ANALYSIS ON THE ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LAKE QIANDAO BASED ON ECOPATH MODEL
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摘要: 为探索千岛湖生态系统现状及其历史变化, 根据2016年千岛湖的渔业资源与生态环境调查数据, 构建了千岛湖生态系统的 Ecopath 模型, 综合分析系统的能量流动过程、营养级结构和生态系统总体特征。2016年千岛湖 Ecopath 模型由18个功能组组成, 有效营养级范围为1—3.41, 牧食食物链的能量流动占系统总能量的56%。系统杂食指数(SOI)、联结指数(CI)、Finn循环指数分别为0.13, 0.26和5.15%。千岛湖与其他湖泊和水库比较, 其生态系统的各功能组的聚合度较高, 联结程度较为紧密, 物质再循环比例较高, 系统较为成熟。但千岛湖的系统总流量较低为24698.27 t/(km2·a), 总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值为6.51, 表明系统总体规模较小且仍处于发展阶段。根据千岛湖生态系统历年变化趋势分析: 千岛湖生态系统的总体规模有变大趋势, 稳定性和复杂性有所增强, 但营养交互关系变弱, 系统抵抗外界干扰的能力仍较低。同时, 千岛湖生态系统的初级生产者转化效率较低, 食物网趋于简单, 应采取适当的管理措施, 以保障千岛湖生态系统的健康发展。
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关键词:
- 千岛湖 /
- Ecopath 模型 /
- 营养级结构 /
- 能量流动 /
- 生态系统特征
Abstract: To explore the current status and historical change of the Lake Qiandao ecosystem, the Ecopath model of the Lake Qiandao ecosystem was constructed based on the survey data of fishery resources and water environment in Lake Qiandao in 2016. And the trophic level structure, energy flow and ecosystem characteristics were analyzed based on this model. The Ecopath pedigree index (P index) was 0.54, with high data reliability. Ecopath model was consisted of 18 functional groups, and the fractional trophic levels ranged from 1 to 3.14. Energy flow of Lake Qiandao ecosystem was dominated by grazing food chain, which accounted for 56% of the energy source. Parameters reflected the complexity of the ecosystem, For example, the system connectance index (CI), the omnivory index (SOI), the Finn cycling index and the Finn mean path length were 0.26, 0.13, 5.15% and 2.46, respectively. Compared with other reservoirs, it showed that the functional groups of Lake Qiandao ecosystem had a higher polymerization, a closer connection, a higher rate of material recycling and the ecosystem was more mature. However, the total system throughput of Lake Qiandao in 2016 was low with 24698.27 t/(km2·a), and the total primary production was 6.51 folds of the total respiration, which indicate that the scale of Lake Qiandao ecosystem was small and still in a developmental stage. According to the historical analyses of the Lake Qiandao ecosystem, the scale of this ecosystem has become larger, and the stability and complexity have been enhanced, but the nutrient interaction relationship was weakened, and the ability of the ecosystem to resist external interference was still weak. At the same time, the conversion efficiency of primary producers of Lake Qiandao ecosystem was low, and the food web was simple. So appropriate management measures should be taken to ensure healthy development of Lake Qiandao ecosystem.-
Keywords:
- Lake Qiandao /
- Ecopath model /
- Trophic structure /
- Energy flow /
- Ecosystem characteristics
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图 2 千岛湖生态系统各营养级间的物质流动 (t/(km2·a))
Figure 2. Trophic flows transmitted through aggregated trophic levels in Lake Qiandao ecosystem (t/(km2·a))
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图 3 千岛湖生态系统 Ecopath 模型敏感性分析
a. 各鱼类功能组B的变化对相应功能组EE的敏感度变化(除底栖动物和浮游动物功能组), b. 底栖动物B的变化对底栖动物EE的敏感度变化, c. 浮游动物B的变化对浮游动物EE的敏感度变化, d. 黄颡鱼B的变化对底栖动物EE的敏感度变化, e. 鳙B的变化对浮游动物EE的敏感度变化, f. 鲢B的变化对浮游动物EE的敏感度变化
Figure 3. Sensitivity analysis of Ecopath model for Lake Qiandao ecosystem
a. Fish functional group (B) on same fish functional group (EE); b. Macrobenthos (B) on meiobenthos (EE); c. Zooplankton (B) on zooplankton (EE); d.Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (B) on meiobenthos (EE); e. Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (B) on zooplankton (EE); f.Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (B) on zooplankton (EE)
表 1 千岛湖Ecopath 模型的功能组及主要种类组成
Table 1 Functional groups and dominant species based on Ecopath model in Lake Qiandao
编号Number 功能组
Functional group组成成分
Species composition1 鳜Siniperca 鳜Siniperca chuatsi
斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri
大眼鳜Siniperca kneri Garman2 太阳鱼Lepomis gibbosus 蓝鳃太阳鱼Lepomis macrochirus
绿太阳鱼 Lepomis auritus3 鲌Culter 翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus Basilewsky
红鳍原鲌Cultrichthys erythropterus
蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus Basilewsky
达氏鲌Culter dabryi
青梢红鲌Erythroculter dabryi4 黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus 黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco
瓦氏黄颡鱼Pseudobagrus vachellii5 飘鱼Pseudolaubuca 银飘Pseudolaubuca sinensis 6 鳊Parabramis 大眼华鳊Sinibrama macrops
鳊Parabramis pekinensis7 鱼条Hemiculter 餐条Hemiculter leucisculus 8 鲴Xenocyprina 细鳞鲴Xenocypris microlepis
银鲴Xenocypris argentea
黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi9 鲤Cyprinus carpio 鲤Cyprinus carpio 10 鲫Carassius auratus 鲫Carassius auratus 11 鳙Hypophthalmichthys nobilis 鳙Hypophthalmichthys nobilis 12 虾Shrimp 虾类Shrimp 13 鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 14 草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus 草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus 15 大型底栖动物Macrobenthos 大型底栖动物 Macrobenthos 16 浮游动物Zooplankton 浮游动物Zooplankton 17 浮游植物Phytoplankton 浮游植物Phytoplankton 18 碎屑Detritus 细菌、有机碎屑Bacteria, organic detritus 
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表 2 千岛湖生态系统 Ecopath 模型食物组成矩阵
Table 2 Diet composition matrix for Lake Qiandao Ecopath model
被捕食者Prey 捕食者Predator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 鳜Siniperca chuatsi 0.020 2 太阳鱼Lepomisgibbosus 0.050 3 鲌Culterinae 0.057 4 黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 0.188 5 飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis 0.050 0.010 6 鳊Parabramis pekinensis 0.010 0.006 0.050 7 䱗条Hemiculter leucisculus 0.021 0.010 8 鲴Xenocyprina 0.081 9 鲤Cyprinus carpio 0.032 0.014 10 鲫Carassius auratus 0.023 0.010 11 鳙Hypophthalmichthys nobilis 0.317 0.421 0.541 0.270 12 虾Shrimp 0.071 0.050 0.030 13 鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 0.132 0.304 0.433 0.185 14 草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus 0.020 15 底栖动物Macrobenthos 0.143 0.160 0.090 0.120 0.020 0.100 0.010 16 浮游动物 Zooplankton 0.030 0.130 0.146 0.130 0.015 0.161 0.190 0.401 0.150 0.201 0.100 0.070 0.020 17 浮游植物 Phytoplankton 0.100 0.350 0.345 0.320 0.551 0.275 0.350 0.229 0.300 0.625 0.400 0.300 0.750 18 碎屑 Detritus 0.100 0.150 0.151 0.360 0.510 0.460 0.434 0.394 0.410 0.370 0.450 0.174 0.500 0.620 0.230
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表 3 千岛湖生态系统 Ecopath 模型功能组估算参数
Table 3 Input and output parameters of Ecopath model in Lake Qiandao
功能组
Functional group有效营养级
Effective
trophic level生物量
Biomass in
habitat area (t/km2)生产量/生物量
Production/
biomass (/a)消耗量/生物量
Consumption/
Biomass (/a)转化效率
Ecotrophic
efficiency生产量/消耗量
Production/
Consumption1 鳜Siniperca chuatsi 3.41 0.01 1.24 9.46 0.77 0.13 2 太阳鱼Lepomis gibbosus 3.12 0.01 1.26 13.14 0.92 0.10 3 鲌Culterinae 3.32 0.07 1.09 9.14 0.84 0.12 4 黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 2.94 0.07 1.01 10.53 0.62 0.10 5 飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis 2.31 0.06 1.10 12.80 0.59 0.09 6 鳊Parabramis pekinensis 2.15 0.13 1.04 11.35 0.86 0.09 7 䱗条Hemiculter leucisculus 2.23 0.03 1.40 12.33 0.87 0.11 8 鲴Xenocyprina 2.02 0.06 2.01 16.27 0.82 0.12 9 鲤Cyprinus carpio 2.36 0.04 1.21 7.27 0.86 0.17 10 鲫Carassius auratus 2.25 0.04 1.15 8.37 0.75 0.14 11 鳙Hypophthalmichthys nobilis 2.41 11.11 0.55 7.20 0.57 0.08 12 虾Shrimp 2.26 0.05 1.83 24.40 0.92 0.08 13 鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 2.21 8.18 0.56 8.45 0.73 0.07 14 草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus 2.10 0.02 1.73 9.66 0.90 0.18 15 底栖动物Macrobenthos 2.08 0.543 4.03 201.70 0.70 0.02 16 浮游动物Zooplankton 2.02 11.56 20.68 413.67 0.63 0.05 17 浮游植物Phytoplankton 1.00 45.62 219.00 — 0.37 — 18 碎屑Detritus 1.00 51.18 — — 0.13 —
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表 4 千岛湖生态系统能量流的分布
Table 4 Distribution of energy flows at aggregated trophic levels in Lake Qiandao ecosystem [t/(km2·a)]
营养级
Trophic level被摄食量
Consumption
by predators输出量
Exports流向碎屑量Flow to detritus 呼吸量
Respira-tion总流量
Through-putⅥ 0.000000 0.000001 0.000003 0.000010 0.000014 Ⅴ 0.000014 0.000455 0.00134 0.00390 0.00571 Ⅳ 0.00571 0.0223 0.0774 0.226 0.331 Ⅲ 0.331 1.381 16.24 24.26 42.21 Ⅱ 42.21 2.562 2502 1136 3683 Ⅰ 3683 0.000 6308 0.000 9991 合计Sum 3726 3.965 8826 1161 13716
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表 5 不同营养级之间的能量转化效率
Table 5 Transfer efficiencies between different trophic levels (%)
来源Source 营养级Trophic level Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ 初级生产者Primary producer 1.2 4.1 8.5 8.2 碎屑Detritus 1.2 4.2 8.4 8.2 总能流All flows 1.2 4.1 8.4 8.2 8.2 来自碎屑的能流比Proportion of total flow originating from detritus 44% 初级生产者转化效率From primary producers 3.5% 碎屑转化效率From detritus 3.6% 总转化效率Total 3.5%
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表 6 千岛湖及其他水库生态系统的总体特征
Table 6 General properties of Lake Qiandao and other reservoir ecosystems
参数
Parameter千岛湖(新安江水库)
Lake Qiandao (Xin’anjiang Reservoir)分水江水库[1]
2008—2009
Fenshuijiang Reservoir
2008—2009金沙河水库[2]
2013—2014
Jinshahe Reservoir
2013—2014Ravishankar Sagar[14]
2009—2010Pasak Jolasid[5]
2002—2003
单位Unit 值(2016)
Value
(2016)值(1999)[13]Value (1999) 值(2000)[13]Value (2000) 值(2004)[13]Value (2004) 总消耗量 5047.776 14729.56 10362.92 5336.244 24102.00 5717.473 7422.47 t/(km2·a) 总输出量 8453.85 4729.358 3041.657 3087.157 23809.54 8901.745 t/(km2·a) 总呼吸量 1536.946 4409.623 3060.115 1130.893 5670.618 1552.080 t/(km2·a) 流向碎屑总量 9659.694 11416.11 7806.801 6487.187 25356.96 11076.380 15883.040 4336.72 t/(km2·a) 系统总流量 24698.270 35285.0 24271.0 16041.0 78938.12 27247.680 38903.0 16052.00 t/(km2·a) 系统总生产量 10243.530 9878.0 6635.0 4440.0 29240.88 10753.030 5982.00 t/(km2·a) 平均捕捞营养级 2.315 2.74 2.61 2.60 2.75 2.78 2.37 总净初级生产量 9990.779 9138.98 6010.772 4218.050 27286.66 10453.820 4235.39 t/(km2·a) 总初级生产量/
总呼吸量6.509 2.073 1.994 3.730 4.821 6.735 10.36 1.21 系统净生产量 8453.834 8901.744 15325.010 t/(km2·a) 总初级生产量/
总生物量128.738 89.598 78.163 74.050 161.30 97.425 80.33 19.50 总生物量/总流量 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.002 0.004 0.005 总生物量
(不含碎屑)77.605 102 78.163 56.962 169.17 114.344 t/(km2·a) 系统联结指数 0.263 0.227 0.230 0.276 0.260 0.277 0.299 0.264 系统杂食指数 0.131 0.064 0.062 0.096 0.062 0.087 0.162 0.089 Finn 循环指数 5.270 29.85 31.01 26.27 0.084 1.99 % Finn 平均路径
长度2.472 3.861 3.978 3.803 2.606 2.294 模型置信指数 0.544
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