THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF FUNCTIONAL ZONING FOR ECOLOGICAL WATERWAYS AND ITS PRACTICE IN THE YANGTZE RIVER
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摘要:
长江“生态航道”建设在支持区域经济发展、河流生态与航运效益协同方面具有重要意义, 同时也为全球河流治理的生态化转型提供了参考路径。文章系统回顾了“生态航道”理念的发展历程与长江流域的实践经验, 基于河流功能视角重新阐释了“航道”的概念, 提出其应被视为基于航运需求划定的功能区而非河流实体。结合长江航道整治的实践, 文章分析了当前建设中存在的生态措施缺乏系统性规划和评估体系的复杂化两个核心问题, 并从功能区划的科学性、技术体系的生态性和评估框架的高效性三个方面提出优化路径。文章提出, 通过强化航运功能与生态功能的动态平衡、优化功能区划与技术协同设计, 以及构建聚焦河流生态功能的精简评估体系, 可实现航运效益与生态保护的协调发展。文章为长江“生态航道”的可持续建设提供系统化理论依据, 并为国际河流航道生态化发展提供借鉴。
Abstract:The construction of ecological waterways in the Yangtze River plays a pivotal role in fostering regional economic growth while harmonizing river ecology and navigation efficiency. It also serves as a valuable model for the global ecological transformation of river management. This paper systematically reviews the evolution of the ecological waterway concept and its practical implementation in the Yangtze River Basin. From a river functionality perspective, it redefines the “waterway” as a functional zone delineated based on navigation needs, rather than as a physical river entity. Building on insights from Yangtze River waterway regulation projects, the study identifies two primary challenges in current ecological waterway development: the lack of systematic planning for ecological measures and the complexity of evaluation frameworks. To address these issues, the paper proposes optimization strategies in three key areas: enhancing the scientific precision of functional zoning, integrating ecological principles into technical systems, and streamlining evaluation frameworks to focus on core ecological functions of rivers. By promoting a dynamic balance between navigation and ecological functions, refining zoning and technical coordination, and establishing concise and targeted assessment frameworks, the study highlights pathways to achieve a sustainable alignment of navigation efficiency and ecological preservation. This research provides a robust theoretical foundation for the sustainable development of ecological waterways in the Yangtze River and offers actionable insights for advancing ecological river management worldwide.
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图 1 航道设置未改变河流地貌和水力特征(a)及航道整治工程直接影响鱼类重要栖息地(b)
Figure 1. The channel setting has not changed the topography and hydraulic characteristics of the river (a), and the waterway regulation project directly affects the important habitats of fish (b)
表 1 “生态航道”理念下的航道整治工程实践
Table 1 Implementation of waterway regulation projects within the framework of “Ecological Waterway” concept
案例名称Case 工程技术措施Main characteristics and measures 生态效果Ecological effect 长江下游南京段12.5 m深水航道[6] 淤积土吹填上滩形成陆域, 保育自然滩涂, 促进滩涂植被生长, 筑建丁坝, 抛填扭王字块 确保了长江口滩槽河势稳定, 扩大了滩涂生态面积, 增强了长江口深水航道及两侧滩槽格局稳定性[21], 并成功形成了人工牡蛎礁生态系统 长江中游武汉至安庆段航道[7] 开展河流局部生态修复, 实施生态护岸, 建设湿地与生态涵养试验区, 铺设透水框架和鱼巢等生态友好型结构 保证了河势稳定, 提高了护岸绿化率, 改善了滩面生境, 透水框架与鱼巢排有助于底沙沉积和有机质富集, 从而提供了更为稳定的鱼类栖息地[22] 长江中游荆江河段航道[23] 实施大面积生态固滩工程, 设置深槽护底带、护滩(底)带、高滩守护带等, 广泛采用透水框架和鱼巢砖等生态友好型结构 保障了浅水河槽及洲滩稳定, 成功形成了良好的洲滩湿地, 并被交通运输部评为“全国内河航道生态环保示范工程” 长江上游朝天门至涪陵段航道[8] 采用环保清礁工艺清除碍航礁石, 弃渣不再抛填于鱼类栖息的深潭, 而是堆砌成水下浅梗以重新营造鱼类生境 成功营造4个适应长江上游鱼类的生境区, 面积约100万m2, 并增设了人工鱼礁, 有利于底栖生物和底层鱼类的生态恢复[24] 长江上游重庆至宜宾段航道(规划建设)[25] 拟结合航道疏浚工程修复历史采砂破坏的洲滩, 建设鱼骨坝群并采用疏浚土回填固滩; 清礁石料等将用于鱼类生境营造 旨在解决上游洲滩清水冲刷问题, 通过回淤恢复原有滩貌、稳定河势并避免串沟, 从而对洲滩的鱼类栖息地的恢复起到积极作用 
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