| Citation: |
ZHAO Hao-Xiang, GONG Wen-Ao, XIA Ji-Gang, FU Shi-Jian. COLOR AND ILLUMINATION INTENSITY IN AQUACULTURE ENVIRONMENT ON PERSONALITY BEHAVIOR OF CICHLIDS[J]. ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 49(3): 032516. DOI: 10.7541/2025.2024.0320
|
Ornamental fishery plays a crucial role in the development of modern fishery economy, yet the welfare of ornamental species remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the influence of environmental factors on the personality traits of Cichlidae juveniles, specifically Labidochromis caeruleus. The experimental design involved variations in aquaculture tank color (white, red, orange, blue) and illumination intensity (35, 300, 2000 lx) to compare sociability, boldness, and aggressiveness across 12 different environmental combinations. The results demonstrated that at an illumination intensity of 300 lx, the red-colored environment led to the highest levels of sociability, while maintaining relatively low aggressiveness, indicating an optimal balance between these traits. Similarly, in the blue environment at the same illumination intensity, the fish displayed comparable sociability and aggressiveness, coupled with higher boldness, indicating increased exploratory behavior. The study showed that different color and light intensity conditions can elicit specific behavioral responses in juvenile L. caeruleus. It is recommended to incorporate red or blue elements as the background in aquaculture environments with a lighting intensity of 300 lx to create an optimal rearing environment for L. caeruleus that promotes both sociability and boldness while moderately controlling aggressiveness. This combination not only enhances individual exploration tendencies and group interactions but also effectively mitigates negative stimuli propagation within the aquarium environment. From the perspective of the welfare of ornamental fish farming, this study provides initial insights into the behavioral tendencies of L. caeruleus under different environmental factors through behavioral methods, offering valuable reference points for future research and practical applications in the ornamental fish industry.
| [1] |
Truax J, Vonk J, Meri E, et al. Aquarium visitors catch some rays: rays are more active in the presence of more visitors [J]. Animals, 2023, 13(22): 3526. doi: 10.3390/ani13223526
|
| [2] |
Jones M, Alexander M E, Snellgrove D, et al. How should we monitor welfare in the ornamental fish trade [J]? Reviews in Aquaculture, 2022, 14 (2): 770-790.
|
| [3] |
Peng J, Dou Y Q, Liang H, et al. Social learning of acquiring novel feeding habit in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) [J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2019, 20(18): 4399. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184399
|
| [4] |
Venkatachalam S, Kandasamy K, Krishnamoorthy I, et al. Survival and growth of fish (Lates calcarifer) under integrated mangrove-aquaculture and open-aquaculture systems [J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2018(9): 18-24. doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2017.11.004
|
| [5] |
Bastos Gomes G, Jerry D R, Miller T L, et al. Current status of parasitic ciliates Chilodonella spp. (Phyllopharyngea: Chilodonellidae) in freshwater fish aquaculture [J]. Journal of Fish Diseases, 2017, 40(5): 703-715. doi: 10.1111/jfd.12523
|
| [6] |
Stevens C H, Croft D P, Paull G C, et al. Stress and welfare in ornamental fishes: what can be learned from aquaculture [J]? Journal of Fish Biology, 2017, 91 (2): 409-428.
|
| [7] |
Clements S A, Dorr B S, Davis J B, et al. Diets of scaup occupying baitfish and sportfish farms in eastern Arkansas [J]. Food Webs, 2020(23): e00141.
|
| [8] |
Zhang J D, Amenyogbe E, Yang E J, et al. Feeding habits and growth characteristics of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) larval and juvenile stages [J]. Aquaculture, 2021(539): 736612. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736612
|
| [9] |
de Busserolles F, Cortesi F, Fogg L, et al. The visual ecology of Holocentridae, a nocturnal coral reef fish family with a deep-sea-like multibank retina [J]. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2021, 224 (Pt 1): jeb233098.
|
| [10] |
Escobar-Camacho D, Marshall J, Carleton K L. Behavioral color vision in a cichlid fish: Metriaclima benetos [J]. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2017, 220 (Pt 16): 2887-2899.
|
| [11] |
Carleton K L, Yourick M R. Axes of visual adaptation in the ecologically diverse family Cichlidae [J]. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 2020(106): 43-52.
|
| [12] |
Pauers M J, Kuchenbecker J A, Joneson S L, et al. Correlated evolution of short wavelength sensitive photoreceptor sensitivity and color pattern in lake Malawi cichlids [J]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2016(4): 12.
|
| [13] |
Bera A, Kailasam M, Mandal B, et al. Effect of tank colour on foraging capacity, growth and survival of milkfish (Chanos chanos) larvae [J]. Aquaculture, 2019(512): 734347. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734347
|
| [14] |
Mat Nawang S U S, Ching F F, Senoo S. Comparison on growth performance, body coloration changes and stress response of juvenile river catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus reared in different tank background colour [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2019, 50(9): 2591-2599. doi: 10.1111/are.14215
|
| [15] |
Fobert E K, Schubert K P, Burke da Silva K. The influence of spectral composition of artificial light at night on clownfish reproductive success [J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 2021(540): 151559. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2021.151559
|
| [16] |
Kupprat F, Hölker F, Knopf K, et al. Innate immunity, oxidative stress and body indices of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis after two weeks of exposure to artificial light at night [J]. Journal of Fish Biology, 2021, 99(1): 118-130. doi: 10.1111/jfb.14703
|
| [17] |
Luchiari A C, Pirhonen J. Effects of ambient colour on colour preference and growth of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) [J]. Journal of Fish Biology, 2008, 72(6): 1504-1514. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01824.x
|
| [18] |
Mclean E, Cotter P, Thain C, et al. Tank color impacts performance of cultured fish [J]. Ribarstvo, 2008, 2(2): 43-54.
|
| [19] |
Wei H, Li H D, Xia Y, et al. Effects of light intensity on phototaxis, growth, antioxidant and stress of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) [J]. Aquaculture, 2019(501): 39-47. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.10.055
|
| [20] |
Harrington L A, Mookerjee A, Kalita M, et al. Risks associated with the global demand for novel exotic pets: a new and emerging trade in snakehead fish (Channa spp.) from India [J]. Biological Conservation, 2022(265): 109377.
|
| [21] |
Msukwa A V, Cowx I G, Harvey J P. Vulnerability assessment of Lake Malawi’s ornamental fish resources to export ornamental trade [J]. Fisheries Research, 2021(238): 105869. doi: 10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105869
|
| [22] |
O’Connor C M, Reddon A R, Ligocki I Y, et al. Motivation but not body size influences territorial contest dynamics in a wild cichlid fish [J]. Animal Behaviour, 2015(107): 19-29. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.06.001
|
| [23] |
Boileau N, Cortesi F, Egger B, et al. A complex mode of aggressive mimicry in a scale-eating cichlid fish [J]. Biology Letters, 2015, 11(9): 20150521. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0521
|
| [24] |
Nyalungu N P, Couldridge V. Female mate choice and species recognition between two closely related cichlid fish of Lake Malawi, Metriaclima estherae and M. callainos [J]. Journal of Fish Biology, 2020, 97(1): 75-82. doi: 10.1111/jfb.14327
|
| [25] |
龚文奥, 赵浩翔, 张久荭, 等. 不同光照强度对淡黑镊丽鱼幼鱼个性的影响 [J]. 重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 40(3): 16-21.]
Gong W A, Zhao H X, Zhang J H, et al. Effects of different illumination intensity on personality of Labidochromis caeruleus juvenile [J]. Journal of Chongqing Normal University (Natural Science), 2023, 40(3): 16-21. [
|
| [26] |
Tiddy I C, Schneider K, Elmer K R. Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes [J]. Journal of Fish Biology, 2024, 104(3): 517-535. doi: 10.1111/jfb.15621
|
| [27] |
赵浩翔, 龚文奥, 王丽英, 等. 体色和社会熟悉度对慈鲷选择集群的影响 [J]. 水生生物学报, 2024, 48(5): 780-786.] doi: 10.7541/2024.2023.0398
Zhao H X, Gong W A, Wang L Y, et al. Body color and social familiarity on shoal selection of cichlids [J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2024, 48(5): 780-786. [ doi: 10.7541/2024.2023.0398
|
| [28] |
Hulthén K, Hill J S, Jenkins M R, et al. Predation and resource availability interact to drive life-history evolution in an adaptive radiation of livebearing fish [J]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2021(9): 619277. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.619277
|
| [29] |
El-Sabaawi R W. How fishes can help us answer important questions about the ecological consequences of evolution [J]. Copeia, 2017, 105(3): 558-568. doi: 10.1643/OT-16-530
|
| [30] |
Xiang T, Dong X H, Ju T, et al. Anthropogenic activities and environmental filtering have reshaped freshwater fish biodiversity patterns in China over the past 120 years [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2023(344): 118374. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118374
|
| [31] |
Li H X, Wang J, Zhang X, et al. Comparing behavioral performance and physiological responses of Sebastes schlegelii with different aggressiveness [J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022, 48(5): 1333-1347. doi: 10.1007/s10695-022-01123-y
|
| [32] |
Toni M, Manciocco A, Angiulli E, et al. Review: Assessing fish welfare in research and aquaculture, with a focus on European directives [J]. Animal, 2019, 13(1): 161-170. doi: 10.1017/S1751731118000940
|
| [33] |
Ward A J W, Thomas P, Hart P J B, et al. Correlates of boldness in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) [J]. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2004, 55(6): 561-568. doi: 10.1007/s00265-003-0751-8
|
| [34] |
Cattelan S, Lucon-Xiccato T, Pilastro A, et al. Is the mirror test a valid measure of fish sociability [J]? Animal Behaviour, 2017(127): 109-116. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.03.009
|
| [35] |
Brown C, Jones F, Braithwaite V. In situ examination of boldness-shyness traits in the tropical poeciliid, Brachyraphis episcopi [J]. Animal Behaviour, 2005, 70(5): 1003-1009. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.12.022
|
| [36] |
Forsatkar M N, Ali Nematollahi M, Biro P A, et al. Individual boldness traits influenced by temperature in male Siamese fighting fish [J]. Physiology & Behavior, 2016(165): 267-272.
|
| [37] |
Vøllestad L A, Quinn T P. Trade-off between growth rate and aggression in juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch [J]. Animal Behaviour, 2003, 66(3): 561-568. doi: 10.1006/anbe.2003.2237
|
| [38] |
Church K D W, Grant J W A. Does increasing habitat complexity favour particular personality types of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar [J]? Animal Behaviour, 2018(135): 139-146. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.11.006
|
| [39] |
Pérez-Escudero A, Vicente-Page J, Hinz R C, et al. id-Tracker: tracking individuals in a group by automatic identification of unmarked animals [J]. Nature Methods, 2014, 11(7): 743-748. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2994
|
| [40] |
Kiessling A, van de Vis H, Flik G, et al. Welfare of farmed fish in present and future production systems [J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2012, 38(1): 1-3. doi: 10.1007/s10695-011-9594-9
|
| [41] |
Jones R C. Science, sentience, and animal welfare [J]. Biology & Philosophy, 2013, 28(1): 1-30.
|
| [42] |
Cote J, Fogarty S, Sih A. Individual sociability and choosiness between shoal types [J]. Animal Behaviour, 2012, 83(6): 1469-1476. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.019
|
| [43] |
Webster M M, Hart P J B. Subhabitat selection by foraging threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): previous experience and social conformity [J]. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2006, 60(1): 77-86. doi: 10.1007/s00265-005-0143-3
|
| [44] |
姜志强, 谭淑荣. 不同光照强度对花鲈幼鱼摄食的影响 [J]. 水产科学, 2002, 21(3): 4-5.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1111.2002.03.002
Jiang Z Q, Tan S R. Effect of light intensity on feeding intensity of Lateolabrax japonicus juvenile [J]. Fisheries Science, 2002, 21(3): 4-5. [ doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1111.2002.03.002
|
| [45] |
Vandewalle G, Maquet P, Dijk D J. Light as a modulator of cognitive brain function [J]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2009, 13(10): 429-438. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.07.004
|
| [46] |
赵浩翔, 龚文奥, 张久荭, 等. 淡黑镊丽鱼对不同环境颜色和不同颜色鱼群的选择偏好 [J]. 重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 39(6): 46-51.]
Zhao H X, Gong W A, Zhang J H, et al. Preference of Labidochromis caeruleus for environment and fish shoal with different color [J]. Journal of Chongqing Normal University (Natural Science), 2022, 39(6): 46-51. [
|
| [47] |
Kasagi S, Miura M, Okazaki T, et al. Effects of tank color brightness on the body color, somatic growth, and endocrine systems of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss [J]. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 2020(298): 113581. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113581
|
| [48] |
曾足仙, 龙家兴, 何娇阳, 等. 光照周期对两种鱼类社会性及社会奖赏情景下行为策略的影响 [J]. 生态学杂志, 2024, 43(4): 959-966.]
Zeng Z X, Long J X, He J Y, et al. Effects of photoperiod on sociability and behavioral strategies under social reward scenarios in two fish species [J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2024, 43(4): 959-966. [
|
| [49] |
许传才, 伊善辉, 陈勇. 不同颜色的光对鲤的诱集效果 [J]. 大连水产学院学报, 2008, 23(1): 20-23.]
Xu C C, Yi S H, Chen Y. Attracting of different colors of light to common carp Cyprinus carpio [J]. Journal of Dalian Fisheries University, 2008, 23(1): 20-23. [
|
| [50] |
秦孝辉, 王从锋, 莫伟均, 等. 鳙对光色和光强的选择性试验 [J]. 水生态学杂志, 2015, 36(3): 66-71.]
Qin X H, Wang C F, Mo W J, et al. Effect of light color and intensity for attracting Ariastichthys nobilis [J]. Journal of Hydroecology, 2015, 36(3): 66-71. [
|
| [51] |
Champagne F A, Curley J P. How social experiences influence the brain [J]. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2005, 15(6): 704-709. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2005.10.001
|
| [52] |
Schneider R F, Rometsch S J, Torres-Dowdall J, et al. Habitat light sets the boundaries for the rapid evolution of cichlid fish vision, while sexual selection can tune it within those limits [J]. Molecular Ecology, 2020, 29(8): 1476-1493. doi: 10.1111/mec.15416
|
| [53] |
Bejarano-Escobar R, Blasco M, Martín-Partido G, et al. Light-induced degeneration and microglial response in the retina of an epibenthonic pigmented teleost: age-dependent photoreceptor susceptibility to cell death [J]. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012, 215 (Pt 21): 3799-3812.
|
| [54] |
Zhao H X, Zhang J H, Gong W A, et al. Labidochromis caeruleus cichlid preference for background colour varied between individuals and groups but did not vary for body colour of other fish [J]. Journal of Ethology, 2024, 42 (1): 9-18.
|
| [55] |
Lin C Y, Dai H C, Shi X T, et al. Investigating feasible light configurations for fish restoration: An ethological insight [J]. Fisheries Research, 2021(234): 105807. doi: 10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105807
|
| [56] |
罗清平, 袁重桂, 阮成旭, 等. 孔雀鱼幼苗在光场中的行为反应分析 [J]. 福州大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 35(4): 631-634.]
Luo Q P, Yuan C G, Ruan C X, et al. Analysis of behavioral response of guppy fry in optical field [J]. Journal of Fuzhou University (Natural Science Edition), 2007, 35(4): 631-634. [
|
| [57] |
Moss S, Tittaferrante S, Way G P, et al. Interactions between aggression, boldness and shoaling within a brood of convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciatus) [J]. Behavioural Processes, 2015(121): 63-69. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.012
|
| [58] |
Pauers M J, Kapfer J M, Fendos C E, et al. Aggressive biases towards similarly coloured males in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes [J]. Biology Letters, 2008, 4(2): 156-159. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0581
|
| [59] |
张嫱, 付世建, 夏继刚. 鱼类“个性”行为及其研究进展 [J]. 生态学杂志, 2017, 36(12): 3623-3628.]
Zhang Q, Fu S J, Xia J G. Recent progress on the personality of fish [J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2017, 36(12): 3623-3628. [
|
| [60] |
Vowles A S, Kemp P S. Effects of light on the behaviour of brown trout (Salmo trutta) encountering accelerating flow: application to downstream fish passage [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2012, 47(1): 247-253.
|
DownLoad: