基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统“十年禁渔”效果评估

杨舒帆, 叶少文, 徐军, 黎明政, 刘焕章

杨舒帆, 叶少文, 徐军, 黎明政, 刘焕章. 基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统“十年禁渔”效果评估[J]. 水生生物学报, 2024, 48(8): 1402-1413. DOI: 10.7541/2024.2023.0429
引用本文: 杨舒帆, 叶少文, 徐军, 黎明政, 刘焕章. 基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统“十年禁渔”效果评估[J]. 水生生物学报, 2024, 48(8): 1402-1413. DOI: 10.7541/2024.2023.0429
YANG Shu-Fan, YE Shao-Wen, XU Jun, LI Ming-Zheng, LIU Huan-Zhang. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS ON “10-YEAR FISHING BAN” IN POYANG LAKE ECOSYSTEM BASED ON ECOPATH MODEL[J]. ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 48(8): 1402-1413. DOI: 10.7541/2024.2023.0429
Citation: YANG Shu-Fan, YE Shao-Wen, XU Jun, LI Ming-Zheng, LIU Huan-Zhang. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS ON “10-YEAR FISHING BAN” IN POYANG LAKE ECOSYSTEM BASED ON ECOPATH MODEL[J]. ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 48(8): 1402-1413. DOI: 10.7541/2024.2023.0429

基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统“十年禁渔”效果评估

基金项目: 湖北省重点研发计划(2023BCB039和2021BBA088); 国家自然科学基金(32201425); 知识创新专项-基础研究项目 (2022020801010141)资助
详细信息
    作者简介:

    杨舒帆(1999—), 女, 博士; 研究方向为鱼类生态学。E-mail: 15617158338@163.com

    通信作者:

    黎明政(1985—), 男, 博士; 主要从事鱼类生态学研究。E-mail: liming_189@ihb.ac.cn

    刘焕章(1966—), 男, 博士, 研究员; 主要从事进化生物学和保护生物学研究。E-mail: hzliu@ihb.ac.cn *共同通信作者

  • 中图分类号: S932.2

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS ON “10-YEAR FISHING BAN” IN POYANG LAKE ECOSYSTEM BASED ON ECOPATH MODEL

Funds: Supported by the Key R & D Program of Hubei Province (2023BCB039 and 2021BBA088); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201425); Nowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Basic Research (2022020801010141)
    Corresponding author:
  • 摘要:

    基于渔业资源调查数据构建了鄱阳湖禁渔前后(2018和2021年)的生态系统Ecopath模型, 比较了两个时期生态系统规模、食物网及营养结构、能量流动、系统稳定性等特征的变化, 以评估“十年禁渔”措施的效果。结果表明: 在“十年禁渔”政策实施后, 鄱阳湖生态系统规模扩大了8.07%, 总生物量增加了35.7%; 生态系统的能量与物质转换效率由10.7%增长到11.3%, 能够恢复到1998年水平; 生态系统成熟度、稳定性增强; 食物网的高营养指标从28.6%增长到35.7%, 食物链长度从3.63增长到3.86。综上所述, 禁渔之后鄱阳湖生态系统规模扩大, 各功能组间的营养交互关系变强, 生态系统的物质流转速度和物质再循环的比例升高, 复杂性、稳定性和成熟度增加, 表明“十年禁渔”政策已取得明显成效。

    Abstract:

    Based on fishery resource survey data, Ecopath models were constructed before and after the fishing ban in Poyang Lake (2018 and 2021) to evaluate the effectiveness of the “10-Year Fishing Ban” policy on ecosystem. Comparisons were made regarding differences in ecosystem scale, food web and nutrient structure, energy flow characteristics, and system stability between the two periods. The results indicate a notable expansion in the scale of the ecosystem by 8.07%, accompanied by a substantial increase in total biomass by 35.7%. Moreover, the energy and material transfer efficiency of the ecosystem experienced an improvement from 10.7% to 11.3%, which is close to the historical level of 1998 (11%). Furthermore, there was an enhancement in ecosystem maturity and stability. The high nutritional index of the food web increased from 28.6% to 35.7%, while the length of the food chain increased from 3.63 to 3.86. In summary, following the fishing ban, the Poyang Lake ecosystem exhibited increased complexity, stability, and maturity, with stronger nutritional interactions among various functional groups. The speed of material circulation and the proportion of material recycling in the ecosystem also increased, indicating that the “10-Year Fishing Ban” policy has achieved significant positive outcomes.

  • 觅食是动物最重要的行为之一, 动物通过觅食活动为机体提供营养物质[1, 2]。当食物资源匮乏时, 不良的营养状况还会造成动物机体运动性能和逃避捕食者能力的下降[3]。因此鱼类通常会增加觅食活动以避免遭受饥饿胁迫[4]。然而, 频繁的觅食活动不仅会加剧能量的消耗, 还会导致被捕食者发现的概率上升[5]。因此, 鱼类在觅食和生存之间存在权衡, 而自身营养状况可能成为影响该权衡平衡点的重要因素[6]。此外, 环境中的捕食压力同样可能影响该权衡[7, 8]。因此, 鱼类如何衡量机体能量储备状况和捕食压力, 评估风险并调整相应的反捕食策略, 与其生存和繁衍息息相关。

    动物常通过集群行为来有效地提高觅食效率并降低被捕食的风险[9, 10]。例如鱼群在遭遇饥饿或捕食压力时, 通常会在成群的频率和持续时间等集群特征上发生改变, 以应对饥饿或捕食胁迫[4, 11, 12]。以往有关饥饿和捕食压力对鱼群成群动态影响的研究主要关注同质性鱼群(例如, 群体中全部为饥饿成员)的行为变化。然而在自然界中, 早期生活史及资源竞争能力的个体差异使得鱼群中不同成员很可能在饥饿程度上存在差异, 个体间进行觅食和避敌行为的生态收益和代价也会因此而不同。既然群体中不同成员的利益可能存在严重分歧, 那此时群体形态如何变化, 群体如何决策则是非常有意义的科学问题。由此, 研究饥饿个体占比不同鱼群的集群行为具有重要的生态学意义, 然而相关研究却鲜见报道。

    为了探知饥饿个体占比对鱼群成群动态的影响, 本研究选取喜好集群生活的德玛森小岩鲷(Chindongo demasoni)幼鱼为实验对象。德玛森小岩鲷为慈鲷科, 小岩鲷属, 原产自非洲坦桑尼亚的Malawi湖, 为淡水、底栖、热带鱼类, 生境结构复杂[13]。研究采用设置了隐蔽所臂和食物臂的六臂迷宫, 观测无干扰及捕食刺激[白鹭(Egretta garzetta)模型]条件下不同鱼群(8尾构成一个鱼群, 共包含5种鱼群, 其中饥饿个体分别占0、1、4、7和8尾)在迷宫不同区域(包括隐蔽所臂、食物臂、空白臂和中心区域)的分布状况、群体成群频率和持续时间等集群参数。本研究旨在探究(1)鱼群的空间分布和成群动态是否受鱼群中饥饿个体占比的影响? (2)饥饿个体占比不同的鱼群对捕食风险的反应是否存在差异? (3)通过鱼群组成和行为反应的关联探讨鱼群决策的可能机制。

    德玛森小岩鲷幼鱼购于当地市场。将实验鱼放入实验室自净化循环控温水槽[(25±1)℃, 容水量约150 L]中驯养3周, 实验用水为曝气24h的自来水, 使用充气泵增氧保证溶氧水平≥7 mg/L, 日换水量约为水体的10%, 光周期为12L﹕12D。在驯养期间每日9:00用商业颗粒饲料饱足投喂1次, 1h后用虹吸法清除残饵与粪便。

    本实验的装置为实验室自制六臂径向迷宫(图 1)[12]。该迷宫由1.5 cm厚的白色PVC板组成, 中心区域是一个边长为20 cm的规则六边形, 周围为6个长方形的辐射臂(长42 cm×宽20 cm×高20 cm)。迷宫内部覆盖一层白色广告纸, 以减少外界干扰。将塑料水草和鹅卵石随机放入迷宫的一个臂中作为隐蔽所臂, 再将自制食物供给装置随机固定在迷宫的另外任一臂中作为食物臂[14]。在实验时, 水深保持在10 cm[12], 温度控制在(25±1)℃。将高清摄像头(罗技C920)安装在装置正上方进行拍摄。

    图  1  本研究使用的六臂径向迷宫结构示意图
    A. 圆形水槽; B.六臂径向迷宫; 图示中Ⅰ. 隐蔽所臂; Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ. 空白臂; Ⅴ. 食物臂; Ⅶ. 中心区域。每次实验前隐蔽所臂和食物臂的位置在6个臂中进行随机更换。
    Figure  1.  Schematic drawing of the radial arm maze used in the present study
    A. circular water tank; B. radial arm maze; Ⅰ. shelter arm; Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅵ. blank arm; Ⅴ: food arm; Ⅶ. center area. For each test, arms are chosen randomly to serve as shelter arm or food arm

    驯养结束后挑选身体健康, 大小接近的德玛森小岩鲷幼鱼[体重: (1.66±0.54) g; 体长: (4.21±0.54) cm]用于后续正式的实验测定。分别选取饥饿(禁食10d)或正常摄食(禁食24h)的实验鱼组成5种不同的异质性鱼群(5种鱼群正常摄食和饥饿鱼比例分别为: 8﹕0、7﹕1、4﹕4、1﹕7和0﹕8, 以下简称为8F0S、7F1S、4F4S、1F7S和0F8S, F为正常投喂个体, S为饥饿个体)。将实验鱼群(每组8尾)带水转移到迷宫中心区域的适应装置(不透明塑料管, 直径约15 cm)中适应10min, 随后小心移除适应装置进行20min拍摄。在拍摄的第17min通过移动金属杆控制捕食者白鹭(Egretta garzetta)模型(白鹭标本, 长28 cm, 固定在一根金属杆的一端)在迷宫上方实现盘旋和俯冲, 对实验鱼进行持续10s的模拟捕食刺激[14]。每种鱼群组成测定8个重复。视频经格式转换后使用Matlab分析以获取每尾实验鱼的位置, 用于评估迷宫中每个部分(中心区域和每个臂)中包含的个体数量[15]。视频的前10min作为不同鱼群在无干扰条件下的成群动态, 而模拟捕食刺激前后1min的数据[16]用来比较捕食风险对不同鱼群成群动态的影响。

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    实验数据采用SPSS软件进行统计分析。所有统计值用平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。数据在分析之前先进行正态分布(K-S检验)和方差齐性检验(Levene检验), 如不符合则采用非参数检验。鱼群组成对在不同迷宫区域成群动态参数的影响采用一般线性模型的双因素多变量分析, 如差异显著, 采用Duncan多重比较检验差异显著性。模拟捕食刺激对不同组成鱼群成群动态参数的影响采用线性混合模型(以测定序号为随机变量)分析。鱼群在不同臂(或区域; 由于空白臂的分布数很低, 3个空白臂合并分析)的密度分布差异使用Fisher精确检验。

    密度分布  总体上, 实验鱼在隐蔽所臂的分布最为密集, 其次是食物臂和迷宫中心区域, 最低为空白臂(图 2A)。具体而言: 8F0S、7F1S和4F4S组实验鱼在隐蔽所臂的分布密度显著高于其他区域(P<0.05); 1F7S组在隐蔽所臂的分布显著高于食物臂和中心区域, 另外在食物臂的分布还显著高于空白臂(P<0.05); 0F8S组在隐蔽所臂和食物臂分布大致相当, 且均显著高于空白臂(P<0.05)。

    图  2  鱼群组成对实验鱼群在迷宫区域分布和成群动态参数的影响(N=8, 平均值±标准差)
    a, b, c. 不同字母表示不同鱼群组成间差异显著(P<0.05); x, y, z. 不同字母表示同一鱼群组成不同区域间差异显著(P<0.05)
    Figure  2.  Effect of different initial fish shoal compositions on the distribution and fission-fusion dynamic of the fish shoal in different maze zones (N=8, mean±SD)
    a, b, c. Different letters indicate significant difference among different groups (P<0.05); x, y, z. Different letters indicate significant difference among maze zones within the same group (P<0.05)

    成群频率  鱼群组成和迷宫区域对成群频率均有显著影响(表 1图 2B)。隐蔽所臂的成群频率随着群体内饥饿鱼个体数量的增加呈下降趋势, 其中8F0S组和7F1S组显著高于1F7S组(P<0.05)。食物臂和空白臂的成群频率值为7F1S组最高, 显著高于1F7S组和0F8S组(P<0.05)。所有实验组隐蔽所臂的成群频率均显著高于空白臂, 且8F0S组、7F1S组和0F8S组的隐蔽所臂还显著高于食物臂(P<0.05)。

    表  1  鱼群组成和迷宫区域对鱼群成群动态影响的双因素分析统计表
    Table  1.  Results of Two-way ANOVA for the effect of different initial fish shoal compositions on the distribution and the fission-fusion dynamics in different maze zones
    指标Index成群频率Grouping frequency群体持续时间Duration of shoal成群时间比Percentage time in grouping
    鱼群组成Group composition, GF4,105=6.343F4,105=2.063F4,105=2.645
    P<0.001*P=0.091P=0.038*
    迷宫区域Maze zone, MF2,105=24.708F2,105=21.174F2,105=45.729
    P<0.001*P<0.001*P<0.001*
    组成×区域G×MF8,105=0.786F8,105=1.750F8,105=2.549
    P=0.616P=0.096P=0.014*
    注: *影响显著 (P<0.05); 下同Note: *Significant effect (P<0.05). The same applies below
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    成群持续时间  仅迷宫区域对成群的持续时间有显著影响(表 1图 2C), 8F0S组的隐蔽所臂的持续时间显著长于食物臂和空白臂, 其余组别表现为隐蔽所臂和食物臂显著高于空白臂(P<0.05)。

    成群时间占比  鱼群组成和迷宫区域对成群时间占比均有显著影响(表 1图 2D; P<0.05)。除0F8S组的食物臂与隐蔽所臂和空白臂相比没有差异外, 其余各组均为隐蔽所臂显著大于食物臂, 而后者显著大于空白臂(P<0.05)。另外, 8F0S组的隐蔽所臂的成群时间占比显著大于其他各组(P<0.05); 而空白臂的最大值出现在7F1S组, 显著大于除4F4S组外的其他各鱼群组(P<0.05)。

    密度分布  鱼群组成对不同迷宫区域鱼群的分布均没有显著影响。刺激后各实验组在隐蔽所臂的分布均显著上升(P<0.05), 而空白臂和迷宫中心的分布均显著下降(P<0.05); 食物臂的分布在刺激后未发生显著变化(图 3)。

    图  3  模拟捕食刺激对不同组成鱼群密度分布的影响(N=8, 平均值±标准差)
    *表示同一鱼群组成不同状态间差异显著(P<0.05); 下同
    Figure  3.  Effects of simulated predation risk on the distribution of fish shoal with different composition in the maze (N=8, mean±SD)
    * indicates significant difference between non-stress and stress status (P<0.05). The same applies below

    成群频率  由于迷宫的空白臂和食物臂刺激后多数没有出现成群的现象, 无法对单次成群的持续时间进行有效统计, 因此本结果只统计了模拟捕食刺激前后成群频率与成群时间比的数据。鱼群组成仅对隐蔽所臂成群频率有显著影响(P=0.025, 表 2), 表现为8F0S组显著高于1F7S组和0F8S组(图 4AC)。模拟捕食刺激对食物臂和空白臂成群频率均有显著影响, 表现为实验鱼受到捕食刺激后在食物臂和空白臂的成群频率显著下降(P<0.05)。另外, 在刺激后鱼群在隐蔽所臂基本上一直处于成群状态, 频率接近于1, 因此刺激对成群频率的影响表现为8F0S组和7F1S组有下降趋势, 而7F1S组和0F8S组有上升趋势。

    表  2  鱼群组成和模拟捕食刺激对实验鱼群不同迷宫臂成群动态参数影响的线性混合模型(以测量编号为随机变量)分析统计表
    Table  2.  The statistical results of linear mixed model for the effects of different initial fish shoal compositions and simulated predation stimulation on fission-fusion dynamics of the experimental fishes (measurement numbers as random variables)
    指标Index隐蔽所臂Shelter arm食物臂Food arm空白臂Normal arm
    成群频率Frequency时间占比Percentage time成群频率Frequency时间占比Percentage time成群频率Frequency时间占比Percentage time
    组成 Composition, CF4,70=2.962F4,70=0.096F4,70=0.635F4,70=0.282F4,70=1.004F4,70=2.982
    P=0.025*P=0.983P=0.641P=0.154P=0.412P=0.025*
    刺激Stimulation, SF1,70=0.024F1,70=141.141F1,70=15.059F1,70=10.848F1,70=30.244F1,70=18.169
    P=0.878 P<0.001* P<0.001*P=0.002* P<0.001* P<0.001*
    组成×刺激C×SF4,70=1.696F4,0=0.981F4,70=0.802F4,70=0.133F4,70=1.475F4,70=1.766
    P=0.161P=0.423P=0.532P=0.969P=0.219P=0.146
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  4  模拟捕食刺激对不同鱼群的成群频率和持续时间的影响(N=8, 平均值±标准差)
    Figure  4.  Effect of different initial fish shoal compositions and simulated predation stimulation on the grouping frequency and percentage time in grouping (N=8, mean±SD)

    成群时间比  模拟捕食刺激对所有臂成群时间占比均有显著影响(图 4DF), 表现为捕食刺激导致隐蔽所臂的成群时间占比显著上升, 但食物臂和空白臂显著下降(P<0.05)。另外, 鱼群组成对空白臂的成群时间占比亦有显著影响(P =0.025), 在无捕食刺激条件下, 7F1S组在空白臂的分布显著高于4F4S组(P<0.05)。

    从正常摄食的德玛森小岩鲷鱼群(即8F0S组)的数据来看, 实验鱼偏好分布于隐蔽所臂, 隐蔽所臂密度分布是食物臂和空白臂的2—4倍。这说明在陌生环境中, 逃避敌害为德玛森小岩鲷在行为上的首要选择。这与大多数鱼类的研究结果相似[18, 19]。通过8F0S组的成群动态的数据分析发现, 该鱼群隐蔽所臂鱼群成群频率较高, 持续时间较长, 因此处于成群状态的时间占比远高于食物臂和普通臂。这说明鱼群密度分布主要是受鱼群成群动态变化的影响。集群是鱼类逃避敌害的主要行为策略之一, 德玛森小岩鲷在隐蔽场所集群的行为方式, 可能会有效降低其被捕食的概率[20, 21]。这可能是因为作为慈鲷科鱼类的德玛森小岩鲷起源于非洲热带湖泊, 其自然生境捕食压力高, 生境结构复杂, 隐蔽物多[22]。另外, 以往的研究还发现, 鱼类可以利用隐蔽所减少活动, 降低能量消耗[23]。因此, 有效利用隐蔽物进化为鱼类以及其他类群动物高效的反捕食策略[19, 24]

    本实验发现随着饥饿个体比例增加, 鱼群在隐蔽所臂和食物臂密度分布的差异逐渐缩小, 直至没有差异。这说明在饥饿条件下德玛森小岩鲷觅食需求上升[12, 25]。值得指出的是, 即使是全饥饿的同质性鱼群(0F8S组)依然在隐蔽所臂有较高的密度分布和成群频率。这进一步说明德玛森小岩鲷对隐蔽所依赖性较高。鱼群的群体决策机制研究近年来受到广泛关注[26, 27]。研究发现, 鱼群的行为可能主要由少数个体决定或群体成员共同决定[28]。如果群体行为主要由少数个体决定的话, 少数异质性个体的加入可能导致鱼群产生较大的变化。然而, 本实验的研究结果发现鱼群在隐蔽所和食物臂分布密度的差异随鱼群饥饿成员比例的上升, 整体上呈线性下降趋势。这表明在本实验设定的生态场景下, 德玛森小岩鲷的群体行为可能为群体共同决定。这和以往德玛森小岩鲷在完成空间探索任务时的决策方式一致[27]

    以往的研究发现, 鱼类可能通过改变成群频率和持续时间以解决逃避敌害和觅食需求的矛盾[12]。虽然鱼群密度分布整体上随鱼群中饥饿成员比例的上升呈线性变化趋势, 然而从成群动态参数来看: 鱼群成群频率、持续时间和成群时间占比与鱼群组成关系较为混乱。二者的变化并非完全一致, 这说明随着饥饿成员比例的上升, 非成群状态实验鱼的觅食行为对鱼群整体的分布产生了较大的影响。

    本实验的结果发现模拟捕食刺激导致鱼群在隐蔽所臂的分布大幅度上升, 在空白臂、迷宫中心和食物臂的分布下降。这一方面进一步说明利用隐蔽场所是德玛森小岩鲷的重要反捕食策略。另一方面说明德玛森小岩鲷有较高的方位感, 即空间认知能力。这在以往的研究中也得到证实: 德玛森小岩鲷在遭遇捕食刺激后能够100%迅速进入隐蔽场所, 而该比例在多数鲤科鱼类不足50%[29]。研究者认为, 这种高的空间认知能力与生境复杂程度密切相关[30]。值得一提的是与空白臂和中心相比, 模拟捕食刺激导致食物臂下降的幅度较小。可能因素包括: (1)食物的吸引作用部分抵消了反捕食行为; (2)食物臂的结构可能对于少数个体也能起到一定程度的隐蔽所作用; (3)部分鱼群受刺激后先逃逸至隐蔽所, 但随后又重新回到食物臂。需要指出的是模拟捕食刺激后隐蔽所臂密度分布和成群时间占比远远高于食物臂(5—12倍), 表明绝大多数德玛森小岩鲷能够正确区分本实验设置的隐蔽所臂和食物臂。

    鱼群整体及群体内不同成员的营养状况不同, 其逃避敌害能力可能存在差异[5]。因此, 鱼群在觅食和避敌策略上可能存在鱼群间的差异及内部的分歧[12]。然而, 除觅食需求的上升导致刺激前成群频率随饥饿个体比例的上升而下降外, 鱼群组成并未显著影响鱼群对模拟捕食刺激的响应。这可能是因为捕食刺激是非常强烈的逆境刺激[8], 在本实验条件下, 无论何种群体组成, 均表现为较为一致的避敌反应。例如本实验鱼群成群动态数据发现模拟捕食刺激后, 所有鱼群在隐蔽所臂的成群频率均接近1, 群体时间占比在80%以上, 而其他臂的成群时间占比非常低。这说明在模拟捕食刺激后, 德玛森小岩鲷基本成群隐匿于隐蔽所臂。

    总之, 德玛森小岩鲷幼鱼总体上偏好利用隐蔽所, 但随着鱼群饥饿个体的增加, 鱼群觅食需求逐渐上升。在捕食胁迫下, 无论饥饿个体的占比如何, 鱼群均对隐蔽所有极为强烈的偏好。该行为策略可能是德玛森小岩鲷在结构复杂、捕食压力高的生境中通过长期演化而形成的, 且与其对复杂生境的认知能力密切关联。这一结论进一步佐证了鱼类行为表型与生境的高度协调性, 探讨了鱼类在行为上的适应性进化, 具有较为重要的理论意义。

  • 图  1   鄱阳湖的采样点位置信息图

    Figure  1.   Location of sampling site in the Poyang Lake

    图  2   禁渔前后鄱阳湖生态系统食物网结构

    不同大小的圆表示不同功能组的生物量(以t/km2为单位); 灰色连线表示能量在生态系统中的流动路径; 各功能组的名称详见表 1。为了满足Ecopath软件的要求, 我们设置了一个渔业捕捞组, 用Fleet1来表示。由于渔业捕捞不属于生态系统内部生物之间的相互作用, 所以在表 1中没有列出该组名称

    Figure  2.   Food web structure of Poyang Lake ecosystem before and after the 10-Year Fishing Ban

    Different-sized circles represent the biomass (t/km2) of different functional groups; gray lines indicate the flow of energy within the ecosystem; the names of each functional group can be found in Tab. 1. A fishing fleet, denoted as Fleet1, has been included to represent fishing activities, as per the requirements of the Ecopath software. Since fishing activities do not involve interactions among the internal biota of the ecosystem, they have not been listed in Tab. 1

    图  3   禁渔前后2018和2021年鄱阳湖水体食物网能量与物质传输效率

    TST. 系统总流量; TL.营养级; TE.能量转换效率

    Figure  3.   Energy and material transmission efficiency of Poyang Lake aquatic food web before and after the 10-Year Fishing Ban (2018 and 2021)

    TST. total system throughput; TL. trophic level; TE. transfer efficiency

    图  4   禁渔前后2018和2021年鄱阳湖生态系统混合营养效应分析

    蓝色矩形图代表正的影响, 红色矩形图表示负的影响

    Figure  4.   Mixed trophic impact analysis of the Poyang Lake ecosystem before and after the fishing ban (2018 and 2021)

    The blue rectangle represents a positive effect, and the red rectangle represents a negative effect

    表  1   基于Ecopath模型的鄱阳湖生态系统功能组划分及物种组成

    Table  1   Functional group and component of ecopath model in Poyang Lake

    编号
    No.
    功能组
    Functional group
    组成
    Composition
    G1Piscivorous fishesSiniperca chuatsi, 斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri, 大眼鳜Siniperca kneri, 鳡Elopichthys bambusa, 鳤Ochetobius elongatus
    G2Demersal carnivorous乌鳢Channa argus, 鲇Silurus asotus, 河川沙塘鳢Odontobutis potamophilus, 日本鳗鲡Anguilla japonica, 大口鲇Silurus meridionalis
    G3Culters蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus, 达氏鲌Chanodichthys dabryi, 红鳍原鲌 Cultrichthys erythropterus, 翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus, 拟尖头鲌Culter oxycephaloides
    G4Siluriformes黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidrac, 光泽黄颡鱼Pelteobaggrus nitidus , 瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli, 长须黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus eupogon, 白边拟鲿Pseudobagrus albomarginatus , 乌苏拟鲿Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, 长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris, 粗唇鮠Leiocassis crassilabris, 大鳍鳠Hemibagrus macropterus
    G5Black carp青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus
    G6C-carpsCyprinus carpio, 鲫Carassius auratus
    G7Anchovy短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus, 刀鲚Coilia nasus
    G8Silver carpHypophthalmichthys molitrix
    G9Bighead carpAristichthys nobilis
    G10Grass carp草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus
    G11Bream团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala, 鲂Megalobrama skolkovii, 鳊Parabramis pekinensis
    G12Xenocypris圆吻鲴Distoechodon tumirostris, 银鲴Xenocypris argentea, 细鳞鲴Xenocypris microlepis, 黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi, 似鳊Pseudobrama simoni
    G13S-pelagic贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri , 䱗Hemiculter leucisculus, 飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis, 寡鳞飘鱼Pseudolaubuca engraulis, 圆尾斗鱼Macropodus chinensis, 叉尾斗鱼Macropodus opercularis, 麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva, 似鱎Toxabramis swinhonis, 马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens
    G14S-demersal蛇鮈Saurogobio dabryi, 光唇蛇鮈Saurogobio gymnocheilus, 长蛇鮈Saurogobio dumerili, 银鮈Squalidus argentatus, 吻鮈Rhinogobio typus, 棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis, 大鳍鱊 Acheilognathus macropterus, 华鳈Sarcocheilichthys sinensis, 黑鳍鳈Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis, 花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus, 唇䱻Hemibarbus labeo, 似刺鳊鮈Paracanthobrama guichenoti, 紫薄鳅Leptobotia taeniaps
    G15Shrimps沼虾(日本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense)
    G16Zoobenthos底栖动物(摇蚊属Chironomus, 水丝蚓属Limnodrilus)
    G17Cladocera-copepoda枝角、桡足类
    G18Microzooplankton小型浮游动物(轮虫和原生动物等)
    G19Attached algae附着藻类
    G20Phytoplankton浮游植物(微囊藻属Microcystis spp.、鱼腥藻属Anabaena spp.、颗粒直链藻Melosira granulata、小环藻属Cyclotella spp.、刚毛藻属Cladophora spp.等)
    G21Macrophyte大型水生植物(苔草Carex spp.、虉草Phalaris arundinacea、南荻Miscanthus lutarioriparius、蓼子草Persicaria criopolitana, 黑藻Hydrilla verticillata, 苦草Vallisneria natans 等)
    G22Detritus碎屑
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   模型平衡的生态学和热力学原则

    Table  2   Ecological and thermodynamic principles of model balance

    指标Index取值范围
    Value range
    生态营养效率Ecological efficiency (EE)0<EE≤1.00
    食物总转换效率Gross food conversion efficiency (GE=P/Q)0.100<GE<0.300
    净效率Net food conversion efficiency (NE)NE>GE
    呼吸量Respiratory (R)R>0
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   禁渔前后鄱阳湖生态系统总体特征参数对比

    Table  3   Comparison of general characteristic parameters of Poyang Lake ecosystem before and after the 10-Year Fishing Ban

    参数
    Parameter
    禁渔前
    Pre-ban 2018
    禁渔后
    Post-ban 2021
    与成熟生态系统的关系
    Relationship with mature ecosystem
    单位
    Unit
    生态系统成熟度参数Ecosystem Maturity
    净系统生产量 (NSP)7.77×1035.62×103成熟系统≈0t/(km2·
    year)
    总初级生产量/总呼吸量(TP/TR)4.772.86成熟系统≈1
    总初级生产量/总生物量(TP/TB)22.914.8负相关
    总生物量 (TB)430583正相关t/km2
    生态系统稳定性参数Ecosystem Stability
    连接指数 (CI)0.280.34正相关
    系统杂食指数 (SOI)0.210.44正相关
    循环指数 (FCI)2.43%9.12%成熟系统>0.5%
    总路径数 (TP)7252.95×103正相关
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S1   2018年和2021年鄱阳湖生态系统基本信息

    Appendix  S1   Basic information of Poyang Lake ecosystem in 2018 and 2021

    年份
    Year
    密度Density
    (tail/m3)
    水位
    Water level (m)
    鱼平均体重
    Average weight of fish (g)
    面积
    Area (km2)
    捕捞量
    (t)
    生物量Catch
    biomass (t/km2)
    201835.617.649.13000280006.48
    202165.016.6810.02800013.00
    注: 鱼的密度来自于内部鱼探仪测量数据; 鱼类个体平均体重和捕捞量数据来自内部资料; 其他水文信息参考鄱阳湖水文资源监测中心、江西水利厅Note: The fish density is derived from internal fish finder measurement data; average individual weight and catch data of fish come from internal sources; other hydrological information is referenced from the Poyang Lake Hydrological Resources Monitoring Center and the Jiangxi Water Resources Department
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S2   2018年和2021年鄱阳湖鱼类物种重量及数量百分比

    Appendix  S2   Weight and number percentage of fish species in Poyang Lake in 2018 and 2021

    名称
    Common name
    拉丁名
    Latin name
    编号
    Group No.
    2018年总重量占比
    2018 total weight
    percentage
    2018年总数量占比
    2018 total number
    percentage
    2021年总重量占比
    2021 total weight
    percentage
    2021年总数量占比
    2021 total number
    percentage
    鳗鲡Anguilla japonica20.01
    间下鱵Hyporamphus intermedius00.101.890.09
    短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus70.714.132.1114.84
    刀鲚Coilia nasus70.030.030.952.14
    大斑花鳅Cobitis macrostigma140.010.07
    中华花鳅Cobitis sinensis140.120.01
    紫薄鳅Leptobotia taeniops140.010.16
    泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus140.010.07
    花斑副沙鳅Parabotia fasciata140.020.190.03
    大鳞副泥鳅Paramisgurnus dabryanus140.01
    武昌副沙鳅Parabotia banarescui14
    江西副沙鳅Parabotia kiangsiensis140.01
    棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis140.081.63
    大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus140.543.720.131.49
    兴凯鱊Acheilognathus chankaensis140.081.32
    越南鱊Acheilognathus tonkinensis140.010.08
    无须鱊Acheilognathus gracilis140.04
    大口鱊Acheilognathus macromandibularis140.010.000.05
    寡鳞鱊Acheilognathus hypselonotus140.477.17
    Carassius auratus65.0013.965.9213.17
    达氏鲌Chanodichthys dabryi31.921.282.242.39
    红鳍原鲌Chanodichthys erythropterus31.642.340.500.92
    蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus33.981.641.551.23
    尖头鲌Chanodichthys oxycephalus3
    麦瑞加拉鲮Cirrhinus mrigala120.170.030.941.23
    Cirrhinus molitorella120.680.44
    铜鱼Coreius heterodon140.010.01
    草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus107.870.5114.603.41
    翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus39.933.356.933.09
    拟尖头鲌Culter oxycephaloides30.000.01
    Cyprinus carpio626.535.693.100.99
    圆吻鲴Distoechodon tumirostris12
    细鳞鲴Plagiognathops microlepis120.020.03
    Elopichthys bambusa10.720.030.130.01
    短须颌须鮈Gnathopogon imberbis14
    花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus140.711.230.310.47
    唇䱻Hemibarbus labeo140.010.000.01
    贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri130.301.930.425.56
    Hemiculter leucisculus130.904.300.060.43
    Hypophthalmichthys molitrix86.770.5824.285.50
    Hypophthalmichthys nobilis95.390.2117.181.15
    Megalobrama skolkovii111.981.576.408.02
    团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala110.450.080.990.52
    福建小鳔鮈Microphysogobio fukiensis140.06
    青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus50.460.130.220.16
    Ochetobius elongatus10.010.02
    稀有白甲鱼Onychostoma rarum120.010.01
    马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens130.10.180.00
    Parabramis pekinensis112.181.140.751.45
    似刺鳊鮈Paracanthobrama guichenoti140.230.140.100.07
    彩副鱊Paracheilognathus imberbis140.010.010.35
    长须片唇鮈Platysmacheilus longibarbatus140.03
    似鳊Pseudobrama simoni122.720.490.758.06
    似鮈Pseudogobio vaillanti140.010.02
    寡鳞飘鱼Pseudolaubuca engraulis130.040.10.040.38
    飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis130.260.510.060.23
    斑点蛇鮈Saurogobio punctatus140.000.01
    光唇蛇鮈Saurogobio gymnocheilus140.040.510.020.45
    长蛇鮈Saurogobio dumerili140.010.000.01
    银鮈Squalidus argentatus140.092.030.000.62
    点纹银鮈Squalidus wolterstorffi140.01
    赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus110.920.390.200.16
    似鱎Toxabramis swinhonis130.070.100.000.02
    银鲴Xenocypris macrolepis120.391.230.421.23
    黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi120.140.080.010.02
    大口黑鲈Micropterus salmoides10.02
    乌鳢Channa argus21.780.310.430.12
    粘皮鲻虾虎鱼Mugilogobius myxodermus14
    子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus140.020.650.001.08
    波氏吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius cliffordpopei14
    小黄䱂鱼Micropercops swinhonis140.01
    河川沙塘鳢Odontobutis potamophila20.010.06
    叉尾斗鱼Macropodus opercularis1300.01
    圆尾斗鱼Macropodus chinensis1300.01
    Siniperca chuatsi12.611.343.451.41
    斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri10.020.01
    长身鳜Siniperca roulei1
    大眼鳜Siniperca kneri10.01
    大鳍半鲿Mystus macropterus40.01
    长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris40.010.010.000.01
    瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli40.30.250.120.07
    长须黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus eupogon40.130.340.323.68
    白边拟鲿Pseudobagrus albomarginatus40.060.190.020.05
    粗唇鮠Pseudobagrus crassilabris40.180.240.010.02
    圆尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus tenuis4
    细体拟鲿Pseudobagrus pratti40.000.02
    乌苏拟鲿Pelteobagrus ussuriensis40.000.01
    光泽疯鲿Tachysurus nitidus40.21.310.100.92
    黄颡鱼Tachysurus fulvidraco41.914.170.351.07
    纵带疯鲿Tachysurus argentivittatus400.050.000.01
    黑尾䱀Liobagrus nigricauda4
    革胡子鲇Clarias gariepinus2
    Silurus asotus27.474.381.731.78
    南方鲇Silurus meridionalis20.530.030.590.03
    中华刺鳅Sinobdella sinensis140.010.090.000.03
    黄鳝Monopterus albus140.020.04
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S3   2018年和2021年鄱阳湖各鱼类功能组的重量百分比及生物量

    Appendix  S3   Weight percentage and biomass of all fish groups in Poyang Lake in 2018 and 2021

    编号Group No.重量比Weight ratio of group (%)栖息地生物量占比Biomass in habitat area (t/km2)
    2018202120182021
    G13.383.590.220.47
    G29.802.740.630.36
    G317.4711.241.131.46
    G42.800.920.180.12
    G50.460.220.030.03
    G631.539.022.041.17
    G70.743.060.050.40
    G86.7724.280.443.16
    G95.3917.180.352.23
    G107.8714.600.511.90
    G115.538.350.361.09
    G123.412.830.220.37
    G131.670.580.110.08
    G141.911.050.120.14
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S4   P/B和Q/B系数计算所需参数汇总

    Appendix  S4   Summary of required parameters for calculation of P/B and Q/B coefficient

    编号Group No.组成CompositionLmean (cm)Lmin (cm)Lmax (cm)Linf (cm)KMestP/BQ/B
    7短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus,
    刀鲚Coilia nasus
    15.083.0030.0031.580.440.760.608.50
    9Aristichthys nobilis36.769.2091.0095.790.530.361.149.60
    8Hypophthalmichthys molitrix23.844.6092.0096.840.330.471.257.30
    5青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus14.428.1057.0060.000.220.391.594.00
    10草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus29.276.7092.0096.840.210.330.637.40
    11团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala11.725.8066.8070.320.220.372.188.30
    11Megalobrama skolkovii12.503.7040.0042.110.300.531.0117.20
    11Parabramis pekinensis15.033.5031.5033.160.310.580.4916.20
    11赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus20.026.0032.7034.420.370.660.3812.40
    13贝氏䱗Hemiculter bleekeri8.483.2014.3015.050.701.200.8715.10
    13Hemiculter leucisculus9.933.1044.0046.320.150.310.8012.10
    13飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis14.546.4021.2022.320.791.230.7516.60
    14光唇蛇鮈Saurogobio
    gymnocheilus
    7.224.0010.5011.050.440.810.5214.30
    14蛇鮈Saurogobio dabryi10.825.5019.6020.630.621.091.1418.90
    14银鮈Squalidus argentatus6.323.4013.2013.890.851.522.2017.60
    14棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis5.832.7017.9018.840.230.540.9620.40
    14华鳈Sarcocheilichthys
    sinensis,
    黑鳍鳈Sarcocheilichthys
    nigripinnis
    8.274.6013.4014.110.861.531.3722.50
    14花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus,
    唇䱻Hemibarbus labeo
    13.237.0029.0030.530.190.410.536.80
    14铜鱼Coreius heterodon15.5810.5019.8020.840.40.790.419.60
    14紫薄鳅Leptobotia taeniaps6.284.6011.0011.580.440.971.3916.90
    14花斑副沙鳅Parabotia fasciata6.993.5015.0015.790.410.861.0318.70
    14中华刺鳅Sinobdella sinensis11.677.0016.2017.050.410.840.4722.80
    14中华花鳅Cobitis sinensis5.803.8012.9013.580.430.891.6721.10
    14黄鳝Monopterus albus26.810.0037.3039.260.410.690.309.50
    14子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus,
    小黄䱂鱼Micropercops swinhonis
    4.121.908.008.420.651.411.2614.60
    1Elopichthys bambusa40.3519.5096.50101.580.240.360.708.20
    3达氏鲌Chanodichthys dabryi16.416.4044.2046.530.360.601.085.50
    3红鳍原鲌Chanodichthys erythropterus13.593.5029.7031.261.171.582.056.60
    3蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus19.262.7046.7049.160.410.650.744.80
    3翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus21.523.0074.0077.890.260.410.794.20
    1Siniperca chuatsi,
    斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri,
    长身鳜Siniperca roulei,
    大眼鳜Siniperca kneri,
    14.835.8056.6059.580.450.662.234.10
    2Silurus asotus,
    大口鲇Silurus meridionalis
    22.455.4090.9095.680.220.350.943.70
    2河川沙塘鳢Odontobutis potamophila7.774.3012.8013.470.861.271.415.90
    2乌鳢Channa argus23.387.4051.0053.680.590.831.124.90
    4粗唇鮠Pseudobagrus crassilabris,
    长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris,
    细体拟鲿Pseudobagrus pratti
    12.034.4027.8029.260.250.510.5615.00
    4光泽黄颡鱼Pelteobaggrus nitidus,
    长须黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus eupogon
    9.653.0021.0022.110.400.770.7512.90
    4黄颡鱼Tachysurus fulvidraco10.922.4033.2034.940.210.430.596.20
    4瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli16.107.9028.3029.790.380.690.6311.10
    6Carassius auratus8.202.7055.9058.840.570.805.256.50
    6Cyprinus carpio17.951.0084.7089.160.250.391.059.10
    12黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi,
    圆吻鲴Distoechodon tumirostris
    16.528.3030.0031.580.370.670.6810.40
    12银鲴Xenocypris macrolepis10.775.5026.0027.370.330.641.0416.40
    12似鳊Pseudobrama simoni8.353.0099.20104.4290.640.7511.4916.10
    14大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus,
    兴凯鱊Acheilognathus chankaensis,
    无须鱊Acheilognathus gracilis,
    大口鱊Acheilognathus macromandibularis
    6.252.507.407.790.921.850.3832.70
    14高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus ,
    中华鳑鲏Rhodeus sinensis
    3.992.706.206.531.432.702.8235.80
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S5   各鱼类功能组的P/B、Q/B系数

    Appendix  S5   P/B and Q/B coefficients of each fish functional group

    编号Group No.P/BQ/B
    G12.9312.30
    G23.4814.50
    G34.6621.10
    G42.5445.20
    G51.594.00
    G66.3015.60
    G70.608.50
    G81.257.30
    G91.149.60
    G100.637.40
    G114.0554.10
    G1213.2142.90
    G132.4343.80
    G1416.46282.20
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S6   2018年鄱阳湖生态系统的渔业捕捞数据(Fleet1表示唯一的渔业捕捞功能组)

    Appendix  S6   Fishery data of the Poyang Lake ecosystem in 2018 (Fleet1 represents the only-one fishing function group)

    编号Group No.功能组Group nameFleet1合计Total
    1Piscivorous fishes0.380.38
    2Demersal carnivorous1.101.10
    3Culters1.961.96
    4Siluriformes0.310.31
    5Black carp0.050.05
    6C-carps3.533.53
    7Anchovy0.080.08
    8Silver carp0.760.76
    9Bighead carp0.600.60
    10Grass carp0.880.88
    11Bream0.620.62
    12Xenocypris0.380.38
    13S-pelagic0.200.20
    14S-demersal0.330.33
    15Shrimps00
    16Zoobenthos00
    17Cladocera-copepoda00
    18Microzooplankton00
    19Attached algae00
    20Phytoplankton00
    21Macrophyte00
    22Detritus00
    23Sum11.1911.19
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S7   鄱阳湖生态系统模型的食物组成矩阵(上: 2018; 下2021)

    Appendix  S7   Matrix of diet composition for the Poyang Lake ecosystem model (Up: 2018; down: 2021)

    被捕食者Predator捕食者Prey
    G1G2G3G4G5G6G7G8G9G10G11G12G13G14G15G16G17G18
    G10.01
    G20.01
    G30.150.02
    G40.05
    G50.01
    G60.1830.140.181
    G70.11
    G80.020.01
    G90.010.020.01
    G100.010.020.05
    G110.0160.030.05
    G120.120.10.1440.016
    G130.1010.010.070.020.05
    G140.180.240.320.3030.010.050.06
    G150.050.0830.020.2520.250.090.30.0410.065
    G160.060.110.030.3520.650.6670.260.320.4090.250.3
    G170.10.020.1010.20.080.60.050.050.090.20.060.060.20.30.2
    G180.0080.0030.040.080.020.190.0060.090.0050.010.050.150.05
    G190.050.80.10.030.030.1440.020.140.030.050.30.4
    G200.010.110.150.20.0240.2040.080.090.020.120.12
    G210.0490.0120.750.70.0730.090.17
    G220.0950.0220.10.0920.10.0140.020.3490.0360.250.510.510.130.23
    总计Sum111111111111111111
    被捕食者Predator捕食者Prey
    G1G2G3G4G5G6G7G8G9G10G11G12G13G14G15G16G17G18
    G10.01
    G20.0020.1
    G30.150.02
    G40.010.050.020.03
    G50.010.01
    G60.1810.050.230.013
    G70.110.020.001
    G80.060.03
    G90.060.1
    G100.0260.060.05
    G110.030.060.04
    G120.040.060.140.0360.16
    G130.1010.020.090.0510.2
    G140.040.020.230.250.250.065
    G150.010.120.1480.150.150.240.050.20.141
    G160.110.110.120.20.090.20.220.3090.150.30.07
    G170.040.020.050.050.1030.050.060.060.220.150.05
    G180.060.110.060.2930.10.130.130.150.30.1060.170.190.0960.1350.110.150.050.05
    G190.100.30.20.10.050.330.030.1940.160.130.110.120.3
    G200.10.20.240.20.040.140.210.090.1740.10.1440.1040.160.10.050.050.27
    G210.0660.10.150.050.050.15
    G220.090.030.0720.080.2300.150.20.040.30.1490.140.380.30.350.480.33
    总计Sum111111111111111111
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S8   2018年鄱阳湖生态系统模型基本输入与输出参数

    Appendix  S8   Basic input and estimated parameters of Poyang Lake ecosystem model during 2018

    编号
    No.
    功能组
    Group
    营养级
    TL
    生物量
    B (t/km2)
    生产量/
    生物量P/B
    消耗量/
    生物量 Q/B
    生态营养
    效率EE
    生产量/
    消耗量 P/Q
    1Fierce carnivorous3.630.1942.9412.30.6640.239
    2Demersal carnivorous3.480.5643.4814.50.5810.240
    3Culters3.311.014.6616.10.4430.290
    4Siluriformes3.030.1614.8016.30.9450.294
    5Black carp2.980.05002.8512.00.9350.238
    6C-carps2.931.815.2015.60.8560.333
    7Anchovy2.960.4262.208.500.3690.259
    8Silver carp2.120.6201.807.300.8980.247
    9Bigheadcarp2.460.5802.509.600.8800.260
    10Grasscarp2.070.5304.4012.00.8750.367
    11Bream2.060.4804.5022.10.8670.204
    12Xenocyprididae2.460.33012.032.90.6930.365
    13S-pelagic2.680.3108.0020.30.9620.394
    14S-demersal2.540.70020.050.00.9600.400
    15Shrimps2.411.917.5036.00.3740.208
    16Zoobenthos2.0830.52.0034.00.9030.059
    17Cladocera-copepoda2.2924.013.042.00.4340.310
    18Microzooplankton2.0520.422.070.00.6210.314
    19Attachedalgae1.0020.099.00.510
    20Phytoplankton1.0055.01100.154
    21Macrophyte1.002706.700.107
    22Detritus1.004700.119
    注: 粗体为模型计算; “—”表示无数据输出Note: Bolds represent results calculated by the model; “—” represents no output data
    下载: 导出CSV

    附表  S9   2021年鄱阳湖生态系统模型基本输入与输出参数

    Appendix  S9   Basic input and estimated parameters of Poyang Lake ecosystem model during 2021

    编号
    No.
    功能组
    Group
    营养级
    TL
    生物量
    B (t/km2)
    生产量/
    生物量P/B
    消耗量/
    生物量 Q/B
    生态营养
    效率EE
    生产量/
    消耗量 P/Q
    1Fierce carnivorous3.860.6682.9412.30.04200.239
    2Demersal carnivorous3.450.6503.4814.50.4240.240
    3Culters3.171.463.6616.10.3180.228
    4Siluriformes2.881.205.0016.30.6850.307
    5Black carp2.640.03004.0012.00.8150.333
    6C-carps2.801.735.2015.60.8950.333
    7Anchovy3.261.002.208.500.5890.259
    8Silver carp2.923.160.8007.300.3070.110
    9Bigheadcarp3.192.233.009.600.5340.313
    10Grasscarp2.511.902.207.400.4680.297
    11Bream2.741.085.0022.10.7650.226
    12Xenocyprididae2.870.83013.142.90.9120.305
    13S-pelagic2.880.8107.0023.00.8560.304
    14S-demersal2.561.6015.845.00.8750.351
    15Shrimps2.664.008.5035.00.4960.243
    16Zoobenthos2.5576.010.026.00.2870.385
    17Cladocera-copepoda2.2450.021.056.00.9210.375
    18Microzooplankton2.1224.029.077.00.8480.377
    19Attachedalgae1.0015.71100.667
    20Phytoplankton1.0045.01010.175
    21Macrophyte1.003506.800.222
    22Detritus1.001800.328
    注: 粗体为模型计算; “—”表示无数据输出Note: Bolds represent results calculated by the model; “—” represents no output data
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2023-12-28
  • 修回日期:  2024-03-04
  • 网络出版日期:  2024-04-11
  • 刊出日期:  2024-08-14

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