foreground filter [1, 3] 背景滤波器Background [1, 55] 目标平滑滤波Target smooth filter [1, 3] 信号强度Signal length [3, 50] 最大增益补偿Maximum Gain Compensation 6 dB 目标强度阈值TS threshold –70 dB 最小标准脉宽Minimum normalized pulse length 0.6 ping 最大标准脉宽Maximum normalized pulse length 1.8 ping 门阀过滤范围Gating range 0.3 m 
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表 2 洱海鱼类群落结构特征
Table 2 The fish assemblage structure in Erhai Lake
科/种
Family/Species简称
Abbr.IRI 出现频率
Occurrence
frequency相对丰度
Relative
abundance (%)相对生物量
Relative
biomass (%)平均全长
Average total
length (cm)平均体重
Average body
weight (g)鲤科Cyprinidae 䱗Hemiculter leucisculus Hle 204.8 0.19 5.47 5.34 13.52 19.48 鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Hmo 490.12 0.12 1.04 41.44 36.42 718.94 鳙Aristichthys nobilis Ano 10.87 0.03 0.17 5.47 28.29 364.38 鲤Cyprinus carpio Cca 4.35 0.02 0.08 2.02 22 450.87 杞麓鲤Cyprinus carpio chilia Ccac 50.66 0.1 0.74 4.3 15.07 104.87 春鲤Cyprinus longipectoralis Clon 0.19 0.01 0.07 0.06 7.54 14.58 鲫Carassius auratus Cau 818.64 0.33 4.67 19.82 14.74 76.41 麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva Ppa 196.61 0.34 4.78 1 7.23 3.7 棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis Ari 0.54 0.03 0.13 0.08 10.41 10.98 兴凯鱊Acheilognathus chankaensis Acha 21.27 0.11 1.41 0.49 8.1 6.23 中华鳑鲏Rhodeus sinensis Rsi 0.03 0.01 0.03 0 4.63 1.04 光唇裂腹鱼Schizothorax lissolabiatus Slis 0.18 0.01 0.03 0.16 21.57 85.55 云南裂腹鱼Schizothorax yunnanensis Syu 0.03 0 0.01 0.08 25.1 126.77 灰裂腹鱼Schizothorax griseus Sgr 1.18 0.02 0.07 0.59 27.47 154.37 银鱼科Salangidae 陈氏新银鱼Neosalanx taihuensis Nta 7.99 0.06 1.29 0.06 7.03 0.96 胡瓜鱼科Osmeridae 西太公鱼Hypomesus nipponensis Hni 233.19 0.33 4.56 2.6 11.57 10.27 鳅科Cobitidae 泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Man 3.45 0.07 0.29 0.24 13.01 15.1 鲇科Siluridae 鲇Silurus asotus Sas 0.1 0.01 0.02 0.14 17.8 111.97 鲿科Bagridae 黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Pfu 637.41 0.34 5.07 13.5 15.69 48.37 沙塘鳢科Odontobutidae 小黄䱂鱼Micropercops swinhonis Msw 3.37 0.06 0.55 0.02 3.75 0.52 虾虎鱼科Gobiidae 子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus Rgi 2595.91 0.36 68 4.51 4.75 1.2 波氏吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius cliffordpopei Rcli 16.06 0.1 1.51 0.04 3.7 0.5 注: 加粗字体表示IRI >100, 为重要种或优势种Note: Bold font indicates IRI >100, which is an important or dominant species
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表 3 洱海鱼类群落在不同区域和不同季节间比较及多重比较
Table 3 Spatial and temporal comparison and pairwise comparison of fish community in Erhai Lake
项目Item 总方差
Sum of square均方(差)
Mean squareF统计量
F.Model方差贡献
Variation (R2)P值
P value北North vs. 南South 0.2775 0.2775 3.8675 0.1769 0.0240 北North vs. 中Middle 0.2576 0.2576 3.6129 0.1672 0.0170 南South vs. 中Middle 0.0425 0.0425 0.7171 0.0383 0.5684 春Spring vs. 冬Winter 2.2238 2.2238 14.1018 0.1956 0.0010 春Spring vs. 秋Autumn 1.2514 1.2514 7.3978 0.1131 0.0010 春Spring vs. 夏Summer 1.7772 1.7772 14.4169 0.1991 0.0010 冬Winter vs. 秋Autumn 2.7880 2.7880 15.7880 0.2140 0.0010 冬Winter vs. 夏Summer 0.7994 0.7994 6.1163 0.0954 0.0030 秋Autumn vs. 夏Summer 3.0759 3.0759 21.6365 0.2717 0.0010 注: 显著性的P值(<0.05)以粗体表示Note: Significant P-values (<0.05) are indicated in bold
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表 4 水声学方法估算洱海鱼类密度的季节变化
Table 4 Estimation of seasonal variation of fish density in Erhai Lake by hydroacoustic method
季节
Season鱼类密度Fish density (ind./ha) 最小值Min 最大值Max 平均值Mean±SE 夏季Summer
(2022年6月)42.90 632975.72 23851.61±889.30 秋季Autumn
(2022年9月)126.37 476144.70 14185.69±1106.54 冬季Winter
(2023年1月)19.01 128195.57 2423.19±179.54 春季Spring
(2023年3月)22.43 258473.69 3382.16±440.71
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表 5 水声学方法估算洱海鱼类密度的空间和季节变化
Table 5 Spatial and seasonal variation of fish density estimated by hydroacoustic method in Erhai Lake
区域
Distribution平均水深
Average water depth (m)鱼类密度Fish density (ind./ha, mean±SE) 夏Summer 秋Autumn 冬Winter 春Spring 北部 North 7.91 27861.52±1586.10 12085.29±1115.98 2292.67±371.56 4258.89±634.92 中部 Middle 13.2 23985.47±1383.46 16833.34±2126.29 2599.14±220.82 3162.82±2096.42 南部 South 7.98 22345.71±3413.35 12669.03±2221.77 5469.19±2277.60 2584.75±1695.83
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表 6 水声学方法估算洱海鱼类平均TS的空间和季节变化
Table 6 Spatial and seasonal variation of fish mean TS by hydroacoustic method in Erhai Lake
区域
Distribution水声学 TS均值mean±SE (dB) 夏Summer 秋Autumn 冬Winter 春Spring 北North –57.56±0.20 –60.96±0.25 –55.30±0.31 –58.92±0.24 中Middle –60.87±0.13 –57.55±0.21 –57.01±0.21 –62.60±0.39 南South –61.40±0.11 –60.56±0.24 61.97±0.30 –64.21±0.36
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表 7 水声学方法估算洱海不同水层间鱼类密度的季节变化
Table 7 Seasonal variation of fish density between different water layers estmaited by hydroacoustic method in Erhai Lake (mean±SE)
水深
Water depth (m)鱼类密度Fish density (ind./ha) 夏Summer 秋Autumn 冬Winter 春Spring 2.5—6.5 11358.76±613.35 7871.08±712.42 2068.64±174.19 5115.10±675.38 6.5—10.5 9088.55±459.34 7022.65±609.18 1115.07±129.38 1338.33±283.05 10.5—14.5 6162.42±690.32 5421.32±545.03 1465.15±263.13 730.78±270.20 14.5—18.5 3747.19±322.90 2532.82±915.72 2259.99±218.37 462.72±236.50 18.5—22.5 2066.50±482.06 2763.42±518.12 907.61±136.69 46.94±0.00
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