BIODIVERSITY PATTERN AND CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN, CHINA
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摘要: 为对长江流域尺度的多样性进行分析, 研究以不同时期发表的长江流域水生植物相关文献、专著等为基础资料, 选取了22种环境因子, 分析了长江流域水生植物多样性时空格局, 并应用MaxEnt软件建立物种分布模型预测流域水生植物适生区及主要影响变量。结果表明长江流域已报道分布的水生维管植物共有298种, 隶属于52科、121属, 占我国水生维管植物物种数的57.6%, 是我国水生植物多样性重要区域, 其中长江中游流域的物种多样性最高。海拔和土地利用类型是影响长江流域水生植物空间分布格局的主要因素。水系对于水生植物的隔离效应较小, 而河湖一体的特征使得中下游各流域物种组成较为相近。MaxEnt模型结果表明洞庭湖、鄱阳湖和太湖以及连接三湖的中游干流、下游干流流域是水生植物的适生区域。过去的半个多世纪, 长江流域水生植被出现了明显的退化, 建议建立以“两湖”为核心的长江中下游整体保护体系, 设立或更新现有保护区和管理区时应兼顾水生植被的保护。Abstract: The Yangtze River is the largest river in China. It is a priority conservation area for biodiversity of the world, with its main river, branches and wetlands. As an essential part of freshwater ecosystem, aquatic vegetation has been well studied by Chinese researchers since 1950s, but large-scaled analysis on the biodiversity pattern is lacked. Based on published studies, we analyzed spatial and temporal pattern of aquatic plant diversity in the Yangtze River Basin, and calculated the suitable habitat area and underlying influence of environmental factors using MaxEnt software. A total of 298 species are recognized, belonging to 121 genera in 52 families, which is 57.6% of the total aquatic vascular plants in China. The Yangtze River Basin is the key area for aquatic plant diversity of China, especially the subregions of middle reaches. The elevation and land use are the key environmental variables to the spatial pattern of aquatic plants. The separation among water systems have weak influence on the spatial pattern of diversity in aquatic vascular plants, but potamo-lacustrine habitats facilitated the species homogenization of the flora in a sub-basin scale. The network consists of Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Tai Lake, and the middle and lower mainstream is the suitable area for the aquatic plants based on the MaxEnt model. In the past half century, the decline or loss of aquatic vegetation occurred in plenty of lakes in the Yangtze River Basin. We suggested that the protection of aquatic vegetation should be incorporated into the integrated conservation of the middle and lower Yangtze River.
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Keywords:
- The Yangtze River Basin /
- Aquatic vascular plant /
- Diversity pattern /
- MaxEnt model /
- Conservation
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图 1 长江流域水生维管植物样点分布图
Figure 1. Sample sites of aquatic vascular plant in the Yangtze River Basin
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图 2 长江流域各亚区水生植物的物种数
Figure 2. Species number of aquatic vascular plants in the subregions of the Yangtze River Basin
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图 3 长江流域各亚区水生植物物种相似性
Figure 3. Similarity of aquatic flora among the subregions in the Yangtze River Basin
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图 4 MaxEnt模型受试者工作特征曲线(A. 长江流域所有水生植物; B. 长江流域珍稀濒危水生植物, AUC值为曲线下面积)
Figure 4. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of MaxEnt model for the potential distribution of aquatic vascular plants in the Yangtze River Basin (A. all species; B. endangered species. AUC is the area under the curve)
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图 5 基于MaxEnt模型的长江流域水生植物潜在分布概率图(A. 所有物种; B. 珍稀濒危物种)
Figure 5. Probability of potential distribution for the aquatic vascular plants in the Yangtze River Basin based on the MaxEnt model (A. All speeies; B. endangered speeies)
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图 6 1950年代至今长江流域水生植物优势种频度变化
Figure 6. Changes of observed frequency of dominant aquatic plants in the Yangtze River Basin since 1950s
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表 1 长江流域水生植物各科属的种类数及分布
Table 1 List and distribution of aquatic vascular plants in the Yangtze River Basin
科
Family属
Genus物种数
Number of speciesHW&UJS YLS MTS JLS WS LJS HS DTS PYS MMS LMS TS 满江红科Azollaceae 满江红属Azolla 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 木贼科Equisetaceae 木贼Equisetum 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 水韭科Isoetaceae 水韭属Isoetes 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 苹科Marsileaceae 苹属Marsilea 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 水蕨科Parkeriaceae 水蕨属Ceratopteris 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 水龙骨科Polypodiaceae 星蕨属Microsorium 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 槐叶苹科Salviniaceae 槐叶苹属Salvinia 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 爵床科Acanthaceae 水蓑衣属Hygrophila 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 泽泻科Alismataceae 泽泻属Alisma 4 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 泽苔草属Caldesia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 毛茛泽泻属Ranalisma 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 慈姑属Sagittaria 5 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 苋科Amaranthaceae 莲子草属Alternanthera 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 水蕹科Aponogetonaceae 水蕹属Aponogeton 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 天南星科Araceae 菖蒲属Acorus 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 水芋属Calla 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 大薸属Pistia 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 花蔺科Butomaceae 花蔺属Butomus 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 莼菜科Cabombaceae 莼属Brasenia 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 水盾草属Cabomba 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 水马齿科Callitricheaceae 水马齿属Callitriche 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 
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附录 1 长江流域珍稀濒危水生植物名录 Appendix 1 List of endangered aquatic vascular plants in the Yangtze River Basin 科 Family 属 Genus 种 Species 保护等级/IUCN 水韭科 Isoetaceae 水韭属 Isoetes 高寒水韭 Isoetes hypsophila VU 东方水韭 Isoetes orientalis CR 中华水韭 Isoetes sinensis Ⅰ级, EN 水蕨科 Parkeriaceae 水蕨属 Ceratopteris 粗梗水蕨 Ceratopteris pteridoides Ⅱ级, EN 水蕨 Ceratopteris thalictroides Ⅱ级, VU 泽泻科 Alismataceae 泽苔草属 Caldesia 宽叶泽苔草 Caldesia grandis CR 泽苔草 Caldesia parnassifolia CR 毛茛泽泻属 Ranalisma 长喙毛茛泽泻 Ranalisma rostrata Ⅰ级, CR 慈姑属 Sagittaria 冠果草 Sagittaria guayanensis EN 利川慈姑 Sagittaria lichuanensis VU 小慈姑 Sagittaria potamogetifolia VU 野慈姑 Sagittaria trifolia NT 水蕹科 Aponogetonaceae 水蕹属 Aponogeton 水蕹 Aponogeton lakhonensis VU 莼菜科 Cabombaceae 莼属 Brasenia 莼菜 Brasenia schreberi Ⅰ级, CR 莎草科 Cyperaceae 石龙刍属 Lepironia 石龙刍 Lepironia articulata NT 水葱属 Schoenoplectus 曲氏水葱 Schoenoplectus chuanus EN 荆门水葱 Schoenoplectus jingmenensis VU 谷精草科 Eriocaulaceae 谷精草属 Eriocaulon 谷精草 Eriocaulon buergerianum VU 长苞谷精草 Eriocaulon decemflorum VU 禾本科 Gramineae 莎禾属 Coleanthus 莎禾 Coleanthus subtilis EN 水禾属 Hygroryza 水禾 Hygroryza aristata NT 小二仙草科 Haloragaceae 狐尾藻属 Myriophyllum 互花狐尾藻 Myriophyllum alterniflorum VU 二分果狐尾藻 Myriophyllum dicoccum NT 东方狐尾藻 Myriophyllum oguraense NT 四蕊狐尾藻 Myriophyllum tetrandrum RE 乌苏里狐尾藻 Myriophyllum ussuriense Ⅱ级, VU 杉叶藻科 Hippuridaceae 杉叶藻属 Hippuris 四叶杉叶藻 Hippuris tetraphylla NT 水鳖科 Hydrocharitaceae 水筛属 Blyxa 无尾水筛 Blyxa aubertii VU 光滑水筛 Blyxa leiosperma VU 水车前属 Ottelia 海菜花 Ottelia acuminata VU 龙舌草 Ottelia alismoides VU 水菜花 Ottelia cordata Ⅱ级, RE 苦草属 Vallisneria 刺苦草 Vallisneria spinulosa NT 睡菜科 Menyanthaceae 荇菜属 Nymphoides 水金莲花 Nymphoides aurantiaca NT 小荇菜 Nymphoides coreana NT 茨藻科 Najadaceae 茨藻属 Najas 弯果茨藻 Najas ancistrocarpa VU 多孔茨藻 Najas foveolata VU 纤细茨藻 Najas gracillima Ⅱ级, LC 澳古茨藻 Najas oguraensis EN 莲科 Nelumbonaceae 莲属 Nelumbo 莲 Nelumbo nucifera Ⅱ级 睡莲科 Nymphaeaceae 萍蓬草属 Nuphar 萍蓬草 Nuphar pumila Ⅱ级, VU 眼子菜科 Potamogetonaceae 眼子菜属 Potamogeton 浮叶眼子菜 Potamogeton natans NT 白茎眼子菜 Potamogeton praelongus VU 菱科 Trapaceae 菱属 Trapa 细果野菱 Trapa incisa Ⅱ级, DD 香蒲科 Typhaceae 黑三棱属 Sparganium 线叶黑三棱 Sparganium angustifolium NT 矮黑三棱 Sparganium natans VU 伞形科 Umbelliferae 水芹属 Oenanthe 短辐水芹 Oenanthe benghalensis VU
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表 2 影响长江流域水生植物分布格局的环境变量及其贡献度
Table 2 Contributions of environmental variables to spatial pattern of aquatic vascular plants in the Yangtze River Basin
环境变量Environmental variable 缩写Code 贡献率Percent contribution 所有物种
All species珍稀濒危物种Endangered species 年平均气温 BIO1 0 0 月均日温差 BIO2 0.7 1.1 月均日温差和年均极温差比值 BIO3 4.6 4.1 温度季度变化 BIO4 2.2 3.4 最暖季度均温 BIO10 1 6.6 最冷季度均温 BIO11 1.2 2 年降水 BIO12 0.3 0 降水量季度变化 BIO15 1.4 0.1 土壤分类 Soil_1 0 0 表层土壤砾石含量 Soil_2 0.3 1.7 表层土壤砂石含量 Soil_3 0 0 表层土壤淤泥含量 Soil_4 0 0.1 表层土壤黏粒含量 Soil_5 0 0 表层土壤容重 Soil_8 0.5 0.8 表层土壤有机碳含量 Soil_9 0.8 0.9 表层土壤酸碱度 Soil_10 1.7 2.8 表层土壤碱度 Soil_17 0.3 0.2 表层土壤盐度海拔 Soil_18 1.7 1.7 海拔 Elevation 61.8 60.5 坡度 Slope 4.6 3.8 坡向 Aspect 5.9 2.2 土地利用类型 Landuse 11 8
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