黄鳝幼鳝对饲料中锌需求量的研究

周磊涛; 黄广华; 周秋白; 梁立文; 胡运松; 陈恺文; 陈希环; 黄浩; 王自蕊; 霍欢欢; 吴红翔

doi:10.7541/2024.2024.0417

黄鳝幼鳝对饲料中锌需求量的研究

周磊涛^1,,
黄广华^1,,
周秋白^{1, 2, 3, ,},
梁立文¹,
胡运松¹,
陈恺文¹,
陈希环¹,
黄浩¹,
王自蕊^{1, 2, 3},
霍欢欢^{1, 2, 3},
吴红翔¹

1.
江西农业大学动物科学技术学院, 南昌 330045
2.
江西农业大学特种水产研究所, 南昌 330045
3.
南昌市特色水生生物营养生理与健康养殖重点实验室, 南昌 330045

基金项目: 国家现代农业产业技术体系专项资金(CARS-46)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
周磊涛(1998—), 男, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水产动物营养。E-mail: 972185054@qq.com

黄广华(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水产动物营养。E-mail: 1806519795@qq.com　*共同第一作者

通信作者:
周秋白, 教授, 博士生导师; E-mail: zhouqiubai@163.com

中图分类号: S965.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-12-17
- 修回日期: 2024-01-23
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-20
- 刊出日期: 2024-07-14

DIETARY ZINC REQUIREMENT OF JUVENILE MONOPTERUS ALBUS

1.
College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
2.
Institute of Special Fisheries, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
3.
Nanchang Key Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Healthy Aquaculture of Characteristic Aquatic Organisms, Nanchang 330045, China

Funds: Supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-46)

Corresponding author:

摘要

摘要:
为探究黄鳝(Monopterus albus)对锌的适宜需求量, 以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源, 鱼油和豆油为脂肪源配制基础实验饲料, 以甘氨酸锌(Zn²⁺≥21%)为锌源在基础饲料中分别添加0、10、20、40、80、160和320 mg/kg的锌, 制成7种不同锌水平的饲料(实际锌含量分别为48.24、60.79、70.25、88.04、123.88、204.35和381.65 mg/kg干物质), 饲喂初始体重为(23.17±0.04) g的黄鳝 60d, 以增重率、特定生长率、脊椎骨锌含量和血清碱性磷酸酶活性等指标综合评价黄鳝锌的需求量。结果表明: (1)各组的增重率、特定生长率随饲料锌水平呈先上升后下降趋势, 存活率呈下降趋势, 60.79组和70.25 mg/kg组黄鳝的增重率和特定生长率较高, 381.65 mg/kg组增重率、特定生长率和存活率均最低且显著低于48.24—70.25 mg/kg组, 以增重率和特定生长率为评价指标, 黄鳝幼鳝对锌的需求量分别为56.85和56.79 mg/kg。(2)随着饲料锌水平的升高, 全鱼粗蛋白含量呈先上升后下降趋势, 70.25 mg/kg组最高, 粗脂肪呈先下降后平缓的趋势, 48.24 mg/kg组显著高于其他组, 全鱼锌含量升高、锌沉积率呈先上升后下降的趋势, 黄鳝脊椎骨、肝脏、皮肤和肾脏中锌含量显著增加, 脊椎骨锌含量呈先显著上升后平缓的现象; 肌肉中锌含量变化不明显; 全鱼铁、锰、铜、骨铁和骨锰含量呈下降趋势, 骨磷和骨钙含量呈先上升后下降趋势, 以脊椎骨锌含量为评价指标, 黄鳝对锌的需求量为81.01 mg/kg。(3)随着饲料锌水平的升高, 黄鳝血清碱性磷酸酶活力和白蛋白含量呈先上升后下降的趋势, 在88.04 mg/kg组最高且显著高于204.35—381.65 mg/kg组, 以血清碱性磷酸酶活力为评价指标, 黄鳝幼鳝对锌的需求量为76.73 mg/kg。溶菌酶活力呈先上升后下降的趋势, 60.79 mg/kg组显著高于其他组, 381.65 mg/kg组血清谷丙转氨酶活性最高且显著高于48.24—70.25 mg/kg组。综合饲料锌水平对黄鳝生长性能、体成分、组织锌沉积和血清生化指标的影响, 黄鳝饲料中适宜的锌需求量为56.79—81.01 mg/kg。黄鳝皮肤、脊椎骨和肝脏较肌肉更易沉积锌。
- 生长性能 /
- 锌 /
- 组织锌沉积 /
- 生化指标 /
- 黄鳝
Abstract:
In order to determine the optimal feed zinc requirement for Monopterus albus, we formulated basic experimental diets using fish meal and soybean meal as protein sources, and fish oil and soybean oil as fat sources. Seven experimental diet groups were created by sequentially adding glycine zinc as the zinc source to the basic group, resulting in zinc concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 mg/kg. Monopterus albus with an initial body weight of (23.17±0.04) g were fed these diets for 60d, resulting in actual zinc contents of 48.24, 60.79, 70.25, 88.04, 123.88, 204.35, and 381.65 mg/kg dry matter, respectively. The zinc demand of Monopterus albus was comprehensively evaluated by weight gain rate, specific growth rate, vertebral bone zinc content and serum alkaline phosphatase activity. The results showed as follows: (1) The weight gain rate and specific growth rate initially increased and then decreased with dietary zinc level. Survival rate exhibited a declining trend. The 60.79 and 70.25 mg/kg groups showed higher weight gain and specific growth rates compared to other groups. The 381.65 mg/kg group had the lowest rates, significantly lower than the 48.24—70.25 mg/kg group. Based on gain rate and specific growth rate, the zinc demand for Monopterus albus was 56.85 and 56.79 mg/kg, respectively. (2) With increasing dietary zinc level, whole fish crude protein initially increased and then decreased, peaking in the 70.25 mg/kg group. Whole fish crude fat exhibited an initial decrease followed by a slowdown, with the 48.24 mg/kg group significantly higher than others. Zinc content in the whole body increased, and zinc deposition rate followed an initial increase and subsequent decrease. The content of zinc in various tissues (vertebrae, liver, skin and kidney) increased significantly, with vertebrae zinc content peaking before leveling off. Bone phosphorus and calcium content increased and then decreased. Considering zinc content in vertebral bone, the zinc demand for Monopterus albus was 81.01 mg/kg. (3) With the increase of dietary zinc level, Monopterus albus exhibited a pattern of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing serum alkaline phosphatase activity and albumin content. The apex of these parameters was observed in the 88.04 mg/kg group, surpassing significantly the range of 204.35—381.65 mg/kg. Utilizing serum alkaline phosphatase activity as the evaluation index, the zinc demand of Monopterus albus juveniles was determined to be 76.73 mg/kg. Lysozyme activity demonstrated an initial rise followed by a decline, with the 60.79 mg/kg group exhibiting a marked superiority over the other groups. The serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the 381.65 mg/kg group reached the highest levels, significantly higher than that in the 48.24—70.25 mg/kg group. In conclusion, considering the effects of dietary zinc levels on growth performance, nutrient composition, tissue znic deposition, and serum biochemical indexes of Monopterus albus, the appropriate zinc demand in the diet ranges from 56.79 to 81.01 mg/kg. Additionally, the skin, spine, and liver of Monopterus albus exhibit higher susceptibility to zinc deposition than muscle.
- Growth performance /
- Zinc /
- Tissue zinc deposition /
- Biochemical indicato /
- Monopterus albus

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图 1 增重率与饲料锌水平的关系

Figure 1. Relationship between weight gain rate and dietary zinc level

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图 2 特定生长率与饲料锌水平的关系

Figure 2. Relationship between specific growth rate and dietary zinc level

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图 3 黄鳝不同组织锌的相对含量与饲料锌水平的关系

Figure 3. Relationship between the relative content of zinc in the different tissues of Monopterus albus and dietary zinc level

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图 4 脊椎骨锌含量与饲料锌水平的关系

Figure 4. Relationship between zinc content in vertebrae and dietary zinc level

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图 5 血清碱性磷酸酶活力与饲料锌水平的关系

Figure 5. Relationship between serum alkaline phosphatase activity and dietary zinc level

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表 1 实验饲料组成及营养水平(干物质)

Table 1 Composition and nutritional level of experimental feed ingredients (dry matter)

原料Ingredient	组别Group
原料Ingredient	48.24	60.79	70.25	88.04	123.88	204.35	381.65
鱼粉Fish meal	360	360	360	360	360	360	360
豆粕Soybean meal	150	150	150	150	150	150	150
复合蛋白粉Concentrate protein meal¹	160	160	160	160	160	160	160
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal	40	40	40	40	40	40	40
小麦Wheat meal	200	200	200	200	200	200	200
碎米Broken rice	30	30	30	30	30	30	30
磷酸二氢钙Ca(H₂PO₄)₂	15	15	15	15	15	15	15
预混料Premix²	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
鱼油﹕豆油(1﹕1) Fish oil﹕Soybean oil (1﹕1)	30	30	30	30	30	30	30
氯化胆碱Choline chloride	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
甘氨酸锌Gly-Zn	0	0.05	0.10	0.19	0.38	0.76	1.52
合计Total	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000
营养成分Proximate composition (%)³
干物质Dry matter	91.93	91.96	92.25	92.07	91.98	91.93	92.00
粗蛋白CP	49.87	50.07	50.00	49.98	49.81	50.11	49.87
粗脂肪EE	7.42	7.50	7.54	7.53	7.38	7.40	7.42
灰分Ash	11.70	11.82	11.92	12.05	12.04	12.08	12.25
总钙Total calcium	2.38	2.39	2.42	2.49	2.48	2.49	2.45
总磷Total phosphorus	1.47	1.52	1.50	1.51	1.41	1.42	1.46
锌水平Dietary zinc levels (mg/kg)	48.24	60.79	70.25	88.04	123.88	204.35	381.65
注: ¹复合蛋白粉主要为虾粉The composite protein powder is mainly shrimp powder; ²预混料为每千克饲料提供 The premix provide the following per kg of diets: VA 6000.0 IU, VD 2000.0 IU, VE 100.0 mg, VK 5.0 mg, VB₁ 15.0 mg, VB₂ 15.0 mg, 烟酸niacin 30.0 mg, VB₆ 10.0 mg, 泛酸 pantothenate acid 25.0 mg, 叶酸folic acid 0.2 mg, VB₁₂ 0.03 mg, 生物素 biotin 0.2 mg, 肌醇 inositol 100 mg, VC 200.0 mg(以颗粒饲料表面喷涂的形式添加Added in the form of surface spraying of pellet feed), Fe 150 mg, Mn 20 mg, Cu 35 mg, Co 0.1 mg, I 0.35 mg, Se 0.1 mg, Mg 50 mg, K 50 mg; ³营养成分为实测值 Nutrient composition is measured value

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表 2 饲料锌水平对养殖水体Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu含量的影响(平均值±标准误, n=8)

Table 2 Effects of dietary zinc level on the contents of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in aquaculture water (mean±SE, n=8)

元素Element (µg/L)	饲料锌水平Dietary zinc levels (mg/kg)
元素Element (µg/L)	48.24	60.79	70.25	88.04	123.88	204.35	381.65
锌Zn	36.63±1.78^a	34.99±1.47^a	39.24±2.36^a	38.17±1.72^a	39.19±2.38^a	41.34±2.06^a	49.78±2.45^b
铁Fe	42.92±1.62	42.59±1.68	43.00±1.48	42.41±1.19	42.16±0.96	42.13±2.00	41.67±0.92
锰Mn	11.20±1.45	10.87±2.24	10.81±1.11	10.86±1.22	12.84±1.90	13.04±2.71	13.07±1.31
铜Cu	24.05±2.85	20.46±1.83	21.02±1.87	22.62±2.07	20.82±2.22	20.67±2.21	17.37±1.18
注: 同一行相同右上角含有相同英文上标字母或无上标表示无显著差异 (P≥0.05), 含有不同英文上标字母表示有显著差异 (P<0.05);下同Note: There is no significant difference in the same upper right corner of the same line with the same English superscript letter or without superscript (P≥0.05), and there is significant difference with different English superscript letter (P<0.05). The same applies below

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表 3 饲料锌水平对黄鳝生长性能的影响(平均值±标准误, n=4)

Table 3 Effects of dietary zinc levels on growth performance of Monopterus albus (mean±SE, n=4)

指标Index	饲料锌水平Dietary zinc level (mg/kg)
指标Index	48.24	60.79	70.25	88.04	123.88	204.35	381.65
初均重IBW (g)	23.20±0.01	23.15±0.06	23.17±0.06	23.20±0.01	23.17±0.06	23.17±0.06	23.20±0.01
末均重FBW (g)	41.20±0.69^bcd	43.03±0.82^d	42.70±0.87^cd	40.55±0.05^bcd	40.03±1.08^abc	39.70±0.40^ab	37.23±0.90^a
增重率WGR (%)	77.77±3.06^bcd	85.75±3.36^d	84.20±3.74^cd	74.95±0.05^bcd	72.82±4.61^bc	71.37±1.93^ab	60.57±3.91^a
特定生长率SGR (%/d)	0.96±0.03^bcd	1.03±0.03^d	1.02±0.03^cd	0.93±0.01^bcd	0.91±0.04^bc	0.90±0.02^b	0.79±0.04^a
饲料系数FCR	1.16±0.04	1.18±0.03	1.19±0.04	1.22±0.03	1.23±0.05	1.22±0.05	1.25±0.11
存活率SR (%)	100.00±0.00^b	100.00±0.00^b	98.57±0.83^b	97.86±0.71^ab	97.14±1.17^ab	97.20±1.17^ab	94.29±2.33^a

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表 4 饲料锌水平对黄鳝全鱼营养成分的影响(平均值±标准误, n=4)

Table 4 Effects of dietary zinc levels on nutrient composition of whole body of Monopterus albus (mean±SE, n=4)

成分 Composition (%)	饲料锌水平Dietary zinc levels (mg/kg)
成分 Composition (%)	48.24	60.79	70.25	88.04	123.88	204.35	381.65
水分Moisture	72.50±0.19	72.55±0.40	72.18±0.43	72.43±0.17	72.17±0.01	72.31±0.22	72.67±0.13
粗蛋白Crude protein	16.59±0.15^a	16.61±0.02^a	17.13±0.03^b	17.08±0.02^b	16.53±0.01^a	16.48±0.18^a	16.61±0.08^a
粗脂肪Crude lipid	6.83±0.15^c	6.67±0.05^bc	6.45±0.02^ab	6.39±0.06^a	6.52±0.05^ab	6.55±0.04^ab	6.59±0.03^ab
粗灰分Crude ash	2.19±0.02	2.22±0.01	2.23±0.01	2.22±0.01	2.18±0.02	2.22±0.02	2.22±0.01

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表 5 饲料锌水平对黄鳝组织锌含量的影响(干物质; 平均值±标准误, n=4)

Table 5 Effects of dietary zinc levels on tissue zinc content in Monopterus albus (dry matter; mean±SE, n=4)

指标Index (mg/kg)	饲料锌水平 Dietary zinc level (mg/kg)
指标Index (mg/kg)	48.24	60.79	70.25	88.04	123.88	204.35	381.65
肌肉Muscle	51.31±1.18^a	51.35±1.17^a	49.83±0.88^a	50.02±0.57^a	52.55±1.37^a	52.73±0.01^a	52.00±0.47^a
脊椎骨Vertebra	34.87±2.06^a	41.03±3.28^a	53.00±1.73^b	59.36±2.34^bc	61.18±3.24^bc	64.58±0.74^c	66.93±4.15^c
肝脏Liver	23.78±0.20^a	24.49±1.03^a	26.57±1.04^a	24.47±1.16^a	34.36±0.07^b	34.94±1.04^b	45.64±1.70^c
皮肤Skin	21.89±0.43^a	23.55±0.39^a	25.96±1.21^ab	28.91±0.31^b	39.6±1.24^c	43.46±0.67^c	51.75±2.38^d
肠道Intestine	77.96±1.09^a	81.99±2.82^a	84.09±4.05^a	85.69±2.71^a	87.61±3.83^ab	95.55±0.92^b	100.98±1.89^c
肾脏Kidney	34.32±0.51^a	35.04±1.26^a	37.14±0.73^a	48.28±0.91^b	48.97±1.55^b	46.16±0.78^b	54.32±0.49^c

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表 6 饲料锌水平对黄鳝全鱼矿物质含量的影响(干物质; 平均值±标准误, n=4)

Table 6 Effects of dietary zinc level on mineral content in whole body of Monopterus albus (dry matter; mean±SE, n=4)

指标Index (mg/kg)	饲料锌水平Dietary zinc level (mg/kg)
指标Index (mg/kg)	48.24	60.79	70.25	88.04	123.88	204.35	381.65
锌Zn	35.27±0.88^a	41.81±0.94^b	44.42±0.21^bc	44.70±1.51^bc	46.28±0.97^c	48.20±1.73^cd	51.18±0.51^d
铁Fe	44.17±0.75^d	41.64±2.20^cd	41.12±1.02^cd	41.34±1.34^cd	39.22±1.09^bc	35.94±0.33^ab	33.37±0.89^a
锰Mn	11.59±0.50^b	11.13±0.85^ab	10.46±0.09^ab	9.86±0.34^a	10.26±0.29^ab	10.45±0.31^ab	10.29±0.26^ab
铜Cu	5.28±0.01^b	4.78±0.05^ab	4.55±0.15^a	4.26±0.22^a	4.40±0.23^a	4.29±0.03^a	4.32±0.23^a
锌沉积率Znic RR (%)	58.98±1.01^e	62.67±0.59^e	62.15±1.80^e	50.02±1.05^d	38.18±1.83^c	24.95±0.81^b	13.92±1.20^a

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表 7 饲料锌水平对黄鳝脊椎骨矿物质含量的影响 (平均值±标准误, n=4)

Table 7 Effects of dietary zinc level on bone mineral content in the vertebrae of Monopterus albus (mean±SE, n=4)

指标Index	饲料锌水平 Dietary zinc level (mg/kg)
指标Index	48.24	60.79	70.25	88.04	123.88	204.35	381.65
灰分Ash (%)	39.60±0.04^a	39.74±0.16^a	40.27±0.02^b	40.87±0.15^c	40.29±0.25^b	39.64±0.15^a	39.81±0.02^a
钙Ca (%)	12.58±0.33^a	12.84±0.11^ab	13.22±0.05^ab	13.52±0.23^b	13.48±0.34^b	13.37±0.25^b	13.32±0.28^ab
磷P (%)	7.37±0.13^a	7.46±0.06^ab	7.75±0.04^bc	7.82±0.02^c	7.75±0.07^bc	7.68±0.17^abc	7.53±0.13^ab
锌Zn (mg/kg)	34.87±2.06^a	41.03±3.28^a	53.00±1.73^b	59.36±2.34^bc	61.18±3.24^bc	64.58±0.74^c	66.93±4.15^c
铁Fe (mg/kg)	126.96±2.84^d	119.24±1.30^c	112.29±1.29^b	110.27±0.25^ab	106.17±0.99^a	106.24±1.15^a	105.70±1.23^a
锰Mn (mg/kg)	121.31±0.22^b	114.76±3.08^b	98.75±1.72^a	102.32±4.06^a	102.74±0.55^a	101.68±0.45^a	104.29±1.13^a
铜Cu (mg/kg)	1.62±0.01	1.55±0.01	1.61±0.01	1.63±0.01	1.56±0.05	1.61±0.11	1.55±0.01

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表 8 饲料锌水平对黄鳝血清生化指标的影响(平均值±标准误, n=6)

Table 8 Effects of dietary zinc level on serum biochemical indexes of Monopterus albus (mean±SE, n=6)

指标Index	饲料锌水平Dietary zinc levels (mg/kg)
指标Index	48.24	60.79	70.25	88.04	123.88	204.35	381.65
碱性磷酸酶ALP (U/L)	8.62±0.27^ab	9.35±0.77^ab	9.92±0.87^ab	10.58±1.01^b	9.63±0.89^ab	7.91±1.11^a	7.50±0.10^a
谷丙转氨酶GPT (U/L)	2.61±0.28^a	2.47±0.46^a	2.70±0.50^a	2.96±0.52^ab	3.74±0.08^ab	3.67±0.55^ab	4.18±0.40^b
谷草转氨酶GOT(U/L)	13.52±1.12	12.06±0.60	13.84±1.11	14.04±1.36	13.99±1.50	13.86±1.11	14.49±0.24
总蛋白TP (g/L)	68.16±1.44	66.55±0.49	67.16±0.78	68.54±0.82	66.26±1.37	67.68±0.86	68.68±1.72
白蛋白ALB (g/L)	7.72±0.16^abc	7.75±0.41^abc	8.09±0.57^bc	8.60±0.40^c	7.32±0.26^ab	7.39±0.38^ab	6.68±0.27^a
溶菌酶LZM (µg/mL)	8.99±0.13^b	10.13±0.15^d	9.58±0.11^c	8.79±0.21^b	8.81±0.15^b	8.52±0.15^ab	8.10±0.19^a

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黄鳝幼鳝对饲料中锌需求量的研究

作者简介: 周磊涛(1998—), 男, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水产动物营养。E-mail: 972185054@qq.com 黄广华(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水产动物营养。E-mail: 1806519795@qq.com *共同第一作者

通信作者: 周秋白, 教授, 博士生导师; E-mail: zhouqiubai@163.com

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DIETARY ZINC REQUIREMENT OF JUVENILE MONOPTERUS ALBUS

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作者简介:
周磊涛(1998—), 男, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水产动物营养。E-mail: 972185054@qq.com

黄广华(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水产动物营养。E-mail: 1806519795@qq.com　*共同第一作者

通信作者:
周秋白, 教授, 博士生导师; E-mail: zhouqiubai@163.com