EFFECTS OF DIETARY LIPID LEVELS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FEED DIGESTIBILITY, ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND FILLET FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS OF JUVENILE HYBRID STURGEON
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摘要: 研究旨在探究饲料中不同脂肪水平对西伯利亚杂交鲟(Acipenser baerii Brandt ♀ × A. schrenckii Brandt ♂)幼鱼生长、饲料消化率、血清生化指标及肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。以鱼油为脂肪源, 配制4种脂肪水平分别为5%(D05)、10%(D10)、15%(D15)和20%(D20)的等氮饲料。选用初始体重为(152.83±0.67) g的杂交鲟, 随机分为4组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复25尾鱼。养殖周期为12周。结果显示, 饲料中不同脂肪水平对杂交鲟的生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05)。其中, D15组杂交鲟幼鱼的末均重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于D05、D10和D20组(P<0.05), 饲料效率(FE)显著高于D05和D10组(P<0.05)。随着饲料中脂肪含量的增加, 杂交鲟幼鱼脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)及肌肉、肝脏中的脂肪含量显著上升(P<0.05)。饲料中不同脂肪水平对干物质(ADCd)、蛋白质(ADCp)表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。D10、D15和D20组脂肪表观消化率(ADCf)显著高于D05组(P<0.05)。D15组能量表观消化率在各组中最高, 显著高于D05和D10组(P<0.05)。随着饲料中脂肪水平的增加, 血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性均显著升高, 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著下降(P<0.05)。此外, 肝功能指标谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性也随饲料中脂肪水平的升高呈递增趋势(P<0.05)。肌肉中的各脂肪酸含量与饲料中脂肪酸含量呈显著的线性正相关(R2>0.90, P<0.05)。综合各指标因素判断, 西伯利亚杂交鲟幼鱼饲料中适宜的脂肪水平为15%, P/E为23.54 mg/kJ。Abstract: To investigate the effects of dietary different lipid levels on the growth performance, feed digestibility, antioxidant status, and fillet fatty acid compositions of juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt ♀ × A. schrenckii Brandt ♂), four isonitrogenous (42% crude protein) experimental diets were formulated with various lipid levels at 5% (D05), 10% (D10), 15% (D15) and 20% (D20), respectively. Hybrid sturgeon with an initial body weight of (152.83±0.67) g were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 25 fish per replicate for a 12-week trial. The results showed that dietary different lipid levels had significant effect on the growth performance of juvenile hybrid sturgeon. Among them, final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) in D15 group were significantly higher than those in D05, D10 and D20 groups (P<0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) in D15 group was significantly higher than that in D05 and D10 groups (P<0.05). With the enhanced dietary lipid level, viscerasomatic index (VSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and crude fat in fillet and liver increased significantly (P<0.05). Dietary different lipid levels had no significant effects on the apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADCd) and protein (ADCp) (P>0.05). The apparent digestibility of fat (ADCf) in D10, D15 and D20 groups was significantly higher than that in the D05 group (P<0.05). The highest apparent digestibility of energy (ADCe) was in D15 group, which was significantly higher than that in D05 and D10 groups (P<0.05). When the dietary lipid level increased from 5% to 20%, the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were boosted (P<0.05) while glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity reduced significantly (P<0.05) in serum of juvenile hybrid sturgeon. The activities of the four liver function indicators, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), also showed an increasing trend (P<0.05). There was a significant positive linear correlation between the content of fillet fatty acids and the fatty acid content in the diets (R2>0.90, P<0.05). These results revealed that the optimal lipid level in the diet of juvenile hybrid sturgeon was 15%, and P/E was 23.54 mg/kJ.
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表 1 饲料组成及营养水平(%风干基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the experimental diets (% air-dry basis)
原料Ingredient D05 D10 D15 D20 鱼粉Fish meal a 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 豆粕Soybean meal b 27.00 27.00 27.00 27.00 面粉Wheat flour c 33.79 27.69 21.19 14.69 谷朊粉Wheat gluten c 10.00 10.80 12.00 13.30 预混料Vitamin and mineral premix d 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 鱼油Fish oil a 2.30 7.60 12.90 18.10 三氧化二钇Y2O3 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 营养水平Nutrient level 水分Moisture 6.60 6.00 5.40 5.30 粗蛋白Crude protein 42.10 42.30 42.40 42.60 粗脂肪Crude lipid 4.90 9.90 14.70 20.00 灰分Ash 8.60 8.80 8.30 8.60 总能Gross energy (MJ/kg) 15.60 16.89 18.01 19.04 P/E (mg/KJ) 26.98 25.09 23.54 22.37 必需氨基酸(g/kg粗蛋白)Essential amino acid (g/kg crude protein) Lys 56.10 55.60 55.30 54.90 Met 21.60 21.50 21.50 21.60 Thr 36.40 36.10 35.90 35.80 Arg 54.00 54.40 55.20 55.90 Ile 34.60 34.90 35.50 36.20 Leu 63.80 64.30 65.50 66.50 Val 40.30 40.70 41.50 42.20 His 22.50 22.70 23.10 23.50 Phe 39.60 40.10 40.90 41.70 注: a鱼粉和鱼油由三九鱼制品有限公司(埃斯比约,丹麦)提供; b豆粕由益海嘉里投资有限公司(上海, 中国)提供; c面粉和谷朊粉由古船集团(北京, 中国)提供; d预混料参照Xu等[20]Note: aFish meal and fish oil were supplied by Triple Nine Fish product Co., Esbjerg, Denmark; bSoybean meal was supplied by Yihai Kerry Investment Company Limited, Shanghai, China; cWheat flour and wheat gluten were supplied by Guchan Group, Beijing, China; dVitamin and mineral premix were prepared according to Xu, et al[20] 
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表 2 饲料中脂肪酸含量(g/100 g饲料)
Table 2 Fatty acid content of the experimental diets (g/100 g diet)
D05 D10 D15 D20 C14﹕0 0.17 0.33 0.43 0.56 C15﹕0 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.04 C16﹕0 0.98 1.80 2.45 2.90 C17﹕0 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.05 C18﹕0 0.21 0.42 0.62 0.79 ∑SFAa 1.38 2.61 3.56 4.34 C16﹕1 0.16 0.38 0.59 0.72 C18﹕1 1.19 3.02 4.84 6.35 C20﹕1 0.16 0.27 0.36 0.41 C24﹕1 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.06 ∑MUFAb 1.54 3.72 5.85 7.54 C18﹕2n-6 1.58 2.82 3.95 4.81 C18﹕3n-3 0.23 0.53 0.81 1.06 C20﹕4n-6 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.11 C20﹕5n-3 (EPA) 0.27 0.52 0.78 0.89 C22﹕6n-3 (DHA) 0.49 0.84 0.99 1.29 ∑PUFAc 2.60 4.76 6.58 8.26 注: a SFA. 饱和脂肪酸; b MUFA. 单不饱和脂肪酸; c PUFA. 多不饱和脂肪酸Note: a SFA. saturated fatty acid; b MUFA. monounsaturated fatty acid; c PUFA. polyunsaturated fatty acids
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表 3 饲料中不同脂肪含量对杂交鲟幼鱼生长、形体指标的影响(平均值±标准误, n=3)
Table 3 Growth performance and morphometric parameters of juvenile hybrid sturgeon fed experimental diets with different lipid levels (Mean±SE, n=3)
指标Index D05 D10 D15 D20 末均重
FBW (g)464.63±
17.23a475.41±
10.69ab564.62±
13.12c512.87±
3.18b增重率
WGR (%)204.29±
10.50a211.35±
5.63ab269.90±
9.72c234.50±
3.28b特定生长率
SGR (%/d)1.32±
0.04a1.35±
0.02ab1.56±
0.03c1.44±
0.01b饲料效率
FE (%)66.37±
3.61a70.35±
3.58ab87.48±
1.94c81.39±
1.59bc体长
BL (cm)48.38±
1.0947.66±
1.3148.56±
1.2449.66±
1.38肥满度
CF0.78±
0.030.84±
0.050.89±
0.030.87±
0.05脏体比
VSI9.97±
0.38a10.35±
0.25a11.69±
0.63b13.38±
0.39c肝体比
HSI2.98±
0.19a3.26±
0.17a3.69±
0.20b4.12±
0.23c注: 同一行数据标有不同上标表示存在显著差异(P<0.05); 下同Note: Values in the same row with different superscripts were significantly different (P<0.05). The same applies below
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表 4 饲料中不同脂肪水平对杂交鲟幼鱼肌肉组成和肝脏脂肪含量的影响(平均值±标准误, n=3)
Table 4 Fillet proximate compositions and hepatic fat content of juvenile hybrid sturgeon fed experimental diets with different lipid levels (Mean±SE, n=3)
组分
Composition (%)D05 D10 D15 D20 肌肉Muscle composition 水分Moisture 76.58±0.45 74.73±0.71 73.68±0.45 71.87±0.71 粗蛋白Crude protein 17.52±0.19 17.08±0.28 17.30±0.23 17.26±0.30 粗脂肪Crude fat 4.39±0.56a 6.50±0.83b 7.59±0.65b 9.49±0.84c 灰分Ash 1.11±0.01 1.11±0.01 1.08±0.02 1.09±0.01 肝脏Liver composition 粗脂肪Crude fat 30.19±1.47a 40.95±2.32b 45.57±0.88c 46.04±0.90c
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表 5 饲料中不同脂肪水平对杂交鲟幼鱼表观消化率的影响(平均值±标准误, n=3)
Table 5 ADC of dry matter, protein, fat and energy of juvenile hybrid sturgeon fed experimental diets with different lipid levels (Mean±SE, n=3)
表观消化率ADC (%) D05 D10 D15 D20 ADCd 76.93±1.38 76.49±0.88 77.59±0.45 78.42±0.15 ADCp 91.86±0.75 90.99±0.24 91.51±0.21 91.64±0.21 ADCf 89.13±1.21a 93.63±0.24b 94.17±1.01b 92.75±0.35b ADCe 81.57±1.16a 82.20±0.69a 84.88±0.35b 83.46±0.27ab
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表 6 饲料中不同脂肪含量对杂交鲟血清中抗氧化指标和肝脏功能的影响(平均值±标准误, n=3)
Table 6 Serum antioxidant parameters and liver functions of juvenile hybrid sturgeon fed experimental diets with different lipid levels (Mean±SE, n=3)
指标Index D05 D10 D15 D20 抗氧化指标Antioxidant parameters SOD (U/mL) 70.47±
4.17a76.93±
2.71a79.88±
3.28a96.91±
4.75bT-AOC (U/mL) 8.76±
0.32a9.24±
0.08ab9.30±
0.04b9.41±
0.01bGSH-Px (U/mL) 866.71±
35.12b865.88±
21.63b752.21±
40.66a715.20±
36.68aMPO (U/L) 35.47±
2.72a36.69±
2.22a42.25±
3.03ab46.23±
1.23b肝脏功能Liver function AST (U/L) 238.88±
19.10a252.14±
37.58ab256.33±
46.14ab326.13±
24.81bALT (U/L) 3.25±
0.75a5.25±
0.37b5.38±
0.63b5.57±
0.20bALP (U/L) 66.71±
4.39a76.63±
8.90a81.88±
5.47a113.67±
15.05bLDH (U/L) 655.29±
47.71a750.29±
69.56ab768.43±
43.04ab810.38±
30.80b
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表 7 饲料中不同脂肪水平对杂交鲟幼鱼肌肉脂肪酸含量的影响(g/100 g肌肉, 平均值±标准误, n=3)
Table 7 Fatty acid content in fillets of juvenile hybrid sturgeon fed experimental diets with different lipid levels (g/100 g fillet, Mean±SE, n=3)
脂肪酸Fatty acid D05 D10 D15 D20 C14﹕0 0.07±0.01a 0.12±0.02b 0.13±0.01b 0.18±0.02c C15﹕0 0.012±0.00a 0.013±0.00ab 0.013±0.00ab 0.018±0.00b C16﹕0 0.84±0.10a 1.11±0.14ab 1.17±0.11ab 1.31±0.10b C17﹕0 0.012±0.00a 0.014±0.00ab 0.016±0.00ab 0.018±0.00b C18﹕0 0.15±0.01a 0.19±0.02b 0.21±0.01bc 0.24±0.02c ∑SFA 1.09±0.13a 1.45±0.18ab 1.54±0.14b 1.77±0.13b C16﹕1 0.12±0.02a 0.19±0.03b 0.23±0.02b 0.30±0.03c C18﹕1n9 1.26±0.17a 2.03±0.30b 2.35±0.24bc 2.77±0.23c C20﹕1 0.08±0.01a 0.12±0.02b 0.14±0.01bc 0.16±0.01c C24﹕1 0.012±0.00 0.011±0.00 0.013±0.00 0.012±0.00 ∑MUFA 1.46±0.20a 2.34±0.34b 2.73±0.28bc 3.24±0.27c C18﹕2n6 0.85±0.11a 1.35±0.18b 1.60±0.14bc 1.94±0.14c C20﹕2n3 0.04±0.01a 0.06±0.01ab 0.08±0.01b 0.15±0.01c C18﹕3n3 0.09±0.01a 0.19±0.03b 0.25±0.03b 0.35±0.03c C20﹕4n6 0.046±0.00a 0.049±0.00ab 0.053±0.00ab 0.057±0.00b C20﹕5n3
(EPA)0.10±0.01a 0.17±0.02b 0.23±0.02c 0.31±0.02d C22﹕6n3
(DHA)0.30±0.04a 0.44±0.05b 0.50±0.03b 0.64±0.04c ∑PUFA 1.44±0.18a 2.26±0.29b 2.71±0.22c 3.45±0.25d
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表 8 肌肉和饲料中脂肪酸含量相关性分析
Table 8 Correlation coefficients (R2) and P values of fatty acid concentrations in fillets vs. dietary fatty acid concentrations
脂肪酸Fatty acid 线性回归方程 Liner regression R2 P C14:0 Fillet C14﹕0=0.03+0.28×dietary C14﹕0 0.96 <0.05 C16﹕0 Fillet C16﹕0=0.68+0.24×dietary C16:0 0.96 <0.05 C18﹕0 Fillet C18:0=0.11+0.17×dietary C18﹕0 0.99 <0.05 ∑SFA Fillet ∑SFA=0.80+0.20×dietary ∑SFA 0.97 <0.05 C16﹕1 Fillet C16﹕1=0.0714+0.28×dietary C16﹕1 0.97 <0.05 C18﹕1n9c Fillet C18﹕1n9c=0.67+0.33×dietary C18﹕1n9c 0.97 <0.05 C20﹕1 Fillet C20﹕1=0.04+0.27×dietary C20﹕1 0.99 <0.05 ∑MUFA Fillet ∑MUFA=0.64+0.36×dietary ∑MUFA 0.98 <0.05 C18﹕2n6c Fillet C18﹕2n6c=0.50+0.30×dietary C18﹕2n6c 0.99 <0.05 C20﹕2 Fillet C20﹕2=0.04+0.48×dietary C20﹕2 0.99 <0.05 C18﹕3n3 Fillet C18﹕3n3=–0.01+0.30×dietary C18﹕3n3 0.99 <0.05 C20﹕4n6 Fillet C20﹕4n6=0.05+0.10×dietary C20﹕4n6 0.93 <0.05 C20﹕5n3 (EPA) Fillet C20﹕5n3=0.03+0.36×dietary C20﹕5n3 0.96 <0.05 C22﹕6n3 (DHA) Fillet C22﹕6n3=0.14+0.40×dietary C22﹕6n3 1.00 <0.05 ∑PUFA Fillet ∑PUFA=0.29+0.36×dietary ∑PUFA 0.99 <0.05
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