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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.92
Abstract:
sCAP could stimulate heart movement and contraction of muscle and fallopian tube, enhance posterior bowel contraction and participate in biological molting. This study identified the sCAP gene (GenBank accession No. MG779491) from Sepiella japonica as SjsCAP. We cloned a 696 bp full-length cDNA sequence of SjsCAP gene by RT-PCR and RACE techniques including 111 bp 5′ untranslated region (UTR), 324 bp 3′UTR, and 261 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein with 86 amino acids. The molecular weight of the protein was 9.331 kD and its pI was 8.52. The prediction of signal peptides and transmembrane domain indicated that SjsCAP might play an important role in extracellular. The protein is hydrophilic. Phylogenetics analysis based on SjsCAP amino acid sequences demonstrated that S. japonica has the closest relationship with Sepia officinalis with a 90% similarity. Expression analysis of SjsCAP gene in male and female individuals showed that it mainly expressed in optic lobe and also has the high expression in the brain. The expression level in male was obviously higher than that of female cuttlefish. The results of in situ hybridization assay showed that significant positive hybridization signals were detected in the optic lobe of the brain tissue of S. japonica, the vertical lobe, subvertical lobe, peduncle lobe, dorsolateral lobe of the esophageal nerve mass, and optic gland. These results provide some theoretical basis for genetic resource conservation and development of S. japonica.
sCAP could stimulate heart movement and contraction of muscle and fallopian tube, enhance posterior bowel contraction and participate in biological molting. This study identified the sCAP gene (GenBank accession No. MG779491) from Sepiella japonica as SjsCAP. We cloned a 696 bp full-length cDNA sequence of SjsCAP gene by RT-PCR and RACE techniques including 111 bp 5′ untranslated region (UTR), 324 bp 3′UTR, and 261 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein with 86 amino acids. The molecular weight of the protein was 9.331 kD and its pI was 8.52. The prediction of signal peptides and transmembrane domain indicated that SjsCAP might play an important role in extracellular. The protein is hydrophilic. Phylogenetics analysis based on SjsCAP amino acid sequences demonstrated that S. japonica has the closest relationship with Sepia officinalis with a 90% similarity. Expression analysis of SjsCAP gene in male and female individuals showed that it mainly expressed in optic lobe and also has the high expression in the brain. The expression level in male was obviously higher than that of female cuttlefish. The results of in situ hybridization assay showed that significant positive hybridization signals were detected in the optic lobe of the brain tissue of S. japonica, the vertical lobe, subvertical lobe, peduncle lobe, dorsolateral lobe of the esophageal nerve mass, and optic gland. These results provide some theoretical basis for genetic resource conservation and development of S. japonica.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.083
Abstract:
To elucidate the role of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (Ifabp) in the regulation of lipids metabolism, unigenes were obtained from transcriptome of liver in spotted scat, Scatophagus argus. Two subtypes of ifabp genes (ssifabp2a and ssifabp2b) were isolated and analyzed in the female and male S. argus, respectively. Tissue distributions and changes of ssifabp2a and ssifabp2b in fast feeding and re-feeding were also observed. Phylogenetic tree results showed that ssIfabp2a was clustered with other Ifabp2a, Ifabp or IfabpX1, while ssIifabp2b was clustered with Ifabp2b or Ifabp-like in Osteichthyes. Homology analysis revealed that the sequence identity of ssifabp2a was 78.8%—87.9% with other Osteichthyes Ifabp2a, Ifabp or IfabpX1. The sequence identity of ssifabp2b was 79.5%—87.9% with other Osteichthyes Ifabp2b or Ifabp-like. The sequence identity was 73.5% between ssifabp2a and ssifabp2b. RT-PCR showed that ssifabp2a was the highest in intestine, and had a moderate level in kidney and liver. And ssifabp2b was also the highest in intestine, but had a moderate level in liver, stomach and hypothalamus in male. However, the expression of ssifabp2a was the highest in stomach, and moderate in kidney, liver and hypothalamus, with a weak expression level in other tissues and no expression in pituitary. The ssifabp2b was expressed strongly in hypothalamus, ovary, heart and intestine, and weakly in other tissues, but had no expression in gill of females. In the intestine, the expression of ssifabp2a decreased significantly, but there was no significant change of ssifabp2b after 2d of food deprivation. The expression of ssifabp2a decreased significantly compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference on the expression of ssifabp2b within the 7 day fasting group. The expressions of ssifabp2a and ssifabp2b increased significantly with refeeding 3-h after the scheduled feeding time. In liver, the expression of ssifabp2a was not changed, but the expression of ssifabp2b increased significantly after 2-day of food deprivation. However, the ssifabp2a and ssifabp2b were all increased during the 7-day fasting, and decreased significantly with refeeding 3-h after the scheduled feeding time. In summary, ssIfabp2a and ssIfabp2b are involved in the regulation of lipids metabolism at liver and intestine in Scatophagus argus.
To elucidate the role of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (Ifabp) in the regulation of lipids metabolism, unigenes were obtained from transcriptome of liver in spotted scat, Scatophagus argus. Two subtypes of ifabp genes (ssifabp2a and ssifabp2b) were isolated and analyzed in the female and male S. argus, respectively. Tissue distributions and changes of ssifabp2a and ssifabp2b in fast feeding and re-feeding were also observed. Phylogenetic tree results showed that ssIfabp2a was clustered with other Ifabp2a, Ifabp or IfabpX1, while ssIifabp2b was clustered with Ifabp2b or Ifabp-like in Osteichthyes. Homology analysis revealed that the sequence identity of ssifabp2a was 78.8%—87.9% with other Osteichthyes Ifabp2a, Ifabp or IfabpX1. The sequence identity of ssifabp2b was 79.5%—87.9% with other Osteichthyes Ifabp2b or Ifabp-like. The sequence identity was 73.5% between ssifabp2a and ssifabp2b. RT-PCR showed that ssifabp2a was the highest in intestine, and had a moderate level in kidney and liver. And ssifabp2b was also the highest in intestine, but had a moderate level in liver, stomach and hypothalamus in male. However, the expression of ssifabp2a was the highest in stomach, and moderate in kidney, liver and hypothalamus, with a weak expression level in other tissues and no expression in pituitary. The ssifabp2b was expressed strongly in hypothalamus, ovary, heart and intestine, and weakly in other tissues, but had no expression in gill of females. In the intestine, the expression of ssifabp2a decreased significantly, but there was no significant change of ssifabp2b after 2d of food deprivation. The expression of ssifabp2a decreased significantly compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference on the expression of ssifabp2b within the 7 day fasting group. The expressions of ssifabp2a and ssifabp2b increased significantly with refeeding 3-h after the scheduled feeding time. In liver, the expression of ssifabp2a was not changed, but the expression of ssifabp2b increased significantly after 2-day of food deprivation. However, the ssifabp2a and ssifabp2b were all increased during the 7-day fasting, and decreased significantly with refeeding 3-h after the scheduled feeding time. In summary, ssIfabp2a and ssIfabp2b are involved in the regulation of lipids metabolism at liver and intestine in Scatophagus argus.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.96
Abstract:
Lamprey is of considerable model organism to subject of vertebrate evolution and developmental biology. The current study investigated the morphological characteristics and the growth pattern of embryos, yolk-sac larva and ammocoate of Lampetra morii. The results indicated that the cleavage of lamprey zygote was holoblastic cleavage and the embryology had been subdivided into cleavage, blastula, gastrula, neural plate and groove, head protrusion, prehatching and hatching. The newly-hatched larva breaks through the fertilization membrane at 11—12 day-post-fertilization at water temperature of (18±1)℃. The newly-hatched larva had body weight with (0.00032±0.00002) g and total length with (0.29±0.02) cm. During yolk-sac stage, the body weight and total length of larva generally increased over time. The snout length, eye length, postocular length, disc length, prebranchial length, branchial length, head length, trunk length, tail length and cloacal slit length exhibited allometric growth. The ammocoete stage reached when yolk extruded from the anus and the digestive tract completed at 15 day-post-hatch. In 5 months after hatching, the body weight and total length of ammocoete generally increased over time. The melanophores were extensively distributed and increased in ammocoete. The 5-momth old ammocoete had body weight of (0.07±0.01) g and total length of (3.87±0.32) cm. The early development of L. morii is the basic data for artificial culture and developmental biology, which is the basis for the model organism.
Lamprey is of considerable model organism to subject of vertebrate evolution and developmental biology. The current study investigated the morphological characteristics and the growth pattern of embryos, yolk-sac larva and ammocoate of Lampetra morii. The results indicated that the cleavage of lamprey zygote was holoblastic cleavage and the embryology had been subdivided into cleavage, blastula, gastrula, neural plate and groove, head protrusion, prehatching and hatching. The newly-hatched larva breaks through the fertilization membrane at 11—12 day-post-fertilization at water temperature of (18±1)℃. The newly-hatched larva had body weight with (0.00032±0.00002) g and total length with (0.29±0.02) cm. During yolk-sac stage, the body weight and total length of larva generally increased over time. The snout length, eye length, postocular length, disc length, prebranchial length, branchial length, head length, trunk length, tail length and cloacal slit length exhibited allometric growth. The ammocoete stage reached when yolk extruded from the anus and the digestive tract completed at 15 day-post-hatch. In 5 months after hatching, the body weight and total length of ammocoete generally increased over time. The melanophores were extensively distributed and increased in ammocoete. The 5-momth old ammocoete had body weight of (0.07±0.01) g and total length of (3.87±0.32) cm. The early development of L. morii is the basic data for artificial culture and developmental biology, which is the basis for the model organism.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.84
Abstract:
A 65-day trial was conducted to investigate effects of CLA on cytological morphology, activity of antioxi-dant enzymes, and gene expressions of lipid metabolism in the liver and muscle of grass carp. Seven isonitrogenous (crude protein: 36 g/100 g) and isolipidic (crude lipid: 4.5 g/100 g) diets were formulated: 0 CLA (control); 0.5% (CLA0.5); 1% (CLA1); 1.5 (CLA1.5); 2 (CLA2); 2.5 (CLA2.5); and 3% CLA (CLA3). Three biological replicates of fish were assigned to each diet with the initial body weight at (5.08±0.08) g. Endoplasmic reticulum in the liver, and loose sarcolemma of myocyte and degradation of myofibril in the muscle when compared with the control fish. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) both in the liver and muscle of CLA1.5-CLA2.5 groups significantly (P<0.05) increased compared with control group. The activities of catalase (CAT) in the liver of CLA1.5-CLA3 groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of control group, however, there was no significant (P>0.05) change in the glutathione reductase (GR) activity in the liver. The MDA contents in the liver of fish fed with CLA1.5-CLA2 diets were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of control group, however, the MDA contents in the liver of fish fed with CLA2.5-CLA3 diets significantly (P<0.05) increased compared with control group. In contrast, fish fed with CLA3 had significantly higher MDA contents in the muscle (P<0.05) compared with control group. Compared with the control fish, the mRNA level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) both in the liver and muscle of fish fed with CLA1.5-CLA2.5 diets were significantly (P<0.05) down-regulated; the mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) of fish fed with CLA1.5-CLA2.5 diets were significantly (P<0.05) up-regulated; the mRNA levels of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) in the liver of fish fed with CLA2-CLA3 diets and in the muscle of fish fed with CLA1.5-CLA2 and CLA3 diets were significantly (P<0.05) up-regulated; the mRNA level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the liver of fish fed with CLA1-CLA3 diets was significantly (P<0.05) down-regulated. Conversely, there was no significant (P>0.05) difference for the PPARγ mRNA level in the muscle of fish fed with CLA0.5-CLA3 diets. In conclusion, supplementation of 2% CLA could significantly decrease the lipid contents in the liver and muscle without affecting cytological morphology of liver and muscle, the growth and feed utilization of grass carp by improving the antioxidant capacities in the liver and muscle.
A 65-day trial was conducted to investigate effects of CLA on cytological morphology, activity of antioxi-dant enzymes, and gene expressions of lipid metabolism in the liver and muscle of grass carp. Seven isonitrogenous (crude protein: 36 g/100 g) and isolipidic (crude lipid: 4.5 g/100 g) diets were formulated: 0 CLA (control); 0.5% (CLA0.5); 1% (CLA1); 1.5 (CLA1.5); 2 (CLA2); 2.5 (CLA2.5); and 3% CLA (CLA3). Three biological replicates of fish were assigned to each diet with the initial body weight at (5.08±0.08) g. Endoplasmic reticulum in the liver, and loose sarcolemma of myocyte and degradation of myofibril in the muscle when compared with the control fish. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) both in the liver and muscle of CLA1.5-CLA2.5 groups significantly (P<0.05) increased compared with control group. The activities of catalase (CAT) in the liver of CLA1.5-CLA3 groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of control group, however, there was no significant (P>0.05) change in the glutathione reductase (GR) activity in the liver. The MDA contents in the liver of fish fed with CLA1.5-CLA2 diets were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of control group, however, the MDA contents in the liver of fish fed with CLA2.5-CLA3 diets significantly (P<0.05) increased compared with control group. In contrast, fish fed with CLA3 had significantly higher MDA contents in the muscle (P<0.05) compared with control group. Compared with the control fish, the mRNA level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) both in the liver and muscle of fish fed with CLA1.5-CLA2.5 diets were significantly (P<0.05) down-regulated; the mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) of fish fed with CLA1.5-CLA2.5 diets were significantly (P<0.05) up-regulated; the mRNA levels of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) in the liver of fish fed with CLA2-CLA3 diets and in the muscle of fish fed with CLA1.5-CLA2 and CLA3 diets were significantly (P<0.05) up-regulated; the mRNA level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the liver of fish fed with CLA1-CLA3 diets was significantly (P<0.05) down-regulated. Conversely, there was no significant (P>0.05) difference for the PPARγ mRNA level in the muscle of fish fed with CLA0.5-CLA3 diets. In conclusion, supplementation of 2% CLA could significantly decrease the lipid contents in the liver and muscle without affecting cytological morphology of liver and muscle, the growth and feed utilization of grass carp by improving the antioxidant capacities in the liver and muscle.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.98
Abstract:
Dali Nor lake, one of the four lakes in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, is a typical saline-alkaline lake with high concentrations of carbonate salts (alkalinity up to 60 mmol/L, pH 9.6 and salinity 6‰). Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii) is one of the only two existing economic fish in the Dali Nor Lake with the character of spawning migration. To investigate the osmotic and ionic regulation mechanism of the L. waleckii during spawning migration form Dali Nor lake to Gongger river, we analyzed serum ionic (Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and hormone (PRL, GH and IGF-1) levels, Na+/K+-ATPase activities in gills, intestinal and kidney, Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activities in gills and structure of gills in L. waleckii collected form Dali Nor lake and Gongger river. In addition, above parameters were studied in L. waleckii during 24-h transfer from lake to river water. Compared to lake fish, river fish had decreased Na+, significantly increased Cl− in serum as well as significantly increased Na+/K+-ATPase activities in kidney and intestinal while no significant change in gills. There were no significant differences of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and hormone (GH, IGF-1 and PRL) levels in serum between lake and river fishes. During 24-h lake-to-river water transfer, Cl− increased and K+ decreased significantly in serum, Na+/K+-ATPase activities in gills, intestinal and kidney and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activi-ties in gills, as well as PRL and IGF-1 levels all increased significantly (P<0.05). Histology of gills showed that mucous cell counts were significantly higher in lake fish compared to that of river fish, while branchial chloride cells (CCs) counts have no obvious difference between lake and river fish, but the size of branchial CCs on filaments slightly increased in river fish. It is concluded that L. waleckii could maintain high serum ionic levels though endocrine control of Na+, K+-ATPase in osmotic regulatory tissues during spawning migration form Dali Nor lake to Gongger river.
Dali Nor lake, one of the four lakes in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, is a typical saline-alkaline lake with high concentrations of carbonate salts (alkalinity up to 60 mmol/L, pH 9.6 and salinity 6‰). Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii) is one of the only two existing economic fish in the Dali Nor Lake with the character of spawning migration. To investigate the osmotic and ionic regulation mechanism of the L. waleckii during spawning migration form Dali Nor lake to Gongger river, we analyzed serum ionic (Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and hormone (PRL, GH and IGF-1) levels, Na+/K+-ATPase activities in gills, intestinal and kidney, Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activities in gills and structure of gills in L. waleckii collected form Dali Nor lake and Gongger river. In addition, above parameters were studied in L. waleckii during 24-h transfer from lake to river water. Compared to lake fish, river fish had decreased Na+, significantly increased Cl− in serum as well as significantly increased Na+/K+-ATPase activities in kidney and intestinal while no significant change in gills. There were no significant differences of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and hormone (GH, IGF-1 and PRL) levels in serum between lake and river fishes. During 24-h lake-to-river water transfer, Cl− increased and K+ decreased significantly in serum, Na+/K+-ATPase activities in gills, intestinal and kidney and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activi-ties in gills, as well as PRL and IGF-1 levels all increased significantly (P<0.05). Histology of gills showed that mucous cell counts were significantly higher in lake fish compared to that of river fish, while branchial chloride cells (CCs) counts have no obvious difference between lake and river fish, but the size of branchial CCs on filaments slightly increased in river fish. It is concluded that L. waleckii could maintain high serum ionic levels though endocrine control of Na+, K+-ATPase in osmotic regulatory tissues during spawning migration form Dali Nor lake to Gongger river.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.85
Abstract:
A 84-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on growth, physiological responses, histological changes, and accumulation in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Triplicate groups of grass carp [(2.90±0.16) g] were fed with six semipurified diets formulated with isonitrogenous (crude protein: 32.96%), isocaloric (gross energy: 14.55 kJ/g) containing 0, 10, 20, 100, 1000 and 5000 μg/kg AFB1. AFB1 did not significantly impact behavior, the survival rate, final body weight (FBW), feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) or feed efficiency (FE). No significant differences were found in hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscera index (VSI) among all groups. AFB1 had no significant effect in activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). No significant histological lesions in hepatopancreas and kidney were identified between the control and increasing AFB1 treatments. No AFB1 residue was detected in muscles when fish fed with AFB1 up to 1000 μg/kg, however, tiny dose [(1.21±0.18)μg/kg] of AFB1 were detected in muscles in the group with 5000 μg/kg AFB1, which was below the safety limitation of FDA. The results indicated that juvenile grass carp is a little susceptible species to AFB1 exposure up to approximately 5000 μg/kg diet (determined level was 4979.2 μg/kg diet), at least for 84 days.
A 84-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on growth, physiological responses, histological changes, and accumulation in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Triplicate groups of grass carp [(2.90±0.16) g] were fed with six semipurified diets formulated with isonitrogenous (crude protein: 32.96%), isocaloric (gross energy: 14.55 kJ/g) containing 0, 10, 20, 100, 1000 and 5000 μg/kg AFB1. AFB1 did not significantly impact behavior, the survival rate, final body weight (FBW), feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) or feed efficiency (FE). No significant differences were found in hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscera index (VSI) among all groups. AFB1 had no significant effect in activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). No significant histological lesions in hepatopancreas and kidney were identified between the control and increasing AFB1 treatments. No AFB1 residue was detected in muscles when fish fed with AFB1 up to 1000 μg/kg, however, tiny dose [(1.21±0.18)μg/kg] of AFB1 were detected in muscles in the group with 5000 μg/kg AFB1, which was below the safety limitation of FDA. The results indicated that juvenile grass carp is a little susceptible species to AFB1 exposure up to approximately 5000 μg/kg diet (determined level was 4979.2 μg/kg diet), at least for 84 days.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.97
Abstract:
Coregonus ussuriensis, one coldwater fish, is an important economic fishery species in the Heilong River basin. The resources of Coregonus ussuriensis have been seriously impacted by anthropogenic influences such as pollution, habitat degradation and overfishing. Knowing the characteristics of life history at the important stage helps to better protect the Coregonus ussuriensis. Otolith element fingerprint could objectively and specifically reflect the character of the water which fish experienced. The element Sr and Ca microchemistry patterns have been used to reflect the water type which the fish lived in. To study the characteristics of life history for Coregonus ussuriensis, an electron probe microanalyzer (EMPA) was used to analyze the element Sr and Ca microchemistry patterns in otoliths for Coregonus ussuriensis collected from Suibin and Jiejinkou section of the Heilong River main stream and Tangyuan section of the Songhua River main stream from December 2013 to January 2014. Results of line transect analysis indicated the value of Sr/Ca significantly fluctuated including a low ration (<5) responded to freshwater life and some high rations (>10) responded to seawater life, revealing they had experienced an anadromous migration. The results of X-ray mapping analysis of EMPA reflected the same feature of anadromous migration. The annual ring of otolith characters analysis showed the bright and dark belt in the otolith match with the low and high Sr/Ca ratio areas well. It revealed that Coregonus ussuriensis migrate seasonally. Some species migrate to seawater in summer and return back to freshwater in winter regularly, and other species may not have significant regularity. The time of in fresh water and sea water is inconsistent. This study first reported the migratory characteristics of Coregonus ussuriensis, which can provide an important basis for further study on the life history.
Coregonus ussuriensis, one coldwater fish, is an important economic fishery species in the Heilong River basin. The resources of Coregonus ussuriensis have been seriously impacted by anthropogenic influences such as pollution, habitat degradation and overfishing. Knowing the characteristics of life history at the important stage helps to better protect the Coregonus ussuriensis. Otolith element fingerprint could objectively and specifically reflect the character of the water which fish experienced. The element Sr and Ca microchemistry patterns have been used to reflect the water type which the fish lived in. To study the characteristics of life history for Coregonus ussuriensis, an electron probe microanalyzer (EMPA) was used to analyze the element Sr and Ca microchemistry patterns in otoliths for Coregonus ussuriensis collected from Suibin and Jiejinkou section of the Heilong River main stream and Tangyuan section of the Songhua River main stream from December 2013 to January 2014. Results of line transect analysis indicated the value of Sr/Ca significantly fluctuated including a low ration (<5) responded to freshwater life and some high rations (>10) responded to seawater life, revealing they had experienced an anadromous migration. The results of X-ray mapping analysis of EMPA reflected the same feature of anadromous migration. The annual ring of otolith characters analysis showed the bright and dark belt in the otolith match with the low and high Sr/Ca ratio areas well. It revealed that Coregonus ussuriensis migrate seasonally. Some species migrate to seawater in summer and return back to freshwater in winter regularly, and other species may not have significant regularity. The time of in fresh water and sea water is inconsistent. This study first reported the migratory characteristics of Coregonus ussuriensis, which can provide an important basis for further study on the life history.
,
Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.89
Abstract:
In order to study the molecular regulation mechanism of the soft intermuscular bones in Rice flower carp, the intermuscular bones of Rice flower carp and Jian carp were collected for high-throughput sequencing of microRNAs (miRNAs) and bioinformatics analysis. 25474895 and 24625715 high quality sequences of 18—32 nt, as well as 595 and 570 known mature miRNAs were obtained from the small RNA library of Rice flower carp and Jian carp intermuscular bone, respectively. Compared with Jian carp, 84 miRNAs were up-regulated and 267 were down-regulated in the intermuscular bone of Rice flower carp. Seven of the down-regulated miRNAs in Rice flower carp were reported as promoting human osteogenesis. Six of the up-regulated miRNAs were reported as inhibit human osteogenesis. These results indicated that Rice flower carp may inhibit the process of osteogenesis by down-regulating the expression of osteogenic miRNAs and up-regulating the expression of osteogenesis inhibiting miRNAs. Therefore it can maintain its intermuscular bone small and soft characteristics. This study laid the groundwork for the study of molecular regulation mechanism of intermuscular bone development.
In order to study the molecular regulation mechanism of the soft intermuscular bones in Rice flower carp, the intermuscular bones of Rice flower carp and Jian carp were collected for high-throughput sequencing of microRNAs (miRNAs) and bioinformatics analysis. 25474895 and 24625715 high quality sequences of 18—32 nt, as well as 595 and 570 known mature miRNAs were obtained from the small RNA library of Rice flower carp and Jian carp intermuscular bone, respectively. Compared with Jian carp, 84 miRNAs were up-regulated and 267 were down-regulated in the intermuscular bone of Rice flower carp. Seven of the down-regulated miRNAs in Rice flower carp were reported as promoting human osteogenesis. Six of the up-regulated miRNAs were reported as inhibit human osteogenesis. These results indicated that Rice flower carp may inhibit the process of osteogenesis by down-regulating the expression of osteogenic miRNAs and up-regulating the expression of osteogenesis inhibiting miRNAs. Therefore it can maintain its intermuscular bone small and soft characteristics. This study laid the groundwork for the study of molecular regulation mechanism of intermuscular bone development.
,
Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.88
Abstract:
The interplay between intestinal microorganism and their host has received extensive scientific attention, however, there is no study about the response of intestinal microorganism of the Chinese mitten crab in the hunger state. In the present study, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate intestinal microorganism in Chinese mitten crab during the period of starvation and refeeding. The results showed that the Alpha diversity index of the intestinal microorganisms decreased by starvation, and re-feeding did not change the descending trend of the intestinal microbial diversity index. Besides, there was no significant difference comparing to the control group (P>0.05). In terms of the bacterial phyla composition, starvation gradually increased the proportions of the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and reduced the proportion of Tenericutes. Re-feeding restored Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes to the level of control group. By comparing different strains under different conditions, 8 strains with significant differences (P<0.05) were sifted at the family and genus level. Among them, Candidatus bacilloplasma was characterized by high abundance of bacteria and significant response to starvation and refeeding, and its specific function of the flora needs further investigation. This study first reported the changes of intestinal flora of the crabs after starvation and refeeding, which could provide basic knowledge for the further exploration of the specific functions of the flora.
The interplay between intestinal microorganism and their host has received extensive scientific attention, however, there is no study about the response of intestinal microorganism of the Chinese mitten crab in the hunger state. In the present study, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate intestinal microorganism in Chinese mitten crab during the period of starvation and refeeding. The results showed that the Alpha diversity index of the intestinal microorganisms decreased by starvation, and re-feeding did not change the descending trend of the intestinal microbial diversity index. Besides, there was no significant difference comparing to the control group (P>0.05). In terms of the bacterial phyla composition, starvation gradually increased the proportions of the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and reduced the proportion of Tenericutes. Re-feeding restored Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes to the level of control group. By comparing different strains under different conditions, 8 strains with significant differences (P<0.05) were sifted at the family and genus level. Among them, Candidatus bacilloplasma was characterized by high abundance of bacteria and significant response to starvation and refeeding, and its specific function of the flora needs further investigation. This study first reported the changes of intestinal flora of the crabs after starvation and refeeding, which could provide basic knowledge for the further exploration of the specific functions of the flora.
,
Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.87
Abstract:
This study evaluated the effects of dietary copper sulfate (CuSO4), glycine chelated copper (Cu-Gly), copper hydroxymethionine (Cu-MHA) on growth, antioxidant enzymes and intestinal morphology of juvenile pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀). Juvenile pearl gentian grouper with the average body weight of (9.00±0.00) g were randomly divided into 3 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 30 fish in each replicate to feed isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets with 3 different copper sources for 8 weeks. (1) The weight gain ratio (WGR), survival ratio (SR) in Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA groups were significantly higher than those in CuSO4 group (P<0.05). (2). The hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) in Cu-HMA group was significantly higher than those in CuSO4 and Cu-Gly groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in condition factor (CF) among all groups (P>0.05). (3) Cu contents of vertebrae in Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA groups were significantly higher than that in CuSO4 group (P<0.05). (4) The serum concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterot (LDLC) in CuSO4 group was significantly higher than those in Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA groups (P<0.05). The serum concentration of high-density lipoproteot cholesterin (HDLC) in CuSO4 group was significantly lower than that in Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA groups (P<0.05). (5) The activity of serum ceruloplasmin (CP) in CuSO4 group was significantly higher than that in Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA groups (P<0.05). (6) The plica height (PH) of midgut and hindgut in Cu-HMA group were significantly higher than those in CuSO4 and Cu-Gly groups (P<0.05). These results revealed that dietary adding Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA could improve intestinal morphology and serum lipid metabolism to ameliorate growth of juvenile pearl gentian grouper.
This study evaluated the effects of dietary copper sulfate (CuSO4), glycine chelated copper (Cu-Gly), copper hydroxymethionine (Cu-MHA) on growth, antioxidant enzymes and intestinal morphology of juvenile pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀). Juvenile pearl gentian grouper with the average body weight of (9.00±0.00) g were randomly divided into 3 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 30 fish in each replicate to feed isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets with 3 different copper sources for 8 weeks. (1) The weight gain ratio (WGR), survival ratio (SR) in Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA groups were significantly higher than those in CuSO4 group (P<0.05). (2). The hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) in Cu-HMA group was significantly higher than those in CuSO4 and Cu-Gly groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in condition factor (CF) among all groups (P>0.05). (3) Cu contents of vertebrae in Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA groups were significantly higher than that in CuSO4 group (P<0.05). (4) The serum concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterot (LDLC) in CuSO4 group was significantly higher than those in Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA groups (P<0.05). The serum concentration of high-density lipoproteot cholesterin (HDLC) in CuSO4 group was significantly lower than that in Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA groups (P<0.05). (5) The activity of serum ceruloplasmin (CP) in CuSO4 group was significantly higher than that in Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA groups (P<0.05). (6) The plica height (PH) of midgut and hindgut in Cu-HMA group were significantly higher than those in CuSO4 and Cu-Gly groups (P<0.05). These results revealed that dietary adding Cu-Gly and Cu-HMA could improve intestinal morphology and serum lipid metabolism to ameliorate growth of juvenile pearl gentian grouper.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.102
Abstract:
Resveratrol (Res) is an important active ingredient in Chinese herbal medicines such as rhubarb and polygonum cuspidatum with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. To explore its application value in the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases in aquatic animals, we explored the antibacterial activity of resveratrol against Aeromonas hydrophila, an important bacterial pathogen in freshwater aquaculture. The growth, biofilm formation, hemolysis inhibition, and virulence related gene expression of A. hydrophila under different resveratrol concentrations were detected. The in-vivo protection of resveratrol was confirmed by artificially infecting crucian carp with A. hydrophila. The results showed that the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of resveratrol against A. hydrophila was above 1024 μg/mL, and the concentration less than 64 μg/mL did not affect the growth ratio of A. hydrophila. Resveratrol with more than 32 μg/mL significantly inhibited the biofilm formation and hemolytic activity of A. hydrophila (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent pattern. Resveratrol mediated heavy moisture of bacterium group sense of regulation and of QS system by inducing luxR and reucing luxS gene expression. The expression of omp was significantly down-regulated by resveratrol. Artificial infections showed that the mortality rate of allogynogenetic crucian carp infection in the 25－100 mg/kg resveratrol-treated group was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA was significantly decreased. This study showed that resveratrol can effectively inhibit the viru-lence of A. hydrophila and reduce the inflammatory response at 2500 mg/kg on fish infected with A. hydrophila.
Resveratrol (Res) is an important active ingredient in Chinese herbal medicines such as rhubarb and polygonum cuspidatum with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. To explore its application value in the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases in aquatic animals, we explored the antibacterial activity of resveratrol against Aeromonas hydrophila, an important bacterial pathogen in freshwater aquaculture. The growth, biofilm formation, hemolysis inhibition, and virulence related gene expression of A. hydrophila under different resveratrol concentrations were detected. The in-vivo protection of resveratrol was confirmed by artificially infecting crucian carp with A. hydrophila. The results showed that the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of resveratrol against A. hydrophila was above 1024 μg/mL, and the concentration less than 64 μg/mL did not affect the growth ratio of A. hydrophila. Resveratrol with more than 32 μg/mL significantly inhibited the biofilm formation and hemolytic activity of A. hydrophila (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent pattern. Resveratrol mediated heavy moisture of bacterium group sense of regulation and of QS system by inducing luxR and reucing luxS gene expression. The expression of omp was significantly down-regulated by resveratrol. Artificial infections showed that the mortality rate of allogynogenetic crucian carp infection in the 25－100 mg/kg resveratrol-treated group was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA was significantly decreased. This study showed that resveratrol can effectively inhibit the viru-lence of A. hydrophila and reduce the inflammatory response at 2500 mg/kg on fish infected with A. hydrophila.
,
Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.86
Abstract:
To explore effects of stickwater (SW) on bile acid metabolism, 4 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets including the control diet containing 30% fish meal (FM) and three experimental diets without fish meal but with 8% (SW8), 17% (SW17), 25% (SW25) stickwater (dry matter) were fromulated to feed the yellow catfish with the initial body weight of (15.67±0.11) g for 60 days in pond cage farming. Compared with FM group, fat content of whole fish of SW25 group decreased observably (P<0.05), and liver fat content of SW17 and SW25 group reduced significantly (P<0.05); Cholesterol in serum of SW17 and SW25 groups decreased from 11.9% to 16.6%, and triglyceride decreased from 32.5% to 47.9% (P<0.05). Liver bile acid of SW25 group decreased by 76.3% (P<0.05) compared with FM group, but serum and intestine bile acid increased by 125.7% and 123.3% (P<0.05). The liver CYP7A1 at mRNA level had no significant difference among five groups, but the expression of BSEP, ABCC4, and NTCP increased by stickwater with 16.9%, 68.2% and 222.8%, respectively, in SW25 group. The mRNA level of ABCC4 and NTCP varied significantly (P<0.05). The results indicated that addition of 25% stickwater (dry matter) in diets without fish meal had no effect in liver bile acid synthesis, but it promoted transferring bile acid to serum and intestine to improve fat metabolism and reduce fat deposition in yellow catfish.
To explore effects of stickwater (SW) on bile acid metabolism, 4 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets including the control diet containing 30% fish meal (FM) and three experimental diets without fish meal but with 8% (SW8), 17% (SW17), 25% (SW25) stickwater (dry matter) were fromulated to feed the yellow catfish with the initial body weight of (15.67±0.11) g for 60 days in pond cage farming. Compared with FM group, fat content of whole fish of SW25 group decreased observably (P<0.05), and liver fat content of SW17 and SW25 group reduced significantly (P<0.05); Cholesterol in serum of SW17 and SW25 groups decreased from 11.9% to 16.6%, and triglyceride decreased from 32.5% to 47.9% (P<0.05). Liver bile acid of SW25 group decreased by 76.3% (P<0.05) compared with FM group, but serum and intestine bile acid increased by 125.7% and 123.3% (P<0.05). The liver CYP7A1 at mRNA level had no significant difference among five groups, but the expression of BSEP, ABCC4, and NTCP increased by stickwater with 16.9%, 68.2% and 222.8%, respectively, in SW25 group. The mRNA level of ABCC4 and NTCP varied significantly (P<0.05). The results indicated that addition of 25% stickwater (dry matter) in diets without fish meal had no effect in liver bile acid synthesis, but it promoted transferring bile acid to serum and intestine to improve fat metabolism and reduce fat deposition in yellow catfish.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.90
Abstract:
This study cloned the full-length of complement C7 cDNA by RACE (rapid-amplification of cDNA ends) from Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti). It contained 3103 bp, including a 2502 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 833 dedueced amino acids, a 44 bp 5′-UTR and a 554 bp 3′-UTR. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that AgC7 proteins were well conserved with the typical structural motifs such as TSP1, LDLa, FIMAC, MACPF and had the sequence identity with Lepisosteus oculatus (56%), Ictalurus punctatus (46%), Danio rerio (49%), Salmo salar (49%) and Oreochromis niloticus (47%), respectively. AgC7 gene is constitutively expressed in all evaluated tissues with the highest expression in intestine and the weakest level in muscle. Chitosan oligosaccharide induced the expression of AgC7 gene to a certain degrees in all tissues with the highest increase in intestine (1.51 times). After infection with Aeromonas hydrophila, AgC7 gene exhibited distinct time-dependent response patterns in tested tissues with most obvious induction in gills and the maximum expression at 6h after infection (41.30 times). The expression of AgC7 gene decreased rapidly and returned to normal level after 12h. These results suggest that C7 of Russian sturgeon might play an important role in the immune defenses against bacterial infection.
This study cloned the full-length of complement C7 cDNA by RACE (rapid-amplification of cDNA ends) from Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti). It contained 3103 bp, including a 2502 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 833 dedueced amino acids, a 44 bp 5′-UTR and a 554 bp 3′-UTR. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that AgC7 proteins were well conserved with the typical structural motifs such as TSP1, LDLa, FIMAC, MACPF and had the sequence identity with Lepisosteus oculatus (56%), Ictalurus punctatus (46%), Danio rerio (49%), Salmo salar (49%) and Oreochromis niloticus (47%), respectively. AgC7 gene is constitutively expressed in all evaluated tissues with the highest expression in intestine and the weakest level in muscle. Chitosan oligosaccharide induced the expression of AgC7 gene to a certain degrees in all tissues with the highest increase in intestine (1.51 times). After infection with Aeromonas hydrophila, AgC7 gene exhibited distinct time-dependent response patterns in tested tissues with most obvious induction in gills and the maximum expression at 6h after infection (41.30 times). The expression of AgC7 gene decreased rapidly and returned to normal level after 12h. These results suggest that C7 of Russian sturgeon might play an important role in the immune defenses against bacterial infection.
,
Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.99
Abstract:
We investigated larval and eggs resource of Botia robusta at Laibin section in the Hongshuihe River from mid of April 2017 to August, and found that Botia robusta was the dominant species of collected eggs. We studied the ontogeny of Botia robusta from the Tail bud to Juvenile phase and described the features of 14 developmental stages respectively. The egg membrane was non-adhesive, averaging 6.8 mm. One chamber air bladder was 7.1 mm in total length and the muscle nodes were about 33 pairs. It took 20d to finish the Yolk-sac larva phase stage, spawning mainly from May to June. The total number of the eggs laid at Laibin section in 2017 was about 2.23×108. The correlation analysis between oviposition and major environmental factors found significant correlation between the water temperature with the spawning dynamics (P<0.05).
We investigated larval and eggs resource of Botia robusta at Laibin section in the Hongshuihe River from mid of April 2017 to August, and found that Botia robusta was the dominant species of collected eggs. We studied the ontogeny of Botia robusta from the Tail bud to Juvenile phase and described the features of 14 developmental stages respectively. The egg membrane was non-adhesive, averaging 6.8 mm. One chamber air bladder was 7.1 mm in total length and the muscle nodes were about 33 pairs. It took 20d to finish the Yolk-sac larva phase stage, spawning mainly from May to June. The total number of the eggs laid at Laibin section in 2017 was about 2.23×108. The correlation analysis between oviposition and major environmental factors found significant correlation between the water temperature with the spawning dynamics (P<0.05).
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.100
Abstract:
This study analyzed the resources status and spatial distribution of Anguilla japonica and Anguilla marmo-rata in the Pearl River based on the data collected from 2015 to 2017. A total of 41 Anguilla japonica individuals with the average age of (4.2 ± 1.3) years were collected in these three years, and 93% individuals were sexually immature. A total of 12 Anguilla marmorata individuals with the average age of (4.3 ± 1.0) years were collected and 83% individuals were sexually immature. Anguilla japonica could migrate to the Heshan section of the Hongshuihe River with the percentages in individuals and in weight both less than one percent. Anguilla marmorata could migrate to the Shilong section of the Xijiang River with an occurrence rate less than one in 200. This indicated that the wild Anguilla spp. resources in the Pearl River are extremely rare and need to be protected. Redundancy analysis shown that river fractals and river width play important roles in spatial distribution for Anguilla japonica, while river width and river depth play important roles for Anguilla marmorata. This study is a part of a long-term investigation for the wild Anguilla resources of the Pearl River, and the results could be instructive to the conservation and management of Anguilla resources.
This study analyzed the resources status and spatial distribution of Anguilla japonica and Anguilla marmo-rata in the Pearl River based on the data collected from 2015 to 2017. A total of 41 Anguilla japonica individuals with the average age of (4.2 ± 1.3) years were collected in these three years, and 93% individuals were sexually immature. A total of 12 Anguilla marmorata individuals with the average age of (4.3 ± 1.0) years were collected and 83% individuals were sexually immature. Anguilla japonica could migrate to the Heshan section of the Hongshuihe River with the percentages in individuals and in weight both less than one percent. Anguilla marmorata could migrate to the Shilong section of the Xijiang River with an occurrence rate less than one in 200. This indicated that the wild Anguilla spp. resources in the Pearl River are extremely rare and need to be protected. Redundancy analysis shown that river fractals and river width play important roles in spatial distribution for Anguilla japonica, while river width and river depth play important roles for Anguilla marmorata. This study is a part of a long-term investigation for the wild Anguilla resources of the Pearl River, and the results could be instructive to the conservation and management of Anguilla resources.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.101
Abstract:
The target strength (TS) of fish and its relationship with body length is one of the core contents of research and application in fishery acoustic technology. The current study measured target strengths of two widespread commercial cyprinid fish species, Cyprinus carpio and Aristichthys nobilis with hydroacoustics experiment with tethering method and Simrad EY60 echosounder (120 kHz) under swimming status (26 individuals of C. carpio and 26 of A. nobilis) in an undisturbed cage in the Geheyan Reservoir (Yichang City, Hubei Province) from 1 May — 20 May, 2017. The total length of C. carpio and A. nobilis were from 19.9 to 29.6 cm and 49.2 to 74.2 cm, respectively. The body weight of them were from 175 to 461 g and 1200 to 4700 g, and their TS were from –59.35 to –45.20 dB and –34.22 to –17.49 dB, respectively. The regression relationship between target strength (TS, dB) and total length (TL, cm) for the two species were TS = 29.84×lgTL – 95.23 (R2 = 0.74, P < 0.01) for C. carpio, and TS = 35.88×lgTL – 90.33 (R2 = 0.83, P < 0.01) for A. nobilis. The TS-TL equation of A. nobilis was used to assess the total fish biomass of a small enclosed water body (Lake Yanlong) to 89.36 ton (i.e. 40.1 g/m2), which is close to the real total catch (73.61 tons) of this area, supporting the rationality of in method to evaluate fish target strengths and their relationship with body length. Exploring target strength for the two most common fish should benefit the development of hydroacoustics techniques in China’s inland waters.
The target strength (TS) of fish and its relationship with body length is one of the core contents of research and application in fishery acoustic technology. The current study measured target strengths of two widespread commercial cyprinid fish species, Cyprinus carpio and Aristichthys nobilis with hydroacoustics experiment with tethering method and Simrad EY60 echosounder (120 kHz) under swimming status (26 individuals of C. carpio and 26 of A. nobilis) in an undisturbed cage in the Geheyan Reservoir (Yichang City, Hubei Province) from 1 May — 20 May, 2017. The total length of C. carpio and A. nobilis were from 19.9 to 29.6 cm and 49.2 to 74.2 cm, respectively. The body weight of them were from 175 to 461 g and 1200 to 4700 g, and their TS were from –59.35 to –45.20 dB and –34.22 to –17.49 dB, respectively. The regression relationship between target strength (TS, dB) and total length (TL, cm) for the two species were TS = 29.84×lgTL – 95.23 (R2 = 0.74, P < 0.01) for C. carpio, and TS = 35.88×lgTL – 90.33 (R2 = 0.83, P < 0.01) for A. nobilis. The TS-TL equation of A. nobilis was used to assess the total fish biomass of a small enclosed water body (Lake Yanlong) to 89.36 ton (i.e. 40.1 g/m2), which is close to the real total catch (73.61 tons) of this area, supporting the rationality of in method to evaluate fish target strengths and their relationship with body length. Exploring target strength for the two most common fish should benefit the development of hydroacoustics techniques in China’s inland waters.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.94
Abstract:
This study investigated the isolation and purification of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) by single cell suspensions after enzyme digestion using testes of various months old tiger puffer. SSCs were enriched by Percoll discontinuous gradient. The SSCs were identified by optical observation and immunolocalization of Vasa protein. The majo-rity of SSCs at 14-month-old fish was type A spermatagonial cells that were significantly higher than those of the 22-month-old males (P< 0.05). SSCs were mainly enriched in 10% — 30% Percoll gradient belt, where the germ cells were mainly distributed at 14-month-old fish. These results indicate that 14-month-old male fish is a great source for SSCs using the current isolation method.
This study investigated the isolation and purification of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) by single cell suspensions after enzyme digestion using testes of various months old tiger puffer. SSCs were enriched by Percoll discontinuous gradient. The SSCs were identified by optical observation and immunolocalization of Vasa protein. The majo-rity of SSCs at 14-month-old fish was type A spermatagonial cells that were significantly higher than those of the 22-month-old males (P< 0.05). SSCs were mainly enriched in 10% — 30% Percoll gradient belt, where the germ cells were mainly distributed at 14-month-old fish. These results indicate that 14-month-old male fish is a great source for SSCs using the current isolation method.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.95
Abstract:
The microscopic structure and cytochemical characteristics of peripheral blood cells in Megalobrama amblycephala were observed by routine Wright staining and cytochemical staining. Six types of cells were distinguished in the peripheral blood cells in Megalobrama amblycephala: erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and thrombocytes. The lymphocytes are the most abundant blood cells except erythrocytes, followed by thrombocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. The mature erythrocytes are mostly oval with smooth surface, oval or round nuclei whose chromatin is denser. The lymphocytes are usually round, with less cytoplasm, and the nucleus is usually eccentrically located. The monocytes are mostly round, the nucleus is round or oval, and vacuoles can be observed in the cytoplasm. Neutrophils are nearly round, and their nuclei are usually eccentrically located, lobed, kidney or oval shaped, with clear nucleoplasm boundaries. Eeosinophils are usually round, with reniform or oval nuclei, and the cytoplasm is filled with purple granules. Thrombocytes have various forms, most of which are oval, spindle, long-rod shaped or teardrop shaped, and their nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio is large. The lymphocytes were positive for periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS), weakly positive for naphythol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (AS-DCE) and α-naphthol ace-tate esterase (ANAE), and negative for Sudan black B (SBB), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and peroxidase (POX). The monocytes were strongly positive for POX and ACP, while PAS, positive for SBB, AS-DCE and ANAE were and negative for AKP. Except weakly positive for PAS and ANAE, the cytochemical staining pattern of neutrophils were the same as those of monocytes. Eosinophils showed strong positive for POX and ANAE, positive for SBB and ACP, weak positive for PAS and AS-DCE, and negative for AKP. The thrombocytes were weakly posi-tive for PAS, AS-DCE and ANAE and negative for SBB, ACP, AKP and POX. The microstructural and cytochemical characteristics of peripheral blood cells in Megalobrama amblycephala were similar to those of other fishes, but also had obvious species specificity. The results of this investigation can be used as a basis for monitoring the health status of Megalobrama amblycephala and provide basic data for its farming and pathological diagnosis.
The microscopic structure and cytochemical characteristics of peripheral blood cells in Megalobrama amblycephala were observed by routine Wright staining and cytochemical staining. Six types of cells were distinguished in the peripheral blood cells in Megalobrama amblycephala: erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and thrombocytes. The lymphocytes are the most abundant blood cells except erythrocytes, followed by thrombocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. The mature erythrocytes are mostly oval with smooth surface, oval or round nuclei whose chromatin is denser. The lymphocytes are usually round, with less cytoplasm, and the nucleus is usually eccentrically located. The monocytes are mostly round, the nucleus is round or oval, and vacuoles can be observed in the cytoplasm. Neutrophils are nearly round, and their nuclei are usually eccentrically located, lobed, kidney or oval shaped, with clear nucleoplasm boundaries. Eeosinophils are usually round, with reniform or oval nuclei, and the cytoplasm is filled with purple granules. Thrombocytes have various forms, most of which are oval, spindle, long-rod shaped or teardrop shaped, and their nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio is large. The lymphocytes were positive for periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS), weakly positive for naphythol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (AS-DCE) and α-naphthol ace-tate esterase (ANAE), and negative for Sudan black B (SBB), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and peroxidase (POX). The monocytes were strongly positive for POX and ACP, while PAS, positive for SBB, AS-DCE and ANAE were and negative for AKP. Except weakly positive for PAS and ANAE, the cytochemical staining pattern of neutrophils were the same as those of monocytes. Eosinophils showed strong positive for POX and ANAE, positive for SBB and ACP, weak positive for PAS and AS-DCE, and negative for AKP. The thrombocytes were weakly posi-tive for PAS, AS-DCE and ANAE and negative for SBB, ACP, AKP and POX. The microstructural and cytochemical characteristics of peripheral blood cells in Megalobrama amblycephala were similar to those of other fishes, but also had obvious species specificity. The results of this investigation can be used as a basis for monitoring the health status of Megalobrama amblycephala and provide basic data for its farming and pathological diagnosis.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.91
Abstract:
To investigate the effect of low salinity stress on Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (GPI) in Takifugu rubripes, we cloned GPI and analyzed its expressions in tissues with and without acute low-salinity stress using RT-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques. The results showed that the GPI cDNA of the T. rubripes was 1736 bp in length containing an Open Reading Frame of 1662 nucleotides that encodes 553 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence contains two Sugar Isomerase Domains without signal peptide and transmembrane domains. Results of multiple sequence alignment showed that GPI was highly conserved among species. qPCR results showed that GPI mRNA was expressed in all the tested tissues, with the highest expression level in muscle. Under low-salinity stress, the relative mRNA expression of GPI in gill increased firstly, then decreased and increased again in all low-salinity groups, and the relative mRNA expression of GPI in kidney differed among low-salinity groups. Therefore, it was speculated that GPI play a role in the response of T. rubripes to acute low-salinity stress.
To investigate the effect of low salinity stress on Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (GPI) in Takifugu rubripes, we cloned GPI and analyzed its expressions in tissues with and without acute low-salinity stress using RT-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques. The results showed that the GPI cDNA of the T. rubripes was 1736 bp in length containing an Open Reading Frame of 1662 nucleotides that encodes 553 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence contains two Sugar Isomerase Domains without signal peptide and transmembrane domains. Results of multiple sequence alignment showed that GPI was highly conserved among species. qPCR results showed that GPI mRNA was expressed in all the tested tissues, with the highest expression level in muscle. Under low-salinity stress, the relative mRNA expression of GPI in gill increased firstly, then decreased and increased again in all low-salinity groups, and the relative mRNA expression of GPI in kidney differed among low-salinity groups. Therefore, it was speculated that GPI play a role in the response of T. rubripes to acute low-salinity stress.
,
Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.104
Abstract:
Excessive ammonia nitrogen in the aquaculture waters can impact immunity, growth, and morbidity and mortality of the cultured animals. The ammonia nitrogen in aquaculture waters is mainly removed by microbial degrada-tion. In this study, two ammonium removal strains were screened from a mixture of water and sediment in variety aquaculture ponds and identified as Bacillus coagulans. The degradation rate of the two strains were 97.8% and 97.8%, respectively. Two strains could adapt high pH value and C/N range, and have high resistance to high temperature and high salt. The oral administration trials verified that the two strains were safe for cultured aquatic animals. The two screened strains and the previously obtained mutagenic strain B38 in our lab were mixed with 1 鲶1 鲶1 ratio to make a probiotics complex, and its effects on the amount of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite and algae were evaluated by 18 days farming trials. Compared with the four commercial probiotics (Photosynthetic Bacteria, Yeast, EM and Bacillus), ammonia nitrogen decreased greatly in the ponds using probiotics complex. The number of algae in the ponds using probiotics complex and Bacillus from the 9th day was higher than other groups, and the amount of algae were about twice as much as the other groups on the 14th day. The probiotics complex can reduce ammonia nitrogen and increase the number of algae. This study provides a foundation for the development of complex probiotics.
Excessive ammonia nitrogen in the aquaculture waters can impact immunity, growth, and morbidity and mortality of the cultured animals. The ammonia nitrogen in aquaculture waters is mainly removed by microbial degrada-tion. In this study, two ammonium removal strains were screened from a mixture of water and sediment in variety aquaculture ponds and identified as Bacillus coagulans. The degradation rate of the two strains were 97.8% and 97.8%, respectively. Two strains could adapt high pH value and C/N range, and have high resistance to high temperature and high salt. The oral administration trials verified that the two strains were safe for cultured aquatic animals. The two screened strains and the previously obtained mutagenic strain B38 in our lab were mixed with 1 鲶1 鲶1 ratio to make a probiotics complex, and its effects on the amount of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite and algae were evaluated by 18 days farming trials. Compared with the four commercial probiotics (Photosynthetic Bacteria, Yeast, EM and Bacillus), ammonia nitrogen decreased greatly in the ponds using probiotics complex. The number of algae in the ponds using probiotics complex and Bacillus from the 9th day was higher than other groups, and the amount of algae were about twice as much as the other groups on the 14th day. The probiotics complex can reduce ammonia nitrogen and increase the number of algae. This study provides a foundation for the development of complex probiotics.
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Available online
, doi: 10.7541/2019.107
Abstract:
The oligotrich ciliates are important components of the marine microplankton. Many studies have been carried out on the taxonomy of these taxa in the past one and a half centuries. However, ambiguities concerning their identification have been accumulated due to lacking key morphological characters. Ten poorly known oligotrichs, Strombi-dium apolatum Wilbert & Song, 2005, Strombidium capitatum (Leegaard, 1995) Kahl, 1932, Strombidium guangdongense Liu, et al., 2016, Strombidium paracalkinsi (Lei, et al., 1999) Agatha, 2004, Strombidium parastylifer Song, et al., 2009, Strombidium suzukii Song, et al., 2009, Spirostrombidium cinctum (Kahl, 1932) Petz, et al., 1995, Paralle-lostrombidium jankowski (Song, et al., 2009) Song, et al., 2018, Parallelostrombidium kahli (Song, et al., 2009) Song, et al., 2018, Strombidinopsis minima (Gruber, 1884) Song & Bradbury, 1998 were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation methods. Based on the present populations, much more information particularly with respect to their morphological features in vivo as well as original morphometric data were provided. Compared with previous population, some variable characters of these species were recorded.
The oligotrich ciliates are important components of the marine microplankton. Many studies have been carried out on the taxonomy of these taxa in the past one and a half centuries. However, ambiguities concerning their identification have been accumulated due to lacking key morphological characters. Ten poorly known oligotrichs, Strombi-dium apolatum Wilbert & Song, 2005, Strombidium capitatum (Leegaard, 1995) Kahl, 1932, Strombidium guangdongense Liu, et al., 2016, Strombidium paracalkinsi (Lei, et al., 1999) Agatha, 2004, Strombidium parastylifer Song, et al., 2009, Strombidium suzukii Song, et al., 2009, Spirostrombidium cinctum (Kahl, 1932) Petz, et al., 1995, Paralle-lostrombidium jankowski (Song, et al., 2009) Song, et al., 2018, Parallelostrombidium kahli (Song, et al., 2009) Song, et al., 2018, Strombidinopsis minima (Gruber, 1884) Song & Bradbury, 1998 were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation methods. Based on the present populations, much more information particularly with respect to their morphological features in vivo as well as original morphometric data were provided. Compared with previous population, some variable characters of these species were recorded.
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, doi: 10.7541/2019.108
Abstract:
5 genera 13 taxa of Staurosiraceae (Bacillariophyta) were collected from Mugecuo Scenic Area, Sichuan province, China. Among them, 2 genera of Pseudostaurosiropsis Morales and Stauroforma Flower, Jones & Round were newly recorded in China, and there are 7 newly recorded species of China: Staurosirella frigida Van de Vijver & Morales, S. martyi (Héribaud-Joseph) Morales, Pseudostaurosira cataractarum (Hustedt) Wetzel, Morales & Ector, P. pseudoconstruens (Marciniak) Williams and Round, P. trainorii Morales, Pseudostaurosiropsis connecticutensis Morales and Stauroforma exiguiformis (Lange-Bertalot) Flower Jones & Round. The detailed morphology, habitat characteristics and geographical distribution of each taxon were given. Moreover, according to new classification system, Staurosiraceae species were revised in Algarum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis (Tomus X).
5 genera 13 taxa of Staurosiraceae (Bacillariophyta) were collected from Mugecuo Scenic Area, Sichuan province, China. Among them, 2 genera of Pseudostaurosiropsis Morales and Stauroforma Flower, Jones & Round were newly recorded in China, and there are 7 newly recorded species of China: Staurosirella frigida Van de Vijver & Morales, S. martyi (Héribaud-Joseph) Morales, Pseudostaurosira cataractarum (Hustedt) Wetzel, Morales & Ector, P. pseudoconstruens (Marciniak) Williams and Round, P. trainorii Morales, Pseudostaurosiropsis connecticutensis Morales and Stauroforma exiguiformis (Lange-Bertalot) Flower Jones & Round. The detailed morphology, habitat characteristics and geographical distribution of each taxon were given. Moreover, according to new classification system, Staurosiraceae species were revised in Algarum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis (Tomus X).
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To investigate the effects of ammonia exposure on amino acid metabolism, the Paramisgurnus dabryanus were exposed to 30 mmol/L NH4Cl solution to assess plasma, liver and muscle free amino acid contents. The free amino acid concentrations in plasma, liver and muscle of P. dabryanus were significantly affected by ammonia exposure (P<0.05). The plasma free alanine contents were significantly increased with increased exposure time (P<0.05). The liver free glutamate contents increased significantly at 12h of ammonia exposure and then obviously decreased at 72h (P<0.05). While the liver free alanine contents remained constant during the first 24h of ammonia exposure, these values remarkably increased at 72h (P<0.05). The muscle free glutamate increased significantly (P<0.05) at 12 hours and then rapidly decreased (P>0.05), and eventually significantly lower than that of the control group at both 72h and 96h (P<0.05). Two peak values of the muscle free alanine contents were found at the 12h and 48h, which were significantly higher than the control values (P<0.05). The remarkably decreased free glutamate values in plasma, liver and muscle of P. dabryanus and the significantly increased glutamine contents and glutamine synthetase activities during ammonia exposure suggest that the glutamate and\begin{document}$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_4}^ + $\end{document} ![]()
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To investigate the effects of ammonia exposure on amino acid metabolism, the Paramisgurnus dabryanus were exposed to 30 mmol/L NH4Cl solution to assess plasma, liver and muscle free amino acid contents. The free amino acid concentrations in plasma, liver and muscle of P. dabryanus were significantly affected by ammonia exposure (P<0.05). The plasma free alanine contents were significantly increased with increased exposure time (P<0.05). The liver free glutamate contents increased significantly at 12h of ammonia exposure and then obviously decreased at 72h (P<0.05). While the liver free alanine contents remained constant during the first 24h of ammonia exposure, these values remarkably increased at 72h (P<0.05). The muscle free glutamate increased significantly (P<0.05) at 12 hours and then rapidly decreased (P>0.05), and eventually significantly lower than that of the control group at both 72h and 96h (P<0.05). Two peak values of the muscle free alanine contents were found at the 12h and 48h, which were significantly higher than the control values (P<0.05). The remarkably decreased free glutamate values in plasma, liver and muscle of P. dabryanus and the significantly increased glutamine contents and glutamine synthetase activities during ammonia exposure suggest that the glutamate and
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We generally reviewed the distributions and potential risks of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River based on recent studies. The distribution of heavy metals varied significantly with locations and types of mediums, and contents of some metals exceeded the limits in food. The contents of PAHs in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were in line with those in the lower reaches. Low molecular weight PAHs were predominant in surface water, while high molecular weight PAHs were predominant in sediments, indicating low molecular PAHs may pose greater risks to aquatic ecosystems. DEHP and DBP were the predominant monomers of PAEs in surface water and sediments, and BBP and DBP ranked first and second respectively in fish bodies. The results of risk assessment also indicated that monomers such as DBP and DnBP had greater risk than DEHP. Over all, heavy metals and organic pollutants were widely distributed in the aquatic environment in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which may pose potential risks to the ecosystem.
We generally reviewed the distributions and potential risks of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River based on recent studies. The distribution of heavy metals varied significantly with locations and types of mediums, and contents of some metals exceeded the limits in food. The contents of PAHs in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were in line with those in the lower reaches. Low molecular weight PAHs were predominant in surface water, while high molecular weight PAHs were predominant in sediments, indicating low molecular PAHs may pose greater risks to aquatic ecosystems. DEHP and DBP were the predominant monomers of PAEs in surface water and sediments, and BBP and DBP ranked first and second respectively in fish bodies. The results of risk assessment also indicated that monomers such as DBP and DnBP had greater risk than DEHP. Over all, heavy metals and organic pollutants were widely distributed in the aquatic environment in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which may pose potential risks to the ecosystem.
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To investigate pathological features of ichthyophthiriasis in Schizothoracine fishes, we performed a pathological comparison between Gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii and Schizopygopsis pylzovi infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The infection of I. multifiliis resulted in high morbidity and mortality rate in G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi. The mortality rate of G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi increased dramatically at 3 dpi (day post infection) and then decreased gradually. All the infected G. p. przewalskii died after 8 dpi. The mortality rate of S. pylzovi was 97.3% with only two S. pylzovi survived after 14 dpi. There were lots of small white spots on the skin of both infected fish species but with significantly different Symptoms. A large amount of mucus were secreted in G. p. przewalskii to form gelatinous layer on the skin. Tomonts in different developmental stages were embedded in the gelatinous layer. In the infected S. pylzovi, necrosis and exfoliation occurred in the epithelium of the caudal fin and dorsal fin, and ulceration appeared due to the secondary infection by bacteria on the skin. The anatomic examination showed similar pathological changes in liver of G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi with the liver color from light red to faint yellow. Meanwhile, gallbladder was swollen and enlarged in both species. Histological sections and electron microscopy demonstrated the adhesion of gill filaments in infected G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi, and the gill lamellas and gill epithelia cells were exfoliated.. In G. p. przewalskii, I. multifiliis parasite created huge cavities in the epidermis and altered the structure of the skin epidermis. Skin epidermal cells of infected S. pylzovi showed evident vacuolation, the original tight structure was completely lost, and boundaries between epidermis and tunicae propria was blurred. These results indicated similar targeted organs by I. multifiliis infection but with different symptoms in G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi that may explain by the long-term adaptation to salt water and freshwater environments by G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi, which laid the foundation to study host-pathogen interaction in Tibetan highland fishes.
To investigate pathological features of ichthyophthiriasis in Schizothoracine fishes, we performed a pathological comparison between Gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii and Schizopygopsis pylzovi infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The infection of I. multifiliis resulted in high morbidity and mortality rate in G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi. The mortality rate of G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi increased dramatically at 3 dpi (day post infection) and then decreased gradually. All the infected G. p. przewalskii died after 8 dpi. The mortality rate of S. pylzovi was 97.3% with only two S. pylzovi survived after 14 dpi. There were lots of small white spots on the skin of both infected fish species but with significantly different Symptoms. A large amount of mucus were secreted in G. p. przewalskii to form gelatinous layer on the skin. Tomonts in different developmental stages were embedded in the gelatinous layer. In the infected S. pylzovi, necrosis and exfoliation occurred in the epithelium of the caudal fin and dorsal fin, and ulceration appeared due to the secondary infection by bacteria on the skin. The anatomic examination showed similar pathological changes in liver of G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi with the liver color from light red to faint yellow. Meanwhile, gallbladder was swollen and enlarged in both species. Histological sections and electron microscopy demonstrated the adhesion of gill filaments in infected G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi, and the gill lamellas and gill epithelia cells were exfoliated.. In G. p. przewalskii, I. multifiliis parasite created huge cavities in the epidermis and altered the structure of the skin epidermis. Skin epidermal cells of infected S. pylzovi showed evident vacuolation, the original tight structure was completely lost, and boundaries between epidermis and tunicae propria was blurred. These results indicated similar targeted organs by I. multifiliis infection but with different symptoms in G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi that may explain by the long-term adaptation to salt water and freshwater environments by G. p. przewalskii and S. pylzovi, which laid the foundation to study host-pathogen interaction in Tibetan highland fishes.
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To study effects of dietary carbohydrates and proteins on the growth of grass carp, we formulated a factorial design of 2×4 diets with medium-size (460 g) and large-size (1970 g) grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Two dietary starch levels of 25% and 35% and four protein levels of 22%, 24%, 26% and 28%) were fed with medium-size grass carp for 56d with same quantity of food. Two dietary starch levels of 30% and 40% and four protein levels of 18%, 20%, 22% and 24% were fed large-size grass carp. The results showed that the growth performance of the medium-size grass carp increased significantly with increased protein level with the highest effect in the 28% protein group (P<0.05), and the growth performance of 35% wheat starch group was significantly higher than that of the 25% group (P<0.05). The growth performance of large-size grass carp increased significantly with the increased protein level with the peak level at 20% (P>0.05). The growth performance of the 40% wheat starch group was significantly higher than that of the 30% group (P<0.05). No significant negative effects on liver tissues were observed by adding 35% or 40% wheat starch in both groups of grass carp. These results reveal that grass carp can effectively utilize starch to save feed protein when the wheat starch level of the feed is below 35% and 40%, respectively.
To study effects of dietary carbohydrates and proteins on the growth of grass carp, we formulated a factorial design of 2×4 diets with medium-size (460 g) and large-size (1970 g) grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Two dietary starch levels of 25% and 35% and four protein levels of 22%, 24%, 26% and 28%) were fed with medium-size grass carp for 56d with same quantity of food. Two dietary starch levels of 30% and 40% and four protein levels of 18%, 20%, 22% and 24% were fed large-size grass carp. The results showed that the growth performance of the medium-size grass carp increased significantly with increased protein level with the highest effect in the 28% protein group (P<0.05), and the growth performance of 35% wheat starch group was significantly higher than that of the 25% group (P<0.05). The growth performance of large-size grass carp increased significantly with the increased protein level with the peak level at 20% (P>0.05). The growth performance of the 40% wheat starch group was significantly higher than that of the 30% group (P<0.05). No significant negative effects on liver tissues were observed by adding 35% or 40% wheat starch in both groups of grass carp. These results reveal that grass carp can effectively utilize starch to save feed protein when the wheat starch level of the feed is below 35% and 40%, respectively.
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The Chishui River, the only undammed first-order tributary of the upper Yangtze River Basin, is an important part of the " National Nature Reserve for Rare and Endemic Fishes of the Upper Yangtze River”, which plays important roles in fish conservation. To determine main environmental factors that affect the breeding activities of fishes with drifting eggs in this river, investigations on fish resources of early life stages were carried out in Chishui Reach from March to July in 2015 and April to August in 2016. A total of 27 species of fish early resources, belonging to 3 orders, 7 families and 22 genera, were collected during the investigation period. Nine of these species including Pseudolaubuca engraulis, Squalidus argentatus, Gobiobotia filifer, Botia superciliaris, Parabotia fasciata, Parabotia bimaculata, Leptobotia elongate, Leptobotia taeniops and Lepturichthys fimbriata laid drifting eggs in the running water. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed various breeding environmental requirements for these species. Specially, B. superciliari, P. fasciata, P. bimaculata, L. elongate, L. taeniops and L. fimbriata tended to lay eggs when the water discharge was increasing, while P. engraulis and S. argentatus showed an opposite trend. Additionally, G. filifer preformed differently between 2015 and 2016. In the low flow year, their reproductive activities were positively associated with the water discharge. However, in the high flow year, no significant relation between the reproduction activities and water discharge was observed. These results strengthen our understanding of reproductive behavior of different fish species and provide valuable insights into fish conservation.
The Chishui River, the only undammed first-order tributary of the upper Yangtze River Basin, is an important part of the " National Nature Reserve for Rare and Endemic Fishes of the Upper Yangtze River”, which plays important roles in fish conservation. To determine main environmental factors that affect the breeding activities of fishes with drifting eggs in this river, investigations on fish resources of early life stages were carried out in Chishui Reach from March to July in 2015 and April to August in 2016. A total of 27 species of fish early resources, belonging to 3 orders, 7 families and 22 genera, were collected during the investigation period. Nine of these species including Pseudolaubuca engraulis, Squalidus argentatus, Gobiobotia filifer, Botia superciliaris, Parabotia fasciata, Parabotia bimaculata, Leptobotia elongate, Leptobotia taeniops and Lepturichthys fimbriata laid drifting eggs in the running water. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed various breeding environmental requirements for these species. Specially, B. superciliari, P. fasciata, P. bimaculata, L. elongate, L. taeniops and L. fimbriata tended to lay eggs when the water discharge was increasing, while P. engraulis and S. argentatus showed an opposite trend. Additionally, G. filifer preformed differently between 2015 and 2016. In the low flow year, their reproductive activities were positively associated with the water discharge. However, in the high flow year, no significant relation between the reproduction activities and water discharge was observed. These results strengthen our understanding of reproductive behavior of different fish species and provide valuable insights into fish conservation.
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Eco-hydrological regulation of lakes have received more and more attentions in recent years, but systemic research on hydrological requirements of aquatic organisms still is limited. We systematically summarized the current status of aquatic plants and water level in the mid-lower Yangtze shallow lakes, influences of water level fluctuations on aquatic plants, and the requirement mode of water level fluctuation of aquatic plants. We also introduced a new method assessing ecological water level in shallow lakes based on aquatic plants, and provided corresponding strategies of water level regulations for lakes with different functions.
Eco-hydrological regulation of lakes have received more and more attentions in recent years, but systemic research on hydrological requirements of aquatic organisms still is limited. We systematically summarized the current status of aquatic plants and water level in the mid-lower Yangtze shallow lakes, influences of water level fluctuations on aquatic plants, and the requirement mode of water level fluctuation of aquatic plants. We also introduced a new method assessing ecological water level in shallow lakes based on aquatic plants, and provided corresponding strategies of water level regulations for lakes with different functions.
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This study explored the nitrogen-fixing microbial community structure, diversity and nitrogen fixation activity in urban landscape water column, and the nitrogen-fixing contribution of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in water from Muye Lake and People’s Park in Xinxiang city. Physical and chemical indicators are eutrophic in these two lakes. This study measured 16S rDNA and Nitrogenase nifH gene of microorganism by High-throughput sequencing, and determined Nitrogen Fixation Rate of Nitrogen Fixing Microorganisms in two lakes by the acetylene reduction assay. A total of 32 phyla and 275 genera were detected in the prokaryote groups, and a total of 9 phyla and 66 genera were detected in the nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in Muye Lake. A total of 31 phyla and 238 genera were detected in the prokaryote groups; a total of 4 phyla and 13 genera were detected in the nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the water column of the People’s Park. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria accounted for 3% in the Muye Lake and 9.3% in People’s Park. The richness of Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in Muye Lake is significantly higher than that of People’s Park. The nitrogen fixation activity in the two lakes was similar. It is speculated that nitrogen fixation activity may be inhibited in eutrophic water.
This study explored the nitrogen-fixing microbial community structure, diversity and nitrogen fixation activity in urban landscape water column, and the nitrogen-fixing contribution of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in water from Muye Lake and People’s Park in Xinxiang city. Physical and chemical indicators are eutrophic in these two lakes. This study measured 16S rDNA and Nitrogenase nifH gene of microorganism by High-throughput sequencing, and determined Nitrogen Fixation Rate of Nitrogen Fixing Microorganisms in two lakes by the acetylene reduction assay. A total of 32 phyla and 275 genera were detected in the prokaryote groups, and a total of 9 phyla and 66 genera were detected in the nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in Muye Lake. A total of 31 phyla and 238 genera were detected in the prokaryote groups; a total of 4 phyla and 13 genera were detected in the nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the water column of the People’s Park. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria accounted for 3% in the Muye Lake and 9.3% in People’s Park. The richness of Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in Muye Lake is significantly higher than that of People’s Park. The nitrogen fixation activity in the two lakes was similar. It is speculated that nitrogen fixation activity may be inhibited in eutrophic water.
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Greb1 (growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer cell 1), an estrogen stimulated gene, plays critical roles in estrogen response. Previous study indicated that Greb1 was highly expressed in gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) pituitary. The current study cloned and characterized the expression of Carassius gibelio Greb1 (CgGreb1), and investigated its function in early embryonic development. The full length cDNA of CgGreb1 was 954 bp, encoding a deduced protein of 255 amino acids. Based on the NCBI database, most vertebrates contained at least one Greb1 isoforms, whose amino acid length ranged from 386-1988 and contained conserved N-terminus. Among those Greb1 homologues, CgGreb1 was the shortest one, locating in the N-terminus of other Greb1 homologues and sharing high identities over 60%. CgGreb1 was dominantly expressed in pituitary, brains, liver and gonads with the highest level in pituitary. The expression of CgGreb1 was gradually increased by inducing spawning gibel carp females, peaked at 6 hours post induction, and then decreased and maintained at a relatively high level. During embryogenesis, the expression of CgGreb1 started from 50% epiboly, increased as embryogenesis progression, peaked at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf), and then gradually decreased and was undetectable at 48 hpf. WISH analysis showed that CgGreb1 signal was specifically located in the embryonic margin during gastrulation, gradually distributed in the central neural system during somitogenesis, and was strongly expressed in many brain regions and notochord, but was gradually weakened from 30 hpf and was disappeared at 48 hpf. Knockdown of CgGreb1 specifically decreased the expression of tshβ, prl and gthα but not pomca in producing cells, suggesting that CgGreb1 played an important role in early pituitary development in gibel carp. Our present study provides insights into the molecular mechanism underlying pituitary development and growth regulation in gibel carp.
Greb1 (growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer cell 1), an estrogen stimulated gene, plays critical roles in estrogen response. Previous study indicated that Greb1 was highly expressed in gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) pituitary. The current study cloned and characterized the expression of Carassius gibelio Greb1 (CgGreb1), and investigated its function in early embryonic development. The full length cDNA of CgGreb1 was 954 bp, encoding a deduced protein of 255 amino acids. Based on the NCBI database, most vertebrates contained at least one Greb1 isoforms, whose amino acid length ranged from 386-1988 and contained conserved N-terminus. Among those Greb1 homologues, CgGreb1 was the shortest one, locating in the N-terminus of other Greb1 homologues and sharing high identities over 60%. CgGreb1 was dominantly expressed in pituitary, brains, liver and gonads with the highest level in pituitary. The expression of CgGreb1 was gradually increased by inducing spawning gibel carp females, peaked at 6 hours post induction, and then decreased and maintained at a relatively high level. During embryogenesis, the expression of CgGreb1 started from 50% epiboly, increased as embryogenesis progression, peaked at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf), and then gradually decreased and was undetectable at 48 hpf. WISH analysis showed that CgGreb1 signal was specifically located in the embryonic margin during gastrulation, gradually distributed in the central neural system during somitogenesis, and was strongly expressed in many brain regions and notochord, but was gradually weakened from 30 hpf and was disappeared at 48 hpf. Knockdown of CgGreb1 specifically decreased the expression of tshβ, prl and gthα but not pomca in producing cells, suggesting that CgGreb1 played an important role in early pituitary development in gibel carp. Our present study provides insights into the molecular mechanism underlying pituitary development and growth regulation in gibel carp.
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The effects of dietary Lactobacillus acidophilus on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, premunition and related enzyme gene mRNA expression of Epinephelus coiodes were assessed in the current study. Seven hundred and twenty healthy fish with an average body weight of (5.60±0.05) g were randomly divided into 8 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate. The fish were fed a basal diet and an experimental diet that were supplemented with L. acidophilus at the percentage of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2%) for 8 weeks, respectively. The WGR and SGR increased first and then decreased with increased L. acidophilus, but they were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The FCR reached the lowest value in 0.6% group that was significantly lower than other group (P<0.05). However, the PER level showed an opposite trend to the FCR. The activities of TRY and AMY in the liver and intestine tended to increase first and decrease thereafter. The liver TRY and AMY mRNA level of the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Among them, liver amylase and protease activity reached the maximum level at 0.6%, and intestinal protease and amylase activities reached the maximum level at 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. The fish survival rate significantly increased with the increased Vibrio harvey for 7 days (P<0.05). These results reveal that 0.42% Lactobacillus acidophilus (0.72×108 cfu/mL) in the feed could significantly promote the growth and increase the digestive enzyme activity and disease resistance for juvenile grouper.
The effects of dietary Lactobacillus acidophilus on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, premunition and related enzyme gene mRNA expression of Epinephelus coiodes were assessed in the current study. Seven hundred and twenty healthy fish with an average body weight of (5.60±0.05) g were randomly divided into 8 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate. The fish were fed a basal diet and an experimental diet that were supplemented with L. acidophilus at the percentage of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2%) for 8 weeks, respectively. The WGR and SGR increased first and then decreased with increased L. acidophilus, but they were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The FCR reached the lowest value in 0.6% group that was significantly lower than other group (P<0.05). However, the PER level showed an opposite trend to the FCR. The activities of TRY and AMY in the liver and intestine tended to increase first and decrease thereafter. The liver TRY and AMY mRNA level of the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Among them, liver amylase and protease activity reached the maximum level at 0.6%, and intestinal protease and amylase activities reached the maximum level at 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. The fish survival rate significantly increased with the increased Vibrio harvey for 7 days (P<0.05). These results reveal that 0.42% Lactobacillus acidophilus (0.72×108 cfu/mL) in the feed could significantly promote the growth and increase the digestive enzyme activity and disease resistance for juvenile grouper.
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Sinogastromyzon sichangensis is a small-size fish endemic to the upper Yangtze River mainly distributed in main stream and tributaries. Twenty-nine polymorphic microsatellite loci of the S. sichangensis were isolated by next-generation sequencing techniques. Four wild populations in Chishui River were amplified by 20 loci with mean alleles 14.5. The mean observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity were 0.620 and 0.882, respectively and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.859. The Ho ranged from 0.520 (Maotai Town) to 0.669 (Chishui Town) and PIC ranged from 0.841 (Maotai Town) to 0.868 (Xishui River). The Fst value and analysis of population structure revealed a genetic differentiation between populations from Xishui River and the main stream of Chishui River. AMOVA showed that the genetic variation was 3.33% among populations while it was 96.67% within populations. These novel loci could use to investigate the population genetics and biological resource conservation strategy in S. sichangensis.
Sinogastromyzon sichangensis is a small-size fish endemic to the upper Yangtze River mainly distributed in main stream and tributaries. Twenty-nine polymorphic microsatellite loci of the S. sichangensis were isolated by next-generation sequencing techniques. Four wild populations in Chishui River were amplified by 20 loci with mean alleles 14.5. The mean observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity were 0.620 and 0.882, respectively and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.859. The Ho ranged from 0.520 (Maotai Town) to 0.669 (Chishui Town) and PIC ranged from 0.841 (Maotai Town) to 0.868 (Xishui River). The Fst value and analysis of population structure revealed a genetic differentiation between populations from Xishui River and the main stream of Chishui River. AMOVA showed that the genetic variation was 3.33% among populations while it was 96.67% within populations. These novel loci could use to investigate the population genetics and biological resource conservation strategy in S. sichangensis.
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Abstract:
Gymnocypris potanini Herzenstein, an endemic freshwater species in China, distributes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River and the Lancang River and some plateau areas with low water temperature even in the summer. The present study investigated the morphological characteristics, formation period of increment, and hatching date of G. potanini. Larvae were identified by coⅠ sequences, which were caught in the Mengtun River at 2015 and 2016. Homology analysis showed that the coⅠ sequence of captured larvae and juvenile were genetically similar to G. potanini and then identified as the G. potanini. The shape of lapilli finally changed into mussel shape, whereas sagittae became wedge-shaped, the long ellipse shape, and eventually changed into long pointed. Then one increment of lapilli by marked temperature was formed every day. The number of marked increments on lapilli were linearly related to the age, and the slopes of the equations were closed to 1.0 (P>0.05). These results demonstrated a daily formation of otoliths increments. By counting the number of daily increment and confirming daily pattern of the increment deposition, the back-calculated hatching dates of the larvae were from 29 June to 15 July in 2015 and from 13 July to 18 August in 2016, indicating that G. potanini has a long spawning period in late summer. These results provided important information on the spawn time of estimation and the basic data for resources conservation of G. potanini.
Gymnocypris potanini Herzenstein, an endemic freshwater species in China, distributes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River and the Lancang River and some plateau areas with low water temperature even in the summer. The present study investigated the morphological characteristics, formation period of increment, and hatching date of G. potanini. Larvae were identified by coⅠ sequences, which were caught in the Mengtun River at 2015 and 2016. Homology analysis showed that the coⅠ sequence of captured larvae and juvenile were genetically similar to G. potanini and then identified as the G. potanini. The shape of lapilli finally changed into mussel shape, whereas sagittae became wedge-shaped, the long ellipse shape, and eventually changed into long pointed. Then one increment of lapilli by marked temperature was formed every day. The number of marked increments on lapilli were linearly related to the age, and the slopes of the equations were closed to 1.0 (P>0.05). These results demonstrated a daily formation of otoliths increments. By counting the number of daily increment and confirming daily pattern of the increment deposition, the back-calculated hatching dates of the larvae were from 29 June to 15 July in 2015 and from 13 July to 18 August in 2016, indicating that G. potanini has a long spawning period in late summer. These results provided important information on the spawn time of estimation and the basic data for resources conservation of G. potanini.
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Abstract:
This study analyzed the external morphology, vegetative and reproductive structure, growth process, biomass variation, mature individual proportion, R/T index, as well as the large subunit of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) gene and the partial cytochrome coxidase I (COI) gene sequences of Gloiosiphonia capillaris (Hudson) Carmichael populations collected in the coast of Heishijiao, Fujiazhuang, Shicao, Jinshitan, Zhangzidao and Haiyangdao in Dalian. The results indicated that the gametophytes of G. capillaris were androgynous, solitary or caespitose habit, and that the main axes were erect, disciformi affixus, gelatinous in texture, red or purplish red. The length and width of thallus collected in Zhangzidao and Haiyangdao were significantly higher than those in other sites. Thallus was composed of cortex that had 6—10 cell layers and medulla that was consisted of many rhizoidal filaments. The size of mature cystocarp was small and protruded from the thallus. Cystocarps were spherical or hemispherical, and often became a group with 2—4 members. The maximum biomass of gametophyte appeared in June with an average value of 3.628 g/m2. The proportions of mature individuals increased gradually from March to June and got 100% in June. The gametophyte growth cycle was from March to July, and the temperature property was temperate. According to the phylogenetic tree of rbcL gene sequences, there was no sequence divergence among the 6 sites and clustered in a single monophyletic subclade with the sample from Canada. There was also no sequence divergence among the 6 sites based on the phylogenetic tree of COI gene sequences. The samples were clustered in a single monophyletic subclade and identified as G. capillaris.
This study analyzed the external morphology, vegetative and reproductive structure, growth process, biomass variation, mature individual proportion, R/T index, as well as the large subunit of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) gene and the partial cytochrome coxidase I (COI) gene sequences of Gloiosiphonia capillaris (Hudson) Carmichael populations collected in the coast of Heishijiao, Fujiazhuang, Shicao, Jinshitan, Zhangzidao and Haiyangdao in Dalian. The results indicated that the gametophytes of G. capillaris were androgynous, solitary or caespitose habit, and that the main axes were erect, disciformi affixus, gelatinous in texture, red or purplish red. The length and width of thallus collected in Zhangzidao and Haiyangdao were significantly higher than those in other sites. Thallus was composed of cortex that had 6—10 cell layers and medulla that was consisted of many rhizoidal filaments. The size of mature cystocarp was small and protruded from the thallus. Cystocarps were spherical or hemispherical, and often became a group with 2—4 members. The maximum biomass of gametophyte appeared in June with an average value of 3.628 g/m2. The proportions of mature individuals increased gradually from March to June and got 100% in June. The gametophyte growth cycle was from March to July, and the temperature property was temperate. According to the phylogenetic tree of rbcL gene sequences, there was no sequence divergence among the 6 sites and clustered in a single monophyletic subclade with the sample from Canada. There was also no sequence divergence among the 6 sites based on the phylogenetic tree of COI gene sequences. The samples were clustered in a single monophyletic subclade and identified as G. capillaris.
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Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus, the most important freshwater fish in China, is widely distributed in the Yangtze River and along the Yangtze River. This study developed 12 highly polymorphic loci from 25 polymorphic microsatellite markers to analyze genetic diversity and population structure of 4 wild and 1 aquaculture populations in the Yangtze River system. The results showed that the polymorphic information content (PIC) of these 12 loci was between 0.660－0.923, indicating that all 12 loci were highly polymorphic (PIC>0.5). The allele number (Na) of the 5 populations was between 7.917－11.667 and the effective allele number (Ne) ranged from 4.837 to 6.035. The observed heterozygosity was between 0.713-0.861 and the expected heterozygosity was between 0.749－0.819. The average polymorphism information content was between 0.711－0.788. These results indicated the high genetic diversity in all 5 populations. The genetic distance between the 4 wild populations was relatively closer. The genetic distance between the cultured population and the 4 wild populations was much larger than that of the 4 wild populations. In the UPGMA phylogenetic tree, the Xiangjiang population and the Shishou population were first gathered together, and then clustered with the Hanjiang and Jiaxing populations, and finally together with the Wujiang culture population. The 12 microsatellite loci can be used for the assessment of germplasm resources and genetic diversity of different populations in black carp.
Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus, the most important freshwater fish in China, is widely distributed in the Yangtze River and along the Yangtze River. This study developed 12 highly polymorphic loci from 25 polymorphic microsatellite markers to analyze genetic diversity and population structure of 4 wild and 1 aquaculture populations in the Yangtze River system. The results showed that the polymorphic information content (PIC) of these 12 loci was between 0.660－0.923, indicating that all 12 loci were highly polymorphic (PIC>0.5). The allele number (Na) of the 5 populations was between 7.917－11.667 and the effective allele number (Ne) ranged from 4.837 to 6.035. The observed heterozygosity was between 0.713-0.861 and the expected heterozygosity was between 0.749－0.819. The average polymorphism information content was between 0.711－0.788. These results indicated the high genetic diversity in all 5 populations. The genetic distance between the 4 wild populations was relatively closer. The genetic distance between the cultured population and the 4 wild populations was much larger than that of the 4 wild populations. In the UPGMA phylogenetic tree, the Xiangjiang population and the Shishou population were first gathered together, and then clustered with the Hanjiang and Jiaxing populations, and finally together with the Wujiang culture population. The 12 microsatellite loci can be used for the assessment of germplasm resources and genetic diversity of different populations in black carp.
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Microcystis strains isolated from bloom-forming ponds were analyzed based on gvpA-C intergenic sequence and 16S rDNA. Several gvpA-C intergenic sequences contain an 172-176 bp extra sequence. An alignment of different types of 0.27 kb sequences, exclusive of the extra sequence, showed over 50 sites of base substitutions. 8 sites of base substitutions were identified in a 0.69 kb region of 16S rDNA, where most substitutions between Microcystis strains are located. Compared to 16S rDNA, the gvpA-C intergenic sequence that can be generated by one-step PCR without contamination from co-existing bacteria showed much higher variability, which is useful in typing of Microcystis. Due to horizontal gene transfer, the two sets of types showed a cross relationship. Based on the presence of extra sequence, the Microcystis gvpA-C intergenic sequences formed two distinct clusters in a phylogenetic tree.
Microcystis strains isolated from bloom-forming ponds were analyzed based on gvpA-C intergenic sequence and 16S rDNA. Several gvpA-C intergenic sequences contain an 172-176 bp extra sequence. An alignment of different types of 0.27 kb sequences, exclusive of the extra sequence, showed over 50 sites of base substitutions. 8 sites of base substitutions were identified in a 0.69 kb region of 16S rDNA, where most substitutions between Microcystis strains are located. Compared to 16S rDNA, the gvpA-C intergenic sequence that can be generated by one-step PCR without contamination from co-existing bacteria showed much higher variability, which is useful in typing of Microcystis. Due to horizontal gene transfer, the two sets of types showed a cross relationship. Based on the presence of extra sequence, the Microcystis gvpA-C intergenic sequences formed two distinct clusters in a phylogenetic tree.
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The Yarlung Zangbo River (the upper Brahmaputa River) is the largest river on the Tibetan Plateau. The present study investigated the genetic diversity and population demography of Schizothorax molesworthi from the Motuo area of lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and Lohit River using mitochondrial DNA Cyt b gene sequences. The results showed that 21 haplotypes were identified for 167 individuals with relatively high haplotype diversity (h= 0.768) and low nucleotide diversity (π=0.00167). Phylogenetic trees and Network diagram based on haplotypes indicated all haplotypes from the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and Lohit River were not clustered separately but mixed with each other according to the geographical distribution. Pairwise comparisons of genetic differentiation index (FST) among different populations ranged from –0.014 to 0.771 with highly significant genetic differentiations between the JZZB population and other populations (FST: 0.372—0.771). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the largest mean FCT index was found between JZZB population and the group of other six populations. Neutral test, mismatch analysis and BSP (Bayesian skyline plot) analysis showed that overall S. molesworthi population from the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and Lohit River experienced population expansion during the last glaciations BP (0—0.137 Ma).
The Yarlung Zangbo River (the upper Brahmaputa River) is the largest river on the Tibetan Plateau. The present study investigated the genetic diversity and population demography of Schizothorax molesworthi from the Motuo area of lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and Lohit River using mitochondrial DNA Cyt b gene sequences. The results showed that 21 haplotypes were identified for 167 individuals with relatively high haplotype diversity (h= 0.768) and low nucleotide diversity (π=0.00167). Phylogenetic trees and Network diagram based on haplotypes indicated all haplotypes from the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and Lohit River were not clustered separately but mixed with each other according to the geographical distribution. Pairwise comparisons of genetic differentiation index (FST) among different populations ranged from –0.014 to 0.771 with highly significant genetic differentiations between the JZZB population and other populations (FST: 0.372—0.771). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the largest mean FCT index was found between JZZB population and the group of other six populations. Neutral test, mismatch analysis and BSP (Bayesian skyline plot) analysis showed that overall S. molesworthi population from the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and Lohit River experienced population expansion during the last glaciations BP (0—0.137 Ma).
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Aquaponics, a new type of sustainable, cyclic and zero-emission composite farming system, has become an effective method to solve the agricultural ecological crisis because of its good ecological environment effect and food safety guarantee. The 16S rRNA gene (V3-V5 region) of microorganisms in aquaculture environment and roots was sequenced by using Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform under the typical aquaculture pond mode in Northwest China. The comparison of microbial community structure and diversity showed that the total effective sequence of bacteria was 56444, and the average number of annotated OTU was 945. The dominant bacteria were phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidete, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria. The dominant bacteria in MD.R and JH.R were phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, respectively. There were 165 OTUs in the six samples with the highest OTU in JH.KX (137), the lowest one in JH.R (30), and the same OTU (85) in MD.R and JH.C. Rhizobia, fish pathogenic bacteria, cold-resistant bacteria and bacteria that decompose organism and reduce heavy metals and toxins were detected by annotating the OTUs. This study revealed the microbial community structure and its ecological regulation mechanism under the aquaponics model.
Aquaponics, a new type of sustainable, cyclic and zero-emission composite farming system, has become an effective method to solve the agricultural ecological crisis because of its good ecological environment effect and food safety guarantee. The 16S rRNA gene (V3-V5 region) of microorganisms in aquaculture environment and roots was sequenced by using Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform under the typical aquaculture pond mode in Northwest China. The comparison of microbial community structure and diversity showed that the total effective sequence of bacteria was 56444, and the average number of annotated OTU was 945. The dominant bacteria were phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidete, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria. The dominant bacteria in MD.R and JH.R were phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, respectively. There were 165 OTUs in the six samples with the highest OTU in JH.KX (137), the lowest one in JH.R (30), and the same OTU (85) in MD.R and JH.C. Rhizobia, fish pathogenic bacteria, cold-resistant bacteria and bacteria that decompose organism and reduce heavy metals and toxins were detected by annotating the OTUs. This study revealed the microbial community structure and its ecological regulation mechanism under the aquaponics model.
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Family selection has emerged as a crucial tool for selective breeding in aquaculture. The current artificial selection for Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) predominantly focused on the apparent characters,e.g. growth,shell color and survival rate. Little studies of selective breeding were based on nutritional value of adductor muscle. The present study investigated the growth performance,the fatty acid composition,the content of carbon and nitrogen and C/N ratio of adductor muscle in distinct selective breeding families of M. yessoensis and explored the correlation between C/N ratio and fatty acid content. The results demonstrated that the growth features of the families 25#,54# and 19# were superior to those of 32#,87# and 93# (P<0.05). No significant difference of the total major fatty acids was observed between distinct families,but the relative abundance of the major fatty acids was obviously different between distinct families as PUFA>SFA>MUFA. The amounts of EPA and DHA based on dry weight of adductor muscle in M. yessoensis varied from 3.59 to 4.09 mg/g,and from 3.03 to 3.46 mg/g,respectively. The relative abundance of both EPA and DHA ranged between 47.19 and 49.32% of the total fatty acids. Moreover,the content of carbon and nitrogen of adductor muscle in distinct families of M. yessoensis remained constantly with (39.21±0.04)% and (10.62±0.16)%,respectively. The C/N ratio was (3.70±0.06). The further correlation analysis showed that the C/N ratio was positively related to the growth of adductor muscle in distinct families. On the contrary,a prominently negative correlation existed between the C/N ratio and the content of TFA,SFA,PUFA,EPA or DHA with the most evident one between C/N ration with DHA. Our results indicated that the fatty acid composition,the content of C and N and the C/N ratio of adductor muscle could be used for selective breeding of M. yessoensis. These findings provide important implications for the broad development of the selective breeding in scallops.
Family selection has emerged as a crucial tool for selective breeding in aquaculture. The current artificial selection for Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) predominantly focused on the apparent characters,e.g. growth,shell color and survival rate. Little studies of selective breeding were based on nutritional value of adductor muscle. The present study investigated the growth performance,the fatty acid composition,the content of carbon and nitrogen and C/N ratio of adductor muscle in distinct selective breeding families of M. yessoensis and explored the correlation between C/N ratio and fatty acid content. The results demonstrated that the growth features of the families 25#,54# and 19# were superior to those of 32#,87# and 93# (P<0.05). No significant difference of the total major fatty acids was observed between distinct families,but the relative abundance of the major fatty acids was obviously different between distinct families as PUFA>SFA>MUFA. The amounts of EPA and DHA based on dry weight of adductor muscle in M. yessoensis varied from 3.59 to 4.09 mg/g,and from 3.03 to 3.46 mg/g,respectively. The relative abundance of both EPA and DHA ranged between 47.19 and 49.32% of the total fatty acids. Moreover,the content of carbon and nitrogen of adductor muscle in distinct families of M. yessoensis remained constantly with (39.21±0.04)% and (10.62±0.16)%,respectively. The C/N ratio was (3.70±0.06). The further correlation analysis showed that the C/N ratio was positively related to the growth of adductor muscle in distinct families. On the contrary,a prominently negative correlation existed between the C/N ratio and the content of TFA,SFA,PUFA,EPA or DHA with the most evident one between C/N ration with DHA. Our results indicated that the fatty acid composition,the content of C and N and the C/N ratio of adductor muscle could be used for selective breeding of M. yessoensis. These findings provide important implications for the broad development of the selective breeding in scallops.
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To investigate the effect of temperature on transcripts and relative mRNA levels, high-throughput RNA sequencing were used for Yersinia ruckeri grown at 28℃ and 37℃. After the quality control, all differentially regulated genes were enriched and annotated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and verified by Rockhopper software. The results showed that 173 differentially expressed genes were identified (P-value<0.05), including 58 up-regulated genes mainly enriched in several KEGG pathways: Phosphotransferase system, Starch and sucrose metabolism, Galactose metabolism and Other glycan degradation; and 115 down-regulated genes mainly enriched in several KEGG pathways: Two-component system, Thiamine metabolism and Flagellar assembly. In summary, the SC09 had lower motility and weaker glucose metabolism at temperature 37℃. The compensatory overexpression of some specific carbohydrate metabolism might play important roles for the survival of this bacterial under high temperature. This study provides an important basis for further research on the molecular mechanisms of SC09 in different temperature.
To investigate the effect of temperature on transcripts and relative mRNA levels, high-throughput RNA sequencing were used for Yersinia ruckeri grown at 28℃ and 37℃. After the quality control, all differentially regulated genes were enriched and annotated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and verified by Rockhopper software. The results showed that 173 differentially expressed genes were identified (P-value<0.05), including 58 up-regulated genes mainly enriched in several KEGG pathways: Phosphotransferase system, Starch and sucrose metabolism, Galactose metabolism and Other glycan degradation; and 115 down-regulated genes mainly enriched in several KEGG pathways: Two-component system, Thiamine metabolism and Flagellar assembly. In summary, the SC09 had lower motility and weaker glucose metabolism at temperature 37℃. The compensatory overexpression of some specific carbohydrate metabolism might play important roles for the survival of this bacterial under high temperature. This study provides an important basis for further research on the molecular mechanisms of SC09 in different temperature.
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To reveal the characteristics of external morphology and internal organ during the growth and development of larvae to juveniles of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata and the relationship between morphology, organs and motion, ingestion behavior, optical microscopy was used for observations and nonlinear regression parameters were used for descriptions. The results showed that during the normally larval rearing, the growth of shell length was accelerated positively, the growth of shell height was decelerated positively, the growth of hinge length was accelerated negatively, the growth of shell height was faster than shell length, and the growth of hinge length was slower than shell length. When the larvae grown to a shell length of (209.26±9.22) μm, the internal organs began to change, the velum gradually degenerated and developed into a gill, and the foot gradually formed. when the shell length reached (234.30±14.00) μm, the secondary shell appeared and the external morphology gradually changed to the juvenile. In the juvenile stage, the growth of gill filament length, gill filament distance and number of gill filament were slower than shell length. The larvae swim and filter microalgae by beating their cilia. When swimming, the double shells on the top of the larvae opened the umbo toward the bottom, and the velum projecting from back of the shell is used to propel the body. Larvae swim around clockwise with a certain radius in the vertical direction with a spiral either rising or falling. In the juvenile stage, the reciprocating expansion of the foot and the filtration of the sputum conducted the crawling and the feeding, respectively. During the metamorphosis of larvae stage, the velum is degraded, the motor function of the metamorphosis larvae is reduced, the feeding function has disappeared, larvae relied on reserved energy to complete growth and organ development, which is an important step in larval rearing.
To reveal the characteristics of external morphology and internal organ during the growth and development of larvae to juveniles of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata and the relationship between morphology, organs and motion, ingestion behavior, optical microscopy was used for observations and nonlinear regression parameters were used for descriptions. The results showed that during the normally larval rearing, the growth of shell length was accelerated positively, the growth of shell height was decelerated positively, the growth of hinge length was accelerated negatively, the growth of shell height was faster than shell length, and the growth of hinge length was slower than shell length. When the larvae grown to a shell length of (209.26±9.22) μm, the internal organs began to change, the velum gradually degenerated and developed into a gill, and the foot gradually formed. when the shell length reached (234.30±14.00) μm, the secondary shell appeared and the external morphology gradually changed to the juvenile. In the juvenile stage, the growth of gill filament length, gill filament distance and number of gill filament were slower than shell length. The larvae swim and filter microalgae by beating their cilia. When swimming, the double shells on the top of the larvae opened the umbo toward the bottom, and the velum projecting from back of the shell is used to propel the body. Larvae swim around clockwise with a certain radius in the vertical direction with a spiral either rising or falling. In the juvenile stage, the reciprocating expansion of the foot and the filtration of the sputum conducted the crawling and the feeding, respectively. During the metamorphosis of larvae stage, the velum is degraded, the motor function of the metamorphosis larvae is reduced, the feeding function has disappeared, larvae relied on reserved energy to complete growth and organ development, which is an important step in larval rearing.
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We compiled the distribution and traits of 214 fish species and subspecies in the Jinsha River basin to investigate systematic and effective conservation planning in the basin. First, we modelled the distribution of widespread species throughout the basin with environmental factors such as climate, riverscape, land-use, and soil type; we used the occurrences as the distribution for other species. We planned the protected area (PA) network with the Marxan software to determine the species-specific conservation targets (grouped by mobility, distribution range, and conservation status) and evaluate the protection status of the current wetlands PAs. The best solution selected 486 planning units (47950 km2) that was 7.7% of the total planning units. The current wetlands PAs was not enough for fish conservation, which shelters 59.3% of all fishes (127 species) and 109 species require additional conservation area. The planning units’ area protected by the wetlands PA need to expand 55.9% to reach our conservation target.
We compiled the distribution and traits of 214 fish species and subspecies in the Jinsha River basin to investigate systematic and effective conservation planning in the basin. First, we modelled the distribution of widespread species throughout the basin with environmental factors such as climate, riverscape, land-use, and soil type; we used the occurrences as the distribution for other species. We planned the protected area (PA) network with the Marxan software to determine the species-specific conservation targets (grouped by mobility, distribution range, and conservation status) and evaluate the protection status of the current wetlands PAs. The best solution selected 486 planning units (47950 km2) that was 7.7% of the total planning units. The current wetlands PAs was not enough for fish conservation, which shelters 59.3% of all fishes (127 species) and 109 species require additional conservation area. The planning units’ area protected by the wetlands PA need to expand 55.9% to reach our conservation target.
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The Yangtze River basin harbors a high degree of fish diversity, with 378 fish species distributing in the mainstream and its attached waters, and 149 of these species are endemic to this river. Meanwhile, the Yangtze River is an important fishery ground in China, contributing more than 60% of the total catch of freshwater fishery. Therefore, the Yangtze River plays important roles in both biodiversity conservation and capture fisheries. However, due to the increasing human activities in the past decades, fish resources in the Yangtze River have declined sharply. Firstly, more and more species have been assessed as threatened and the endangerment categories of many species have been upgraded. Secondly, the population size of many iconic species, such as Acipenser sinensis, the four famous Chinese carps and Coreius guichenoti, have declined continuously. Thirdly, the miniaturization tendencies of major fishing targets have become more and more obvious. Last but not the least, the total fishery catch reduced significantly. Overfishing, water projects construction, enclosing-lake cultivation, water pollution and alien invasion were the main reasons contributing to these changes. In most situations, these factors interacted together, which imposed more damage to the fish resources and increased the difficulty of conservation. In order to protect the fish resources in the Yangtze River effectively, following conservation strategies are suggested: establishing specialized nature reserve, banning commercial fishing completely, implementing river ecological restoration, strengthening scientific research and establishing comprehensive regulation mechanism.
The Yangtze River basin harbors a high degree of fish diversity, with 378 fish species distributing in the mainstream and its attached waters, and 149 of these species are endemic to this river. Meanwhile, the Yangtze River is an important fishery ground in China, contributing more than 60% of the total catch of freshwater fishery. Therefore, the Yangtze River plays important roles in both biodiversity conservation and capture fisheries. However, due to the increasing human activities in the past decades, fish resources in the Yangtze River have declined sharply. Firstly, more and more species have been assessed as threatened and the endangerment categories of many species have been upgraded. Secondly, the population size of many iconic species, such as Acipenser sinensis, the four famous Chinese carps and Coreius guichenoti, have declined continuously. Thirdly, the miniaturization tendencies of major fishing targets have become more and more obvious. Last but not the least, the total fishery catch reduced significantly. Overfishing, water projects construction, enclosing-lake cultivation, water pollution and alien invasion were the main reasons contributing to these changes. In most situations, these factors interacted together, which imposed more damage to the fish resources and increased the difficulty of conservation. In order to protect the fish resources in the Yangtze River effectively, following conservation strategies are suggested: establishing specialized nature reserve, banning commercial fishing completely, implementing river ecological restoration, strengthening scientific research and establishing comprehensive regulation mechanism.
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Based on the Gini coefficient and Mann-Kendall test, the runoff variation in the Yichang reach of Yangtze River from 1982 to 2017 was evaluated, and its influence to the Chinese sturgeon spawning below the Gezhouba Dam was discussed under the cascaded hydropower operation. The results showed that the runoff and Gini coefficient decreased significantly after the construction of Gezhouba Dam, which synchronously decreased the flow and water levels in spawning days of the Chinese sturgeon. Water temperature had no significant change. The analysis of the abruption revealed great change of hydrological conditions in the spawning days and Gini coefficient in 2004 and 2009, which are coincided with time of the second and fourth phase impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The correlation analysis indicated that the higher runoff and Gini coefficient would induce Chinese sturgeon to spawn in days with high flow and water levels. These results suggest that the ecological operation of the Three Gorges-Gezhouba cascaded hydropower could enhance the runoff with large inequality and create long duration of high flow pulses during flood seasons.
Based on the Gini coefficient and Mann-Kendall test, the runoff variation in the Yichang reach of Yangtze River from 1982 to 2017 was evaluated, and its influence to the Chinese sturgeon spawning below the Gezhouba Dam was discussed under the cascaded hydropower operation. The results showed that the runoff and Gini coefficient decreased significantly after the construction of Gezhouba Dam, which synchronously decreased the flow and water levels in spawning days of the Chinese sturgeon. Water temperature had no significant change. The analysis of the abruption revealed great change of hydrological conditions in the spawning days and Gini coefficient in 2004 and 2009, which are coincided with time of the second and fourth phase impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The correlation analysis indicated that the higher runoff and Gini coefficient would induce Chinese sturgeon to spawn in days with high flow and water levels. These results suggest that the ecological operation of the Three Gorges-Gezhouba cascaded hydropower could enhance the runoff with large inequality and create long duration of high flow pulses during flood seasons.
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To evaluate effects of decontamination time on the nutrient composition, texture and water holding capacity, flavor components and volatile odor substances in bighead carp muscle, the micro-water purification aquaculture system was established in natural lakes for a 2-month trial. The contents of protein and fat in bighead carp muscle were decreased significantly, and the ash showed no significant difference. The content of volatile basic nitrogen and carbonyl in the muscle of bighead carp decreased significantly by prolonging purification time. The hardness of bighead carp muscle texture increased significantly with the extension of purification; the adhesion and chewing of bighead carp muscle were higher than that of the early purification, while the elasticity and recovery in bighead carp muscle were similar to the early experiment. The contents of water-soluble proteins and free amino acids in bighead carp muscle increased at day 20, and then began to decline. We inferred that micro-water purification treatment can significantly enhance the quality of bighead carp and improve the taste and flavor of fish.
To evaluate effects of decontamination time on the nutrient composition, texture and water holding capacity, flavor components and volatile odor substances in bighead carp muscle, the micro-water purification aquaculture system was established in natural lakes for a 2-month trial. The contents of protein and fat in bighead carp muscle were decreased significantly, and the ash showed no significant difference. The content of volatile basic nitrogen and carbonyl in the muscle of bighead carp decreased significantly by prolonging purification time. The hardness of bighead carp muscle texture increased significantly with the extension of purification; the adhesion and chewing of bighead carp muscle were higher than that of the early purification, while the elasticity and recovery in bighead carp muscle were similar to the early experiment. The contents of water-soluble proteins and free amino acids in bighead carp muscle increased at day 20, and then began to decline. We inferred that micro-water purification treatment can significantly enhance the quality of bighead carp and improve the taste and flavor of fish.
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Abstract:
Lake Dongting is the second largest floodplain lake along the Yangtze River basin. However, the study on fish communities in the Dongting Lake is limited, lacking systematic research on the spatio-temporal variations of fish assemblages in this area. Fish were sampled seasonally from December 2012 to October 2014 in the Dongting Lake. 80 fish species belonging to54 genera, 17 families, and 7 orders with dominant Cyprinidae accounting for 58.8% of the total species were collected. The species richness reduced by 36 in contrast with the historic records. The number and percentage of riverine and river-sea migratory species decreased by 13 (2.2%) and 4 (3.0%) respectively in comparison with historic records. We detected significant seasonal and regional differences in species composition and biodiversity. The diversity and evenness of fishes were significantly higher in summer and autumn than those in other seasons. Meanwhile, significantly lower diversity was observed in the east Dongting Lake than other regions. Our results indicated that seasonal flood pulses and, assisting by river-lake connectivity may play a fundamental role for the fish resources supplement in floodplain lakes. This study demonstrated significant spatio-temporal variations of fish assemblages in the Dongting Lake, which provided scientific foundations for fish conservation in this area.
Lake Dongting is the second largest floodplain lake along the Yangtze River basin. However, the study on fish communities in the Dongting Lake is limited, lacking systematic research on the spatio-temporal variations of fish assemblages in this area. Fish were sampled seasonally from December 2012 to October 2014 in the Dongting Lake. 80 fish species belonging to54 genera, 17 families, and 7 orders with dominant Cyprinidae accounting for 58.8% of the total species were collected. The species richness reduced by 36 in contrast with the historic records. The number and percentage of riverine and river-sea migratory species decreased by 13 (2.2%) and 4 (3.0%) respectively in comparison with historic records. We detected significant seasonal and regional differences in species composition and biodiversity. The diversity and evenness of fishes were significantly higher in summer and autumn than those in other seasons. Meanwhile, significantly lower diversity was observed in the east Dongting Lake than other regions. Our results indicated that seasonal flood pulses and, assisting by river-lake connectivity may play a fundamental role for the fish resources supplement in floodplain lakes. This study demonstrated significant spatio-temporal variations of fish assemblages in the Dongting Lake, which provided scientific foundations for fish conservation in this area.
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Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is the key project for the governance and development of the Yangtze River. TGR is an important region for the ecological and environmental protection in the Yangtze River economic belt. The hydrology and water environment have taken fundamental changes since the impoundment of TGR with some negative ecological and environmental problems. To address whether the aquatic ecosystem of TGR is healthy or not, the phytoplankton community index (PhyCoI) was used to assess the ecosystem health of TGR. Field survey was carried out on April 2015 in the whole region of TGR, including 23 tributary bays and 18 sections in the main channel of TGR with 174 sampling sites. A total of 61 phytoplankton taxa were identified, belonging to Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Cryptophyta, Pyrrophyta, Euglenophyta, and Chrysophyta. Based on the scores of PhyCoI, the overall health status of TGR is good, with 68% sites in the status of very healthy (4≤PhyCoI<5) or healthy (3≤PhyCoI<4), 26% sites in sub-healthy (2≤PhyCoI<3), and 6% sites in general sick condition (1≤PhyCoI<2). Specifically, 96% sites in the main channel of TGR are healthy, and other 4% sites are in the status of sub-healthy. In the tributary bays, the ratios for the status of very healthy, healthy, sub-healthy, and general sick are 2%, 53%, 35%, and 9%, respectively. From the view of spatial distribution, overall health status of the main channel of TGR is good, and the health status of the main channel in Hubei Province is better than that in the Chongqing Province. In addition, the health status of sites in the Xiangxi Bay, Meixi Bay, and Xiaojiang Bay were highly variable. And in general, the health status of the bays near the dam of TGR is better than the bays far away from the dam. These results provide science and technology support for ecological and environmental protection of TGR.
Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is the key project for the governance and development of the Yangtze River. TGR is an important region for the ecological and environmental protection in the Yangtze River economic belt. The hydrology and water environment have taken fundamental changes since the impoundment of TGR with some negative ecological and environmental problems. To address whether the aquatic ecosystem of TGR is healthy or not, the phytoplankton community index (PhyCoI) was used to assess the ecosystem health of TGR. Field survey was carried out on April 2015 in the whole region of TGR, including 23 tributary bays and 18 sections in the main channel of TGR with 174 sampling sites. A total of 61 phytoplankton taxa were identified, belonging to Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Cryptophyta, Pyrrophyta, Euglenophyta, and Chrysophyta. Based on the scores of PhyCoI, the overall health status of TGR is good, with 68% sites in the status of very healthy (4≤PhyCoI<5) or healthy (3≤PhyCoI<4), 26% sites in sub-healthy (2≤PhyCoI<3), and 6% sites in general sick condition (1≤PhyCoI<2). Specifically, 96% sites in the main channel of TGR are healthy, and other 4% sites are in the status of sub-healthy. In the tributary bays, the ratios for the status of very healthy, healthy, sub-healthy, and general sick are 2%, 53%, 35%, and 9%, respectively. From the view of spatial distribution, overall health status of the main channel of TGR is good, and the health status of the main channel in Hubei Province is better than that in the Chongqing Province. In addition, the health status of sites in the Xiangxi Bay, Meixi Bay, and Xiaojiang Bay were highly variable. And in general, the health status of the bays near the dam of TGR is better than the bays far away from the dam. These results provide science and technology support for ecological and environmental protection of TGR.
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The Yangtze River is the largest river in China. It is a priority conservation area for biodiversity of the world, with its main river, branches and wetlands. As an essential part of freshwater ecosystem, aquatic vegetation has been well studied by Chinese researchers since 1950s, but large-scaled analysis on the biodiversity pattern is lacked. Based on published studies, we analyzed spatial and temporal pattern of aquatic plant diversity in the Yangtze River Basin, and calculated the suitable habitat area and underlying influence of environmental factors using MaxEnt software. A total of 298 species are recognized, belonging to 121 genera in 52 families, which is 57.6% of the total aquatic vascular plants in China. The Yangtze River Basin is the key area for aquatic plant diversity of China, especially the subregions of middle reaches. The elevation and land use are the key environmental variables to the spatial pattern of aquatic plants. The separation among water systems have weak influence on the spatial pattern of diversity in aquatic vascular plants, but potamo-lacustrine habitats facilitated the species homogenization of the flora in a sub-basin scale. The network consists of Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Tai Lake, and the middle and lower mainstream is the suitable area for the aquatic plants based on the MaxEnt model. In the past half century, the decline or loss of aquatic vegetation occurred in plenty of lakes in the Yangtze River Basin. We suggested that the protection of aquatic vegetation should be incorporated into the integrated conservation of the middle and lower Yangtze River.
The Yangtze River is the largest river in China. It is a priority conservation area for biodiversity of the world, with its main river, branches and wetlands. As an essential part of freshwater ecosystem, aquatic vegetation has been well studied by Chinese researchers since 1950s, but large-scaled analysis on the biodiversity pattern is lacked. Based on published studies, we analyzed spatial and temporal pattern of aquatic plant diversity in the Yangtze River Basin, and calculated the suitable habitat area and underlying influence of environmental factors using MaxEnt software. A total of 298 species are recognized, belonging to 121 genera in 52 families, which is 57.6% of the total aquatic vascular plants in China. The Yangtze River Basin is the key area for aquatic plant diversity of China, especially the subregions of middle reaches. The elevation and land use are the key environmental variables to the spatial pattern of aquatic plants. The separation among water systems have weak influence on the spatial pattern of diversity in aquatic vascular plants, but potamo-lacustrine habitats facilitated the species homogenization of the flora in a sub-basin scale. The network consists of Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Tai Lake, and the middle and lower mainstream is the suitable area for the aquatic plants based on the MaxEnt model. In the past half century, the decline or loss of aquatic vegetation occurred in plenty of lakes in the Yangtze River Basin. We suggested that the protection of aquatic vegetation should be incorporated into the integrated conservation of the middle and lower Yangtze River.
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PAEs have been proved to be one of the major organic pollutants. The present study determined the level of PAEs using surface water samples from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The results showed that DEHP contributed the most to PAEs pollution, followed by DBP. Risk Quotients of PAEs were used for preliminary screening, and DEHP and BBP were identified as potential risk factors with RQ of 310 and 70.7. The MOS10 of DEHP and BBP were 1.40 and 1.32×105, respectively, indicating that BBP may pose little risk to aquatic organisms. The potential risk of DEHP was further analyzed with joint probabilistic curves. Among different biological groups, fish and zoobenthos were two major groups sensitive to DEHP-induced damage under current concentrations with 99.4% and 98.3% for 5% species of each group. While among the toxicity endpoints, reproduction may be more sensitive than others. The 5% and 10% aquatic species were suffered from reproductive damages by 100% and 97.8%, respectively. Overall, our results indicated that DEHP in the surface water of the upper Yangtze River may pose potential risk to aquatic organisms, especially on their reproduction. Therefore, more concerns should be paid in species protection and environmental management.
PAEs have been proved to be one of the major organic pollutants. The present study determined the level of PAEs using surface water samples from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The results showed that DEHP contributed the most to PAEs pollution, followed by DBP. Risk Quotients of PAEs were used for preliminary screening, and DEHP and BBP were identified as potential risk factors with RQ of 310 and 70.7. The MOS10 of DEHP and BBP were 1.40 and 1.32×105, respectively, indicating that BBP may pose little risk to aquatic organisms. The potential risk of DEHP was further analyzed with joint probabilistic curves. Among different biological groups, fish and zoobenthos were two major groups sensitive to DEHP-induced damage under current concentrations with 99.4% and 98.3% for 5% species of each group. While among the toxicity endpoints, reproduction may be more sensitive than others. The 5% and 10% aquatic species were suffered from reproductive damages by 100% and 97.8%, respectively. Overall, our results indicated that DEHP in the surface water of the upper Yangtze River may pose potential risk to aquatic organisms, especially on their reproduction. Therefore, more concerns should be paid in species protection and environmental management.
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To better understand zooplankton distribution and its relationship with the physical-chemical factors in middle Yangtze River, we collected 20 zooplankton samples from segments at Yichang, Jingzhou, Yueyang, Wuhan and Hukou in October, 2016. A total of 23 species that belong to 13 families and 14 genera were identified, among which 16 species belong to Rotifera, 4 to Copepoda and 3 to Cladocera. Among the five segments, the highest number of zooplankton species was detected at Hukou (9 species), while the lowest was at Yueyang (5 species). The average density at Wuhan (10.94±5.81) ind./L was higher than that at Hukou and the other segments. Rotifers (3.41±0.21) ind./L were dominant in the zooplanktonic community, and Keratella valga, Synchacta atylata and Keratella cochlearis were the dominant species. The average density of copepods (mainly nauplius) was (0.75±0.07) ind./L. Cladocera had the lowest average density. Similarly, the zooplankton biomass at Wuhan was also higher than that at Hukou and the other three segments. Comparing with studies at other segments of Yangtze River, we detected lower zooplankton diversity in our investigation. Spearman correlations indicated that the biomass and diversity of zooplankton were significantly and positively correlated (P<0.05) to chlorophyll a.
To better understand zooplankton distribution and its relationship with the physical-chemical factors in middle Yangtze River, we collected 20 zooplankton samples from segments at Yichang, Jingzhou, Yueyang, Wuhan and Hukou in October, 2016. A total of 23 species that belong to 13 families and 14 genera were identified, among which 16 species belong to Rotifera, 4 to Copepoda and 3 to Cladocera. Among the five segments, the highest number of zooplankton species was detected at Hukou (9 species), while the lowest was at Yueyang (5 species). The average density at Wuhan (10.94±5.81) ind./L was higher than that at Hukou and the other segments. Rotifers (3.41±0.21) ind./L were dominant in the zooplanktonic community, and Keratella valga, Synchacta atylata and Keratella cochlearis were the dominant species. The average density of copepods (mainly nauplius) was (0.75±0.07) ind./L. Cladocera had the lowest average density. Similarly, the zooplankton biomass at Wuhan was also higher than that at Hukou and the other three segments. Comparing with studies at other segments of Yangtze River, we detected lower zooplankton diversity in our investigation. Spearman correlations indicated that the biomass and diversity of zooplankton were significantly and positively correlated (P<0.05) to chlorophyll a.
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The Yangtze floodplain is one of the most important wetlands in the world. For decades, many lakes in this region have suffered from multiple stressors, such as over-exploitation fishery resources and cultural eutrophication. To solve these problems, it is necessary to establish a quantitative lake ecosystem management platform at a regional scale. Recognizing the lack of regional scale zoobenthos models with high predictive power, we carried out 105 lake-time investigations on 46 small-to medium-sized lakes along the mid-lower Yangtze River in this study. The results showed that the density and biomass of zoobenthos of these lakes were (847±248) ind./m2 (mean±SE) and (29.41±3.97) g/m2, respectively. The density and biomass of oligochaetes, gastropods and chironomids were (403±225) ind./m2 and (1.12±0.39) g/m2, (82±20) ind./m2 and (26.38±3.99) g/m2, and (356±62) ind./m2 and (1.86±0.58) g/m2, respectively. Further analyses showed that water depth, Secchi depth, water temperature, total phosphorus, phytoplankton chlorophyll a, and submersed macrophyte biomass were the important factors affecting the standing crops of zoobenthos. A series of models were therefore established. The explanation of variations in zoobenthos density among lakes was generally better than that of biomass. The explantion percentage of simple regression models were between 18%—33% for density and 7%—18% for biomass. In the multiple regression models, the explanation percentage was 46%—49% for density and 16%—55% for biomass. Considering the large sampling size of this study, the explanation of these research models was significantly higher than that of previous studies. When comparing the percentage predictive errors (PPE), the simple models and multiple models showed similar results: PPE was 76%—171% for density and 115%—1034% for biomass in simple models, and 88%—114% for density and 141%—1015% for biomass in multiple models. Therefore, these simple regression model with relatively few variables and good predictive power are suggested in practical application.
The Yangtze floodplain is one of the most important wetlands in the world. For decades, many lakes in this region have suffered from multiple stressors, such as over-exploitation fishery resources and cultural eutrophication. To solve these problems, it is necessary to establish a quantitative lake ecosystem management platform at a regional scale. Recognizing the lack of regional scale zoobenthos models with high predictive power, we carried out 105 lake-time investigations on 46 small-to medium-sized lakes along the mid-lower Yangtze River in this study. The results showed that the density and biomass of zoobenthos of these lakes were (847±248) ind./m2 (mean±SE) and (29.41±3.97) g/m2, respectively. The density and biomass of oligochaetes, gastropods and chironomids were (403±225) ind./m2 and (1.12±0.39) g/m2, (82±20) ind./m2 and (26.38±3.99) g/m2, and (356±62) ind./m2 and (1.86±0.58) g/m2, respectively. Further analyses showed that water depth, Secchi depth, water temperature, total phosphorus, phytoplankton chlorophyll a, and submersed macrophyte biomass were the important factors affecting the standing crops of zoobenthos. A series of models were therefore established. The explanation of variations in zoobenthos density among lakes was generally better than that of biomass. The explantion percentage of simple regression models were between 18%—33% for density and 7%—18% for biomass. In the multiple regression models, the explanation percentage was 46%—49% for density and 16%—55% for biomass. Considering the large sampling size of this study, the explanation of these research models was significantly higher than that of previous studies. When comparing the percentage predictive errors (PPE), the simple models and multiple models showed similar results: PPE was 76%—171% for density and 115%—1034% for biomass in simple models, and 88%—114% for density and 141%—1015% for biomass in multiple models. Therefore, these simple regression model with relatively few variables and good predictive power are suggested in practical application.
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, doi: 10.7541/2019.93
Abstract:
In order to explore the formation process, water purification effect, microbial structure and function of three types of biofloc in the water with Litopenaeus vannamei during hatchery period, the content of flocs and water quality index were measured, and Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique was applied to compare the characte-ristics of biofloc in three groups with glucose, starch and sucrose, respectively. The results indicated that the biofloc formed in each group could effectively regulate water quality and reduce the levels of ammonia and nitrite. The concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate in the water samples from three experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate in starch group were significantly higher than those in the glucose group and sucrose group (P<0.05). Moreover, the BFV in starch group was significantly lower than that in the glucose group (P<0.05), and the sucrose group possessed the highest BFV. The particle size of three groups was: sucrose group > glucose group > starch group. The quantity of 553, 515 and 542 OTUs was measured in the three groups respectively. Tthe microbial abundance index Chao1 and Shannon value implied the relationship in the three groups was: glucose group > sucrose group > starch group. Furthermore, regarding the phylum level, Proteobacteriae, Bacteroidetes and Planctomycetes were the dominant phylum in each group, and the proportion of three phylums in each group was 91.7%, 97.6% and 88.7%, respectively. However, in the genus level, Oceanicella was the dominant genus in glucose group, with the highest proportion of 18.4%, and the Muricauda and Cyclobacterium had the highest proportion in starch group, which were 9.8% and 5.9% respectively, and higher than those in glucose group and sucrose group. Rhodopirellula in sucrose group was 1.8% and 4.1% higher than that in the glucose group and starch group, respectively. Cell metabolism, genetic information processing and environmental information processing were detected in the three groups by Tax4Fun method. The gene function abundance in glucose group was higher than that in the sucrose and starch group. All of the results implied that biofloc in the breeding water with Litopenaeus vannamei could not only purify water quality, but also improve the microbial diversity, among which the glucose was the most effective carbon source. Nevertheless, biofloc technology is of essential to maintain the balance between water quality and water ecosystem.
In order to explore the formation process, water purification effect, microbial structure and function of three types of biofloc in the water with Litopenaeus vannamei during hatchery period, the content of flocs and water quality index were measured, and Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique was applied to compare the characte-ristics of biofloc in three groups with glucose, starch and sucrose, respectively. The results indicated that the biofloc formed in each group could effectively regulate water quality and reduce the levels of ammonia and nitrite. The concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate in the water samples from three experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate in starch group were significantly higher than those in the glucose group and sucrose group (P<0.05). Moreover, the BFV in starch group was significantly lower than that in the glucose group (P<0.05), and the sucrose group possessed the highest BFV. The particle size of three groups was: sucrose group > glucose group > starch group. The quantity of 553, 515 and 542 OTUs was measured in the three groups respectively. Tthe microbial abundance index Chao1 and Shannon value implied the relationship in the three groups was: glucose group > sucrose group > starch group. Furthermore, regarding the phylum level, Proteobacteriae, Bacteroidetes and Planctomycetes were the dominant phylum in each group, and the proportion of three phylums in each group was 91.7%, 97.6% and 88.7%, respectively. However, in the genus level, Oceanicella was the dominant genus in glucose group, with the highest proportion of 18.4%, and the Muricauda and Cyclobacterium had the highest proportion in starch group, which were 9.8% and 5.9% respectively, and higher than those in glucose group and sucrose group. Rhodopirellula in sucrose group was 1.8% and 4.1% higher than that in the glucose group and starch group, respectively. Cell metabolism, genetic information processing and environmental information processing were detected in the three groups by Tax4Fun method. The gene function abundance in glucose group was higher than that in the sucrose and starch group. All of the results implied that biofloc in the breeding water with Litopenaeus vannamei could not only purify water quality, but also improve the microbial diversity, among which the glucose was the most effective carbon source. Nevertheless, biofloc technology is of essential to maintain the balance between water quality and water ecosystem.
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, doi: 10.7541/2019.105
Abstract:
This study analyzed the characteristics of algal blooms based on the spring algal blooms data collected from the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir from 2004 to 2015. Results showed that the algal blooms had occurred in 26 tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) with the highest rate in Xiangxi River. The dominant species of the algal blooms were Bacillariophyta and Dinophyta. The probability of Dinoflagellate blooms increased correspondently with the increased impounded level, but the occurrence rate of Diatom blooms increased after several years while reserving water level was up to 175 m. The concentrations of algae density, chlorophyll a and trophic state were low when the reservoir water level was below 175 meters, and then increased sharply when the reservoir water level raised to 175 meters with a trend of gradual decrease after years of reservoir impounding to 175 meters. The principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the algae density, chlorophyll a concentration, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and permanganate index were classified into the same cluster. Algal density and chlorophyll a concentration were significantly positively correlated with TP, dissolved oxygen, permanganate index and pH. With the impounded level of Three Gorges Reservoir, the mean flow velocity of the tributaries decreased, which might result in the algal blooms at the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir under proper temperatures.
This study analyzed the characteristics of algal blooms based on the spring algal blooms data collected from the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir from 2004 to 2015. Results showed that the algal blooms had occurred in 26 tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) with the highest rate in Xiangxi River. The dominant species of the algal blooms were Bacillariophyta and Dinophyta. The probability of Dinoflagellate blooms increased correspondently with the increased impounded level, but the occurrence rate of Diatom blooms increased after several years while reserving water level was up to 175 m. The concentrations of algae density, chlorophyll a and trophic state were low when the reservoir water level was below 175 meters, and then increased sharply when the reservoir water level raised to 175 meters with a trend of gradual decrease after years of reservoir impounding to 175 meters. The principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the algae density, chlorophyll a concentration, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and permanganate index were classified into the same cluster. Algal density and chlorophyll a concentration were significantly positively correlated with TP, dissolved oxygen, permanganate index and pH. With the impounded level of Three Gorges Reservoir, the mean flow velocity of the tributaries decreased, which might result in the algal blooms at the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir under proper temperatures.
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, doi: 10.7541/2019.103
Abstract:
To assess tissues distribution and elimination of robenidine hydrochloride in Ictalurus punctatus, single and 5-day continuous oral administration (20 mg/kg) of robenidine hydrochloride has been conducted in healthy Ictalurus punctatus at (28±1)℃. The concentration-time curve of robenidine hydrochloride in plasma was a two-compartment model for the single oral administration with the kinetic equation: C= 7.69e–0.02t + 0.13e–0.01t–7.82e–0.27t. The T(peak) and Cmax in the plasma, muscle, skin, gill, liver and kidney of channel catfish were 10.03, 15.79, 11.10, 2.61, 12.89, 7.87 and 5.76 μg/mL, 2.91, 2.90, 3.05, 3.04 and 0.42 mg/kg, respectively. The elimination half-life and drug-time curve AUC were 58.63, 23.57, 35.37, 19.74, 29.34, 43.30h and 326.74 (μg/mL)/h, 157.58, 183.72, 95.09, 174.82, 29.85 (mg/kg)/h, respectively. For the 5-day continuous oral administration at 20 mg/kg, the highest and lowest concentration of robenidine hydrochloride was the intestines and the muscle, respectively. The elimination rate of robenidine hydrochloride in each tissue from fast to slow was plasma, gill, brain, muscle, skin, liver, kidney and intestines. If the maxi-mum residue limit (MRL) of robenidine hydrochloride in edible tissue is 10 μg/kg, the withdraw period should not be less than 23 days under this experimental condition.
To assess tissues distribution and elimination of robenidine hydrochloride in Ictalurus punctatus, single and 5-day continuous oral administration (20 mg/kg) of robenidine hydrochloride has been conducted in healthy Ictalurus punctatus at (28±1)℃. The concentration-time curve of robenidine hydrochloride in plasma was a two-compartment model for the single oral administration with the kinetic equation: C= 7.69e–0.02t + 0.13e–0.01t–7.82e–0.27t. The T(peak) and Cmax in the plasma, muscle, skin, gill, liver and kidney of channel catfish were 10.03, 15.79, 11.10, 2.61, 12.89, 7.87 and 5.76 μg/mL, 2.91, 2.90, 3.05, 3.04 and 0.42 mg/kg, respectively. The elimination half-life and drug-time curve AUC were 58.63, 23.57, 35.37, 19.74, 29.34, 43.30h and 326.74 (μg/mL)/h, 157.58, 183.72, 95.09, 174.82, 29.85 (mg/kg)/h, respectively. For the 5-day continuous oral administration at 20 mg/kg, the highest and lowest concentration of robenidine hydrochloride was the intestines and the muscle, respectively. The elimination rate of robenidine hydrochloride in each tissue from fast to slow was plasma, gill, brain, muscle, skin, liver, kidney and intestines. If the maxi-mum residue limit (MRL) of robenidine hydrochloride in edible tissue is 10 μg/kg, the withdraw period should not be less than 23 days under this experimental condition.
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, doi: 10.7541/2019.082
Abstract:
A 66-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different protein sources on growth, body composition and PEPT1 gene expression in the foreintestine and TOR gene expression in the liver of juvenile darkbarbel catfish [initial weight (2.90 ± 0.01)g]. Four isoproteic (39.0% crude protein) and isolipidic (9.0% crude lipid) diets were formulated with fish meal (FM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), fish hydrolysate (FH) and crystal amino acids (CAA) as the main protein source. No significant difference was observed in the survival rate among dietary treatments (P>0.05). Dietary protein had a significant effect on SGR. SPC group had lower SGR than that of the FM groups, while SPC group had higher SGR than FH and CAA group (P<0.05). The crude protein of SPC group was only lower than the FM group, while the crude lipid of SPC group was higher than the FM group (P<0.05). Dietary protein had a significant effect on PEPT1 mRNA expression. The PEPT1 mRNA expression in SPC group was significantly lower than the FM group, but significantly higher than the FH and CAA group at day 35. However, the PEPT1 mRNA expression of SPC group was significantly higher than the FM group at day 66 (P<0.05). Dietary protein source had no effect on TOR gene expression. These results suggest that juvenile darkbarbel catfish of SPC group had better growth performance than FH and CAA group, which might be attributed to the higher foregut PEPT1 mRNA expression.
A 66-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different protein sources on growth, body composition and PEPT1 gene expression in the foreintestine and TOR gene expression in the liver of juvenile darkbarbel catfish [initial weight (2.90 ± 0.01)g]. Four isoproteic (39.0% crude protein) and isolipidic (9.0% crude lipid) diets were formulated with fish meal (FM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), fish hydrolysate (FH) and crystal amino acids (CAA) as the main protein source. No significant difference was observed in the survival rate among dietary treatments (P>0.05). Dietary protein had a significant effect on SGR. SPC group had lower SGR than that of the FM groups, while SPC group had higher SGR than FH and CAA group (P<0.05). The crude protein of SPC group was only lower than the FM group, while the crude lipid of SPC group was higher than the FM group (P<0.05). Dietary protein had a significant effect on PEPT1 mRNA expression. The PEPT1 mRNA expression in SPC group was significantly lower than the FM group, but significantly higher than the FH and CAA group at day 35. However, the PEPT1 mRNA expression of SPC group was significantly higher than the FM group at day 66 (P<0.05). Dietary protein source had no effect on TOR gene expression. These results suggest that juvenile darkbarbel catfish of SPC group had better growth performance than FH and CAA group, which might be attributed to the higher foregut PEPT1 mRNA expression.
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, doi: 10.7541/2019.106
Abstract:
Potamogeton crispus plays an important role in maintaining the balance of lake ecosystem in winter-early spring. Maternal environment can influence life-history and offspring performance traits of aquatic plant. Understanding maternal environmental effects could predict the response mechanism of aquatic plant life-history traits to climate warming. In this study, P. crispus was used to explore the response to warming with three heated modes by investigating morphology, stoichiometry and early germination strategy of turions. We found that warming had no effect on tu-rion wet weight, but extreme warming significantly increased turion length and width. The results of stoichiometry indicate that maternal extreme warming significantly increased N concentrations in turions, but significantly decreased C 鲶N ratio. And maternal warming accelerated the germination of turions and seedling growth. In summary, maternal warming significantly affected turion morphology, stoichiometry and germination.
Potamogeton crispus plays an important role in maintaining the balance of lake ecosystem in winter-early spring. Maternal environment can influence life-history and offspring performance traits of aquatic plant. Understanding maternal environmental effects could predict the response mechanism of aquatic plant life-history traits to climate warming. In this study, P. crispus was used to explore the response to warming with three heated modes by investigating morphology, stoichiometry and early germination strategy of turions. We found that warming had no effect on tu-rion wet weight, but extreme warming significantly increased turion length and width. The results of stoichiometry indicate that maternal extreme warming significantly increased N concentrations in turions, but significantly decreased C 鲶N ratio. And maternal warming accelerated the germination of turions and seedling growth. In summary, maternal warming significantly affected turion morphology, stoichiometry and germination.
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Available online
Abstract:
In this study, open reading frame (ORF) of glycoprotein (1530 bp) was amplified by using RNA extracted from Spring Virernia of Carp Virus (SVCV). The SVCV G ORF was cloned into pYD1 vector to construct a recombinant plasmid pYD1-G and then transformed into competent yeast cells EBY100, and positive colonies were screened by colony PCR. The expression of G gene was induced by 2% glucose and detected by cell immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The immunofluorescence staining observed increased EBY100-pYD1-G signal of induced yeast cells with increased induction time. Flow cytometry analysis observed significantly increased fluorescence intensities in prolonged induced EBY100-pYD1-G cells (P<0.05). These results indicated the SVCV G protein has been successfully expressed and localized on the surface of yeast cell. This study laid a foundation for the novel oral vaccine development against SVCV infection in carps in future.
In this study, open reading frame (ORF) of glycoprotein (1530 bp) was amplified by using RNA extracted from Spring Virernia of Carp Virus (SVCV). The SVCV G ORF was cloned into pYD1 vector to construct a recombinant plasmid pYD1-G and then transformed into competent yeast cells EBY100, and positive colonies were screened by colony PCR. The expression of G gene was induced by 2% glucose and detected by cell immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The immunofluorescence staining observed increased EBY100-pYD1-G signal of induced yeast cells with increased induction time. Flow cytometry analysis observed significantly increased fluorescence intensities in prolonged induced EBY100-pYD1-G cells (P<0.05). These results indicated the SVCV G protein has been successfully expressed and localized on the surface of yeast cell. This study laid a foundation for the novel oral vaccine development against SVCV infection in carps in future.
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Available online
Abstract:
To explore the species diversity of the marine diatom genus Thalassiosira Cleve, several monoclonal strains were established from Daya Bay, north coast of the South China Sea. The morphology of the cells was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The hypervariable D1-D3 region of the nuclear large-subunit ribosomal DNA and the relatively conserved region of the nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA were sequenced and used for phylogenetic relationship analysis. Combined the morphology and molecular data, a new species, T. flabellata sp. nov. X H Guo, Y Q Guo & Y Li was described. The cells normally form short chains or solitary. A central fultoportula, one ring of marginal fultoportulae and one marginal rimoportula are present on the valve face. This species is characterized by fasciculate areolae on the valve.
To explore the species diversity of the marine diatom genus Thalassiosira Cleve, several monoclonal strains were established from Daya Bay, north coast of the South China Sea. The morphology of the cells was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The hypervariable D1-D3 region of the nuclear large-subunit ribosomal DNA and the relatively conserved region of the nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA were sequenced and used for phylogenetic relationship analysis. Combined the morphology and molecular data, a new species, T. flabellata sp. nov. X H Guo, Y Q Guo & Y Li was described. The cells normally form short chains or solitary. A central fultoportula, one ring of marginal fultoportulae and one marginal rimoportula are present on the valve face. This species is characterized by fasciculate areolae on the valve.
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Available online
Abstract:
Growth traits are controlled by multiple genes to cause minor phenotypic effect. To understand the pyramiding effect of advantage genotypes of growth-related molecular markers in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), thirteen molecular markers related to growth traits were selected obtained on previous studies, which were located in PCK1, HSBP1, FOXO3b, MYH, HSC70-1, CTSB, HBP, POU1F1, PACAP, IGF-I, ghrelin, ApoproteinA and MSTN. The genotype of each marker in forty largemouth bass parents was analyzed and 2 families were constructed basing on pyramiding advantage genotypes. 305 and 266 individuals were sampled randomly from second filial generation of two families at nine month old, respectively. The results showed that the number of advantage genotypes was various in all offspring of family 1 with the number of individuals of each group 8, 26, 75, 74, 76, 35 and 11, respectively. The average weight of advantage genotypes group was 185.03, 196.46, 198.73, 212.59, 222.66, 235.54 and 261.27 g, respectively. In the offspring of family 2, the number of advantage genotype ranged from one to six with the average weight 184.43, 213.17, 243.77, 249.98, 252.11 and 266.00 g, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the pyramiding number of advantage genotype was correlated with growth traits. Our results present evidence to improve the growth trait of largemouth bass by utilizing the limited advantage genotypes. This study provided scientific basis for the application of molecular marker assisted breeding in largemouth bass.
Growth traits are controlled by multiple genes to cause minor phenotypic effect. To understand the pyramiding effect of advantage genotypes of growth-related molecular markers in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), thirteen molecular markers related to growth traits were selected obtained on previous studies, which were located in PCK1, HSBP1, FOXO3b, MYH, HSC70-1, CTSB, HBP, POU1F1, PACAP, IGF-I, ghrelin, ApoproteinA and MSTN. The genotype of each marker in forty largemouth bass parents was analyzed and 2 families were constructed basing on pyramiding advantage genotypes. 305 and 266 individuals were sampled randomly from second filial generation of two families at nine month old, respectively. The results showed that the number of advantage genotypes was various in all offspring of family 1 with the number of individuals of each group 8, 26, 75, 74, 76, 35 and 11, respectively. The average weight of advantage genotypes group was 185.03, 196.46, 198.73, 212.59, 222.66, 235.54 and 261.27 g, respectively. In the offspring of family 2, the number of advantage genotype ranged from one to six with the average weight 184.43, 213.17, 243.77, 249.98, 252.11 and 266.00 g, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the pyramiding number of advantage genotype was correlated with growth traits. Our results present evidence to improve the growth trait of largemouth bass by utilizing the limited advantage genotypes. This study provided scientific basis for the application of molecular marker assisted breeding in largemouth bass.
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2019, 43(3): 457 -464
doi: 10.7541/2019.056
Abstract:
Nanos3 is one of the components of germ plasm which is generally considered to be the determinant of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in most of the ovipara. The miR430 bind to the 3′untranslated region (UTR) of nanos3 to mediate the degradation of its mRNA in somatic cells, while in PGCs, the Dnd1 binds to the 3′UTR region of nanos3 to protect it from degradation through miR430. Therefore, the 3′UTR of nanos3 was generally used to mediate the specific expression of fluorescent protein in PGCs. In this study, we cloned and characterized the cDNA of the nanos3 homolog in Megalobrama amblycephala (mananos3). Mananos3 is of 1027 bp length including 48 bp 5′UTR, 490 bp 3′UTR and 489 bp opening reading frame. It encodes a peptide with 162aa. By peptide alignment, there was a conserved RNA binding domain with one zinc finger motif. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Mananos3 has the highest similarity with its homolog in common carp. Semi-quantitative and Real-time qPCR showed that nananos3 was highly maternally expressed. During early embryonic stage, it was high expressed before 1k-cell stage and then gradually decreased. Mananos3 was specifically expressed in ovary among different selected tissues. Both 3′UTR of mananos3 and zebrafish nanos3 (zfnanos3) can mediate the specific expression of green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in PGCs while it appeared that 3′UTR of mananos3 has higher efficiency and specificity. Finally, the alignment of the 3′UTR of mananos3 and zfnanos3 revealed a potential non-classical recognition site (GCACTA) for miR430 that promotes the degradation of mRNA in non-PGCs tissues.
Nanos3 is one of the components of germ plasm which is generally considered to be the determinant of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in most of the ovipara. The miR430 bind to the 3′untranslated region (UTR) of nanos3 to mediate the degradation of its mRNA in somatic cells, while in PGCs, the Dnd1 binds to the 3′UTR region of nanos3 to protect it from degradation through miR430. Therefore, the 3′UTR of nanos3 was generally used to mediate the specific expression of fluorescent protein in PGCs. In this study, we cloned and characterized the cDNA of the nanos3 homolog in Megalobrama amblycephala (mananos3). Mananos3 is of 1027 bp length including 48 bp 5′UTR, 490 bp 3′UTR and 489 bp opening reading frame. It encodes a peptide with 162aa. By peptide alignment, there was a conserved RNA binding domain with one zinc finger motif. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Mananos3 has the highest similarity with its homolog in common carp. Semi-quantitative and Real-time qPCR showed that nananos3 was highly maternally expressed. During early embryonic stage, it was high expressed before 1k-cell stage and then gradually decreased. Mananos3 was specifically expressed in ovary among different selected tissues. Both 3′UTR of mananos3 and zebrafish nanos3 (zfnanos3) can mediate the specific expression of green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in PGCs while it appeared that 3′UTR of mananos3 has higher efficiency and specificity. Finally, the alignment of the 3′UTR of mananos3 and zfnanos3 revealed a potential non-classical recognition site (GCACTA) for miR430 that promotes the degradation of mRNA in non-PGCs tissues.
2019, 43(3): 465 -472
doi: 10.7541/2019.057
Abstract:
The Fused in sarcoma gene (FUS) is a RNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. Mutations in FUS lead to neurodegenerative diseases including ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) in mammals. However, little is known about fus function in fish species. Here, we generated frame-shift alleles in the zebrafish fus gene using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. Homozygous fus-/- zebrafish developed normally and were fully fertile, except that their body size and body weight were smaller than that of wild-type zebrafish at both the larvae and adult stages. In addition, the female-biased sexual size dimorphism in adult zebrafish was also eliminated when fus was mutated. The expression levels of several growth-related genes including gh1, ghra, igf1, igf2a, stat5.1 and socs6 were significantly reduced in fus-/- zebrafish larvae compared with the wild-type. However, there was no effect on locomotor activity in fus-/- zebrafish. Therefore, different from its functions in mammals, fus is not associated with motoneuron development and has a divergent function in regulating somatic growth and sexual size dimorphism in fish species.
The Fused in sarcoma gene (FUS) is a RNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. Mutations in FUS lead to neurodegenerative diseases including ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) in mammals. However, little is known about fus function in fish species. Here, we generated frame-shift alleles in the zebrafish fus gene using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. Homozygous fus-/- zebrafish developed normally and were fully fertile, except that their body size and body weight were smaller than that of wild-type zebrafish at both the larvae and adult stages. In addition, the female-biased sexual size dimorphism in adult zebrafish was also eliminated when fus was mutated. The expression levels of several growth-related genes including gh1, ghra, igf1, igf2a, stat5.1 and socs6 were significantly reduced in fus-/- zebrafish larvae compared with the wild-type. However, there was no effect on locomotor activity in fus-/- zebrafish. Therefore, different from its functions in mammals, fus is not associated with motoneuron development and has a divergent function in regulating somatic growth and sexual size dimorphism in fish species.
2019, 43(3): 473 -478
doi: 10.7541/2019.058
Abstract:
In order to elucidate the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in Culter alburnus and to control breeding, this study analyzed the role of C. alburnus Sox9 during gonad development. The cDNA sequence of two homologous genes Sox9a and Sox9b were obtained. The full-length cDNA of Sox9a was 1642 bp, encoding 458 amino acids; the full-length cDNA of Sox9b was 1673 bp, encoding 456 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that the similarity between them was 73.95% and the HMG motif regions were highly conservative. Protein second structural prediction showed that Sox9a and Sox9b contained a HMG domain and two nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequences; their three-dimensional structure contained multiple spiral structures. Phylogenetic tree analysis discovered that C. alburnus Sox9a was the closest to Oreochromis niloticus, while Sox9b formed a separate branch. Sox9a was highly expressed in brain and testes, followed by muscle, fins, eyes and ovaries, and rarely detected in kidney, spleen and liver. The expression of Sox9b were only detected in brain, fins, eyes and testes. Promoter CpG methylation analysis of Sox9a showed that CpGs were not methylated in the testes, whereas CpGs were hypermethylated in the ovaries. These results suggested that promoter CpG methylation can regulate sexual dimorphic expression of sex-related genes, and epigenetic modification may play an important role in the gonad development of C. alburnus.
In order to elucidate the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in Culter alburnus and to control breeding, this study analyzed the role of C. alburnus Sox9 during gonad development. The cDNA sequence of two homologous genes Sox9a and Sox9b were obtained. The full-length cDNA of Sox9a was 1642 bp, encoding 458 amino acids; the full-length cDNA of Sox9b was 1673 bp, encoding 456 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that the similarity between them was 73.95% and the HMG motif regions were highly conservative. Protein second structural prediction showed that Sox9a and Sox9b contained a HMG domain and two nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequences; their three-dimensional structure contained multiple spiral structures. Phylogenetic tree analysis discovered that C. alburnus Sox9a was the closest to Oreochromis niloticus, while Sox9b formed a separate branch. Sox9a was highly expressed in brain and testes, followed by muscle, fins, eyes and ovaries, and rarely detected in kidney, spleen and liver. The expression of Sox9b were only detected in brain, fins, eyes and testes. Promoter CpG methylation analysis of Sox9a showed that CpGs were not methylated in the testes, whereas CpGs were hypermethylated in the ovaries. These results suggested that promoter CpG methylation can regulate sexual dimorphic expression of sex-related genes, and epigenetic modification may play an important role in the gonad development of C. alburnus.
2019, 43(3): 479 -485
doi: 10.7541/2019.059
Abstract:
To estimate the effects of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the autophagy, we cloned Beclin1 CiBeclin1 gene from grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idella) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) based on the EST sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of CiBeclin1 was comprised of 447 amino acids, and CiBeclin1 possessed a typical Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3) and an evolutionarily conserved domain (ECD). The similarity of CiBeclin1 amino acid sequence with other species was 88%—98%, and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CiBeclin1 formed a clade with rare minnow Beclin1. CiBeclin1 was ubiquitously expressed in 10 tested tissues, including the liver, kidney, spleen and others, with the highest level in liver. MC-LR significantly decreased the expression of CiBeclin1 at 24, 48, 72 and 96h, indicating that CiBeclin1 gene might play a regulatory role against MC-LR toxicity. However, whether the used doses of MC-LR could induce liver autophagy needs further investigation.
To estimate the effects of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the autophagy, we cloned Beclin1 CiBeclin1 gene from grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idella) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) based on the EST sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of CiBeclin1 was comprised of 447 amino acids, and CiBeclin1 possessed a typical Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3) and an evolutionarily conserved domain (ECD). The similarity of CiBeclin1 amino acid sequence with other species was 88%—98%, and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CiBeclin1 formed a clade with rare minnow Beclin1. CiBeclin1 was ubiquitously expressed in 10 tested tissues, including the liver, kidney, spleen and others, with the highest level in liver. MC-LR significantly decreased the expression of CiBeclin1 at 24, 48, 72 and 96h, indicating that CiBeclin1 gene might play a regulatory role against MC-LR toxicity. However, whether the used doses of MC-LR could induce liver autophagy needs further investigation.
2019, 43(3): 486 -493
doi: 10.7541/2019.060
Abstract:
Siderophore is considered as one of the virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila and is encoded by seven genes of amoCEBFAGH. AmoCGH have been confirmed to be involved in the synthesis of siderophore in previous studies. RT-PCR assay indicated that the expression of amoAEF genes were regulated by iron. In order to further explore the function of genes amoAEF, in this study, we used the suicide plasmid PRE112 to construct gene deletion mutant strains ΔamoA, ΔamoE and ΔamoF based on the infusion PCR and gene homologous recombination principle. The detection of the siderophore synthesis in the wild strains and mutant strains were performed using CAS plate test and arnow test. The results showed that Aeromonas hydrophila ΔamoA, ΔamoE and ΔamoF were successfully constructed. The growth of wild strain, ΔamoA, ΔamoE and ΔamoF had no significant difference in iron-riched medium, while in iron-depleted medium, the growth and siderophore synthesis capacity of ΔamoA, ΔamoE and ΔamoF were significantly lower than that of the wild strain. The results suggested that amoA, amoE and amoF are the critical synthesis genes of siderophore, and the growth of the deletion mutants were inhibited under low iron conditions.
Siderophore is considered as one of the virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila and is encoded by seven genes of amoCEBFAGH. AmoCGH have been confirmed to be involved in the synthesis of siderophore in previous studies. RT-PCR assay indicated that the expression of amoAEF genes were regulated by iron. In order to further explore the function of genes amoAEF, in this study, we used the suicide plasmid PRE112 to construct gene deletion mutant strains ΔamoA, ΔamoE and ΔamoF based on the infusion PCR and gene homologous recombination principle. The detection of the siderophore synthesis in the wild strains and mutant strains were performed using CAS plate test and arnow test. The results showed that Aeromonas hydrophila ΔamoA, ΔamoE and ΔamoF were successfully constructed. The growth of wild strain, ΔamoA, ΔamoE and ΔamoF had no significant difference in iron-riched medium, while in iron-depleted medium, the growth and siderophore synthesis capacity of ΔamoA, ΔamoE and ΔamoF were significantly lower than that of the wild strain. The results suggested that amoA, amoE and amoF are the critical synthesis genes of siderophore, and the growth of the deletion mutants were inhibited under low iron conditions.
2019, 43(3): 494 -503
doi: 10.7541/2019.061
Abstract:
Atrina pectinata is a commercially important species in the Northern South China Sea. This study analzyed genetic diversity and genetic structure of A. pectinata in Northern South China Sea based on 191 individuals of 7 populations using Cytochrome Oxidase Ⅰ(COⅠ) sequence. A 600bp segment of COⅠ genes were sequenced, from which 113 polymorphic sites were tested and 73 haplotypes were defined. The total population in Northern South China Sea had high haplotype diversity (0.8996) and high nucleotide diversity (0.0257). However, 6 populations in L1 group (ST, YJ, ZJ, HK, QH, BH) had high haplotype diversity (0.8133—0.9286) and low nucleotide diversity (0.0033—0.0045). Based on neighbor-joining tree and haplotype network, 7 populations were classified into two groups, named L1 group and L2 group (FCG), and no clustering corresponding to sampling localities was found in L1 group haplotypes. Fst analysis showed no obvious genetic differentiation among 6 populations in L1 group (Fst= –0.0200— –0.0055, P>0.05) and significant genetic differentiation between L1 group and L2 group (Fst=0.8729—0.8821, P<0.01). Both Tajima’s D (D= –2.3190, P=0) and Fu’s Fs (Fs= –26.7990, P=0) of L1 group yielded significant negative values. Unimodal distribution was observed in L1 group. However, in L2 group, Tajima’s D (D= –1.4320, P=0.0565) was insignificant negative value, and Fu’s Fs (Fs=4.9540, P=0.9620) was insignificant positive value. These data implied L1 group and L2 group might have differentiated into two populations. The frequent gene exchange resulted in high genetic homogeneity among 6 populations in L1 group.
Atrina pectinata is a commercially important species in the Northern South China Sea. This study analzyed genetic diversity and genetic structure of A. pectinata in Northern South China Sea based on 191 individuals of 7 populations using Cytochrome Oxidase Ⅰ(COⅠ) sequence. A 600bp segment of COⅠ genes were sequenced, from which 113 polymorphic sites were tested and 73 haplotypes were defined. The total population in Northern South China Sea had high haplotype diversity (0.8996) and high nucleotide diversity (0.0257). However, 6 populations in L1 group (ST, YJ, ZJ, HK, QH, BH) had high haplotype diversity (0.8133—0.9286) and low nucleotide diversity (0.0033—0.0045). Based on neighbor-joining tree and haplotype network, 7 populations were classified into two groups, named L1 group and L2 group (FCG), and no clustering corresponding to sampling localities was found in L1 group haplotypes. Fst analysis showed no obvious genetic differentiation among 6 populations in L1 group (Fst= –0.0200— –0.0055, P>0.05) and significant genetic differentiation between L1 group and L2 group (Fst=0.8729—0.8821, P<0.01). Both Tajima’s D (D= –2.3190, P=0) and Fu’s Fs (Fs= –26.7990, P=0) of L1 group yielded significant negative values. Unimodal distribution was observed in L1 group. However, in L2 group, Tajima’s D (D= –1.4320, P=0.0565) was insignificant negative value, and Fu’s Fs (Fs=4.9540, P=0.9620) was insignificant positive value. These data implied L1 group and L2 group might have differentiated into two populations. The frequent gene exchange resulted in high genetic homogeneity among 6 populations in L1 group.
2019, 43(3): 504 -516
doi: 10.7541/2019.062
Abstract:
To evaluate effects of stickwater, stickwater hydrolysate and fish protein hydrolysate to replace fish meal on the growth performance of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), ten isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to feed 30 net cages of yellow catfish (18.68±0.10) g for 60 days. A semipurified diet containing 28% fish meal was formulated as a control (FM diet). Other nine non-fish meal diets were formulated with stickwater (SW15, SW30, SW45), stickwater hydrolysate (SWH15, SWH30, SWH45) or fish protein hydrolysate (FPH15, FPH30, FPH45), supplying approximate15%, 30% or 45% fish meal protein of FM diet. (1) Compared with diet FM, diets SW decreased SGR by 9.89%—20.33% (P<0.05, and increased FCR by 18.79%—44.85% (P<0.05). Diet SWH15 and diet SWH45 decreased SGR by 8.79% and 14.84% respectively and increased FCR by 16.97% and 27.88% compared with those of the diet FM (P<0.05). Diet FPH15 and diet FPH45 decreased SGR by 13.18% and 15.38%, and increased FCR by 30.30% and 29.70% compared with diet FM (P<0.05); (2) No significant difference was noticed among diet SWH30, diet FPH30 and diet FM in SGR and FCR (P>0.05); (3) The SGR of diets SWH additionally increased 4.40%—9.39% compared with diets SW, while the FCR decreased 9.81%—15.31% (P<0.05); (4) Compared with diet FM, the FIFO of diet SW30, SWH30 and FPH30 were 0.67, 0.61 and 0.60, respectively, decreased by 67.67% to 70.15% (P<0.05). These results indicated that 28% fish meal protein quality of 8.5% (with dry weight 90%) stickwater hydrolysate (diet SWH30) and 8.2% (with dry weight 90%) fish protein hydrolysate (diet FPH30) have similar growth performance with 28% fish meal in yellow catfish diet, and that the FIFO of these two diets were reduced by 69.95% and 70.15% compared with that of diet FM. The stickwater hydrolysate had better fish growth performance than stickwater. The growth performance and feed efficiency of yellow catfish were significantly decreased when the additive amount of stickwater and stickwater hydrolysate was not suitable.
To evaluate effects of stickwater, stickwater hydrolysate and fish protein hydrolysate to replace fish meal on the growth performance of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), ten isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to feed 30 net cages of yellow catfish (18.68±0.10) g for 60 days. A semipurified diet containing 28% fish meal was formulated as a control (FM diet). Other nine non-fish meal diets were formulated with stickwater (SW15, SW30, SW45), stickwater hydrolysate (SWH15, SWH30, SWH45) or fish protein hydrolysate (FPH15, FPH30, FPH45), supplying approximate15%, 30% or 45% fish meal protein of FM diet. (1) Compared with diet FM, diets SW decreased SGR by 9.89%—20.33% (P<0.05, and increased FCR by 18.79%—44.85% (P<0.05). Diet SWH15 and diet SWH45 decreased SGR by 8.79% and 14.84% respectively and increased FCR by 16.97% and 27.88% compared with those of the diet FM (P<0.05). Diet FPH15 and diet FPH45 decreased SGR by 13.18% and 15.38%, and increased FCR by 30.30% and 29.70% compared with diet FM (P<0.05); (2) No significant difference was noticed among diet SWH30, diet FPH30 and diet FM in SGR and FCR (P>0.05); (3) The SGR of diets SWH additionally increased 4.40%—9.39% compared with diets SW, while the FCR decreased 9.81%—15.31% (P<0.05); (4) Compared with diet FM, the FIFO of diet SW30, SWH30 and FPH30 were 0.67, 0.61 and 0.60, respectively, decreased by 67.67% to 70.15% (P<0.05). These results indicated that 28% fish meal protein quality of 8.5% (with dry weight 90%) stickwater hydrolysate (diet SWH30) and 8.2% (with dry weight 90%) fish protein hydrolysate (diet FPH30) have similar growth performance with 28% fish meal in yellow catfish diet, and that the FIFO of these two diets were reduced by 69.95% and 70.15% compared with that of diet FM. The stickwater hydrolysate had better fish growth performance than stickwater. The growth performance and feed efficiency of yellow catfish were significantly decreased when the additive amount of stickwater and stickwater hydrolysate was not suitable.
2019, 43(3): 517 -525
doi: 10.7541/2019.063
Abstract:
To investigate effects of high energy diets on serum biochemical indices of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), grass carp [N= 320, average initial body weight=(55.0±2.5) g] were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 4 replicates for each group (N=20 fish/replicate) to fed three times daily to satiation with the control diet (CON) and three high energy diets for 11 weeks. The 3 high energy diets were 11% increased protein, 11% increased fat or 11% increased Carbohydrate compared to the control diet, respectively. The fish were fasted for 48h and then refed a single meal for 0, 2, 8, or 24 hours before collection for analyzing eight serum biochemical indices. Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA showed that seven serum biochemical indices except total cholesterol (TCHO) were significantly affected by refeeding time, and all 8 biochemical indices were significantly affected by the different diets. Peak values of glucose (GLU) contents and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities presented at 2h after refeeding, and peak values of alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLC) contents appeared at 24h after refeeding. The peak value of triacylglycerol (TAG) content occurred at 8h after refeeding, but there was no obvious peak value for serum TCHO or high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLC) contents. At 24h after refeeding, compared with the CON diet, the higher energy diets had higher GLU contents and ALT activities but with similar activities of AST and ALP, and the contents of TAG, TCHO and HDLC. Our results demonstrated that both refeeding time and high energy diets regulated the serum biochemical indices, indicating that it is necessary to make sampling time synchronize in different groups for the accuracy of serum biochemical indices.
To investigate effects of high energy diets on serum biochemical indices of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), grass carp [N= 320, average initial body weight=(55.0±2.5) g] were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 4 replicates for each group (N=20 fish/replicate) to fed three times daily to satiation with the control diet (CON) and three high energy diets for 11 weeks. The 3 high energy diets were 11% increased protein, 11% increased fat or 11% increased Carbohydrate compared to the control diet, respectively. The fish were fasted for 48h and then refed a single meal for 0, 2, 8, or 24 hours before collection for analyzing eight serum biochemical indices. Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA showed that seven serum biochemical indices except total cholesterol (TCHO) were significantly affected by refeeding time, and all 8 biochemical indices were significantly affected by the different diets. Peak values of glucose (GLU) contents and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities presented at 2h after refeeding, and peak values of alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLC) contents appeared at 24h after refeeding. The peak value of triacylglycerol (TAG) content occurred at 8h after refeeding, but there was no obvious peak value for serum TCHO or high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLC) contents. At 24h after refeeding, compared with the CON diet, the higher energy diets had higher GLU contents and ALT activities but with similar activities of AST and ALP, and the contents of TAG, TCHO and HDLC. Our results demonstrated that both refeeding time and high energy diets regulated the serum biochemical indices, indicating that it is necessary to make sampling time synchronize in different groups for the accuracy of serum biochemical indices.
2019, 43(3): 526 -536
doi: 10.7541/2019.064
Abstract:
The black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) has been an important economic marine fish species of deepwater cage farming, enhancement releasing and fishing in the northern coast of China. Its reproduction is ovoviviparous, during which the embryo is produced in female fish and usually grow to free fish around May. There is no report on the nutritional requirements and metabolic characteristics of the early development of S. schlegelii. In order to investigate the compositions of amino acids and fatty acids as well as their changes for S. schlegelii in different developmental stages, related analysis at different stages including fertilized eggs (FE), embryo stage (ES), primiparous larvae (PL1), pre-larva (PL2), post-larva (PL3) and juvenile (J) were conducted by biochemical analysis methods. The S. schlegelii was sampled at the breeding demonstration base of Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, Shandong Province from April to July in 2016. The results showed that the total amino acid content decreased significantly from FE to PL1, and then increased significantly during prophase PL3, and finally had another significant decrease in the late stage of J (P<0.05). The total amount of free amino acid during FE was the lowest among the six stages (12.77 mg/g), which then significantly increased from FE to PL1 (P<0.05), and reached to the highest level of 92.19 mg/g, and after that it diminished first, then rose, and decreased again (P<0.05). The content of free essential amino acids was significantly higher than that of free nonessential amino acids at each developmental stage. The percentage of free amino acids at each stage was 2.37%—19.66%. Twenty-nine fatty acids were detected in S. schlegelii, including 9 saturated fatty acids (SFA), 10 single unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 11 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The major fatty acids in fertilized eggs were C22:6n-3 (DHA), C18:ln-9c, C16:0 and C20:5n-3. At the embryonic period, the order of utilization rate of fatty acid was SFA, MUFA, n-6PUFA and n-3PUFA. Meanwhile, C18:3n-3, C18:0, C16:1n-7 and C20:5n-3 were main sources of energy metabolism. n-3PUFA was preserved at priority, and especially the actual utilization ratio of C22: 6n-3 (DHA) is the lowest (9.71%) and the highest practical utilization amount was C16:0 (10.94 mg/g). The order of utilization rate of fatty acid at the endogenous feeding stage was MUFA, n-6PUFA, SFA and n-3PUFA. C16:1n-7, C18:0, C20:4n-6(ARA) and C18:1n-9c were main sources of energy metabolism, and the highest practical utilization amount was DHA (18.23 mg/g). Compared to EPA and ARA, DHA was preferentially utilized from primiparous larvae to post-larva. While ARA was preferentially utilized during post-larva and juvenile other than EPA and DHA. Therefore, the change trends were completely different between total amino acid and free amino acid content in vivo developmental stages. The practical utilized amount and utilization ratio were different in embryo stage and endogenous feeding stage. Polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA was preferentially utilized in larval stage, while ARA was preferentially utilized in juvenile. It was recommended to enhance biological bait enriched with DHA in larval breeding of S. schlegelii and add ARA on pellet feed in juvenile. This method can prevent fingerlings of nutrition inadequacy and guarantee survival rate.
The black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) has been an important economic marine fish species of deepwater cage farming, enhancement releasing and fishing in the northern coast of China. Its reproduction is ovoviviparous, during which the embryo is produced in female fish and usually grow to free fish around May. There is no report on the nutritional requirements and metabolic characteristics of the early development of S. schlegelii. In order to investigate the compositions of amino acids and fatty acids as well as their changes for S. schlegelii in different developmental stages, related analysis at different stages including fertilized eggs (FE), embryo stage (ES), primiparous larvae (PL1), pre-larva (PL2), post-larva (PL3) and juvenile (J) were conducted by biochemical analysis methods. The S. schlegelii was sampled at the breeding demonstration base of Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, Shandong Province from April to July in 2016. The results showed that the total amino acid content decreased significantly from FE to PL1, and then increased significantly during prophase PL3, and finally had another significant decrease in the late stage of J (P<0.05). The total amount of free amino acid during FE was the lowest among the six stages (12.77 mg/g), which then significantly increased from FE to PL1 (P<0.05), and reached to the highest level of 92.19 mg/g, and after that it diminished first, then rose, and decreased again (P<0.05). The content of free essential amino acids was significantly higher than that of free nonessential amino acids at each developmental stage. The percentage of free amino acids at each stage was 2.37%—19.66%. Twenty-nine fatty acids were detected in S. schlegelii, including 9 saturated fatty acids (SFA), 10 single unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 11 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The major fatty acids in fertilized eggs were C22:6n-3 (DHA), C18:ln-9c, C16:0 and C20:5n-3. At the embryonic period, the order of utilization rate of fatty acid was SFA, MUFA, n-6PUFA and n-3PUFA. Meanwhile, C18:3n-3, C18:0, C16:1n-7 and C20:5n-3 were main sources of energy metabolism. n-3PUFA was preserved at priority, and especially the actual utilization ratio of C22: 6n-3 (DHA) is the lowest (9.71%) and the highest practical utilization amount was C16:0 (10.94 mg/g). The order of utilization rate of fatty acid at the endogenous feeding stage was MUFA, n-6PUFA, SFA and n-3PUFA. C16:1n-7, C18:0, C20:4n-6(ARA) and C18:1n-9c were main sources of energy metabolism, and the highest practical utilization amount was DHA (18.23 mg/g). Compared to EPA and ARA, DHA was preferentially utilized from primiparous larvae to post-larva. While ARA was preferentially utilized during post-larva and juvenile other than EPA and DHA. Therefore, the change trends were completely different between total amino acid and free amino acid content in vivo developmental stages. The practical utilized amount and utilization ratio were different in embryo stage and endogenous feeding stage. Polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA was preferentially utilized in larval stage, while ARA was preferentially utilized in juvenile. It was recommended to enhance biological bait enriched with DHA in larval breeding of S. schlegelii and add ARA on pellet feed in juvenile. This method can prevent fingerlings of nutrition inadequacy and guarantee survival rate.
2019, 43(3): 537 -544
doi: 10.7541/2019.065
Abstract:
In this study, we utilized high-throughput sequencing technology to explore thechanges of intestinal microbiota of Hirudo nipponia among fasting group, refeeding groups and control group. The results showed that (1) on the hierarchical level of the phylum, the microflora mainly include Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; (2) on the hierarchical level of genera, the dominate microflora include Aeromonas, Mucinivorans, Bacteroides and Erysipelothrix. The results also indicated that fasting and refeeding diversity and abundance of the dominate microflora, including Aeromonas and Mucinivorans. This study lays the foundation for more detailed composition and function of digestive tract microflora in H. nipponia.
In this study, we utilized high-throughput sequencing technology to explore thechanges of intestinal microbiota of Hirudo nipponia among fasting group, refeeding groups and control group. The results showed that (1) on the hierarchical level of the phylum, the microflora mainly include Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; (2) on the hierarchical level of genera, the dominate microflora include Aeromonas, Mucinivorans, Bacteroides and Erysipelothrix. The results also indicated that fasting and refeeding diversity and abundance of the dominate microflora, including Aeromonas and Mucinivorans. This study lays the foundation for more detailed composition and function of digestive tract microflora in H. nipponia.
2019, 43(3): 545 -553
doi: 10.7541/2019.066
Abstract:
Heavy metal copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) are common contaminants in water environment and dangerous to the existence and edible safety of fish. In this study, laboratory simulated semi-static method was used to feed Carassius auratus by simultaneously adding Cu and Cd to the water. The concentrations of Cu and Cd were detected in different places of Carassius auratus. Moreover, the effect of Cu and Cd on different tissues of Carassius auratus was evaluated by histopathology. The results showed that liver, gill, gut and muscle of Carassius auratus had enrichment of Cu and Cd. The Cu concentration was significantly higher than Cd in Carassius auratus. With increasing Cd concentration in water, Cd concentration in the tissues of Carassius auratus gradually increased. However, Cu concentration in Carassius auratus showed a declined trend. After fed 14 days with Cu and Cd concentrations of 0.15 and 0.20 mg/L, respectively, the muscle of Carassius auratus had a Cd concentration of 0.13 mg/kg, which exceeded the limit value of 0.10 mg/kg in Chinese industrial standard on " the limit of poisonous and harmful material in aquatic products”. After combined treatment of both Cu and Cd, the tissues of Carassius auratus showed various pathological changes. Moreover, the damage degree increased with increasing concentrations of Cu and Cd. Liver tissue showed hemagglutination, lipoidosis and cell vacuolation. Gill tissue manifested hyperplasia, edema and mucosal swollen. Gut tissue included goblet cell swollen, columnar cell hyperplasia, lamina propria vacuolation, mucosal erosion and villi exfoliation. Muscle tissue showed myofiber fracture, aggregation, collapse and dissolution, as well as broad gap of myofiber. Cu and Cd accumulated in Carassius auratus, and histopathological damage was present in the tissues. Moreover, the higher concentration, the more obvious damages, and these were mainly due to the accumulation of Cd in the body. This study can provide data support for the growth condition and edible safety of heavy metal pollution on Carassius auratus.
Heavy metal copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) are common contaminants in water environment and dangerous to the existence and edible safety of fish. In this study, laboratory simulated semi-static method was used to feed Carassius auratus by simultaneously adding Cu and Cd to the water. The concentrations of Cu and Cd were detected in different places of Carassius auratus. Moreover, the effect of Cu and Cd on different tissues of Carassius auratus was evaluated by histopathology. The results showed that liver, gill, gut and muscle of Carassius auratus had enrichment of Cu and Cd. The Cu concentration was significantly higher than Cd in Carassius auratus. With increasing Cd concentration in water, Cd concentration in the tissues of Carassius auratus gradually increased. However, Cu concentration in Carassius auratus showed a declined trend. After fed 14 days with Cu and Cd concentrations of 0.15 and 0.20 mg/L, respectively, the muscle of Carassius auratus had a Cd concentration of 0.13 mg/kg, which exceeded the limit value of 0.10 mg/kg in Chinese industrial standard on " the limit of poisonous and harmful material in aquatic products”. After combined treatment of both Cu and Cd, the tissues of Carassius auratus showed various pathological changes. Moreover, the damage degree increased with increasing concentrations of Cu and Cd. Liver tissue showed hemagglutination, lipoidosis and cell vacuolation. Gill tissue manifested hyperplasia, edema and mucosal swollen. Gut tissue included goblet cell swollen, columnar cell hyperplasia, lamina propria vacuolation, mucosal erosion and villi exfoliation. Muscle tissue showed myofiber fracture, aggregation, collapse and dissolution, as well as broad gap of myofiber. Cu and Cd accumulated in Carassius auratus, and histopathological damage was present in the tissues. Moreover, the higher concentration, the more obvious damages, and these were mainly due to the accumulation of Cd in the body. This study can provide data support for the growth condition and edible safety of heavy metal pollution on Carassius auratus.
2019, 43(3): 554 -562
doi: 10.7541/2019.067
Abstract:
Cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) are the most common pollutants found in water environment to cause tissue damages and induce apoptosis in invertebrates. To investigate the toxicological effects of Cd and Hg on the ovary of Eriocheir sinensis, the crabs were exposed to different concentrations of Cd2+ (0, 0.63, 1.26, 2.52, 5.04 and 10.07 mg/L) or Hg2+ (0, 0.06, 0.11, 0.23, 0.46 and 0.91 mg/L) for 6 days. The accumulation of Cd2+ and Hg2+ in the ovary increased significantly with the increased concentrations. The extent of oxidative stress caused by Cd2+ or Hg2+ was investigated by determining the oxidative stress indexes in the crab ovary. MDA, H2O2 and NO contents, MT (Metallothionein) mRNA levels and NOS activity in the ovary increased with the increased concentrations of Cd2+ and Hg2+. SOD, CAT and GPx activities initially increased, and then decreased with the increased Cd2+ or Hg2+. The result suggest that Cd2+ and Hg2+ can cause excessive accumulation of free radicals in ovary which lead to lipid peroxidation, and that MT induction in the ovary is a protective response against oxidative damage via detoxification of the ovary of E. sinensis. The induced antioxidant enzymes by Cd2+ and Hg2+ could effectively eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the tissues and maintain a redox-balance system to provide protection against Cd2+ and Hg2+-induced oxidative stress.
Cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) are the most common pollutants found in water environment to cause tissue damages and induce apoptosis in invertebrates. To investigate the toxicological effects of Cd and Hg on the ovary of Eriocheir sinensis, the crabs were exposed to different concentrations of Cd2+ (0, 0.63, 1.26, 2.52, 5.04 and 10.07 mg/L) or Hg2+ (0, 0.06, 0.11, 0.23, 0.46 and 0.91 mg/L) for 6 days. The accumulation of Cd2+ and Hg2+ in the ovary increased significantly with the increased concentrations. The extent of oxidative stress caused by Cd2+ or Hg2+ was investigated by determining the oxidative stress indexes in the crab ovary. MDA, H2O2 and NO contents, MT (Metallothionein) mRNA levels and NOS activity in the ovary increased with the increased concentrations of Cd2+ and Hg2+. SOD, CAT and GPx activities initially increased, and then decreased with the increased Cd2+ or Hg2+. The result suggest that Cd2+ and Hg2+ can cause excessive accumulation of free radicals in ovary which lead to lipid peroxidation, and that MT induction in the ovary is a protective response against oxidative damage via detoxification of the ovary of E. sinensis. The induced antioxidant enzymes by Cd2+ and Hg2+ could effectively eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the tissues and maintain a redox-balance system to provide protection against Cd2+ and Hg2+-induced oxidative stress.
2019, 43(3): 563 -569
doi: 10.7541/2019.068
Abstract:
This study described pathological features of a spontaneous spermatocytic seminoma in gibel carp Carassius gibelio. Histologically, the neoplasm founded in the abdomen was encapsulated invasive spermatocytic seminoma with an inconspicuous lobular architecture and diffuse fibro-connective septa with lymphocytic infiltration. For its ultrastructure, undifferentiated spermatocytes and fewer supporting cells were the unique features of the neoplasm. Compared with the histological features of normal testis of gibel carp, this neoplasm was identified as a spermatocytic seminoma. The first report of spermatocytic seminoma with lymphocytic infiltration in fish may contribute to the establishment of fish model of spermatocytic seminoma.
This study described pathological features of a spontaneous spermatocytic seminoma in gibel carp Carassius gibelio. Histologically, the neoplasm founded in the abdomen was encapsulated invasive spermatocytic seminoma with an inconspicuous lobular architecture and diffuse fibro-connective septa with lymphocytic infiltration. For its ultrastructure, undifferentiated spermatocytes and fewer supporting cells were the unique features of the neoplasm. Compared with the histological features of normal testis of gibel carp, this neoplasm was identified as a spermatocytic seminoma. The first report of spermatocytic seminoma with lymphocytic infiltration in fish may contribute to the establishment of fish model of spermatocytic seminoma.
2019, 43(3): 570 -578
doi: 10.7541/2019.069
Abstract:
The epizootic outbreaks were recorded in Chinese soft-shelled turtle farm in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province in summer of 2016. The diseased turtles were an orexia, lags in responsive, abnormal or lonely swimming. The moribund turtles would creep and lie on the shore with continuous head-shaking with a 20% mortality. Gram positive rod with single endospore were isolated from liver, kidney, spleen and blood of moribund turtles with typical symptoms. Stain T91-1 was identified as Bacillus cereus with API 50 CHB strip, 97.4% similarity to B. cereus reference strains by BioMérieux APIWEB Plus software V3.2.2. The identification was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA and gyrB whole gene, 99% similarity to type strains ATCC14579 of B. cereus T91-1 that showed typical β-hemolytisis on sheep blood agar and large transparent circle on the milk agar, indicating the existence of hemolytic and extracellular protease toxin. The T91-1 challenged turtles died from day 3 to day 7 with the symptoms similar to natural infected turtles, and LD50 of B. cereus T91-1 was 4.91×105 CFU/ind. Large number of Bacillus-like rods were observed in blood and liver smear stained with Wright-Giemsa. A large number of Bacillus-like were found in kidney, liver, lung and heart of native diseased turtles with vascular dilatation and congestion, as well as infiltrated eosinophils. All ICR suckling mice were killed at day 3 after oral administrated with T91-1 at concentration ranged from 1.2×106 CFU/mL to 1.2×108 CFU/mL with hemorrhagic subcutis and cerebrum. Four weeks old mice were injected or oral administrated with T91-1 at 1×107—109 CFU/mL, which showed anorexia, lags in responsive within 12h to 24h, but no death was recorded. These results demonstrated that B. cereus T91-1, with the strong pathogenicity to Chinese soft-shelled turtles and enterotoxigenic to mice, could be the pathogen of outbreaks of Chinese soft-shelled turtles diseases in this farm in Hangzhou.
The epizootic outbreaks were recorded in Chinese soft-shelled turtle farm in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province in summer of 2016. The diseased turtles were an orexia, lags in responsive, abnormal or lonely swimming. The moribund turtles would creep and lie on the shore with continuous head-shaking with a 20% mortality. Gram positive rod with single endospore were isolated from liver, kidney, spleen and blood of moribund turtles with typical symptoms. Stain T91-1 was identified as Bacillus cereus with API 50 CHB strip, 97.4% similarity to B. cereus reference strains by BioMérieux APIWEB Plus software V3.2.2. The identification was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA and gyrB whole gene, 99% similarity to type strains ATCC14579 of B. cereus T91-1 that showed typical β-hemolytisis on sheep blood agar and large transparent circle on the milk agar, indicating the existence of hemolytic and extracellular protease toxin. The T91-1 challenged turtles died from day 3 to day 7 with the symptoms similar to natural infected turtles, and LD50 of B. cereus T91-1 was 4.91×105 CFU/ind. Large number of Bacillus-like rods were observed in blood and liver smear stained with Wright-Giemsa. A large number of Bacillus-like were found in kidney, liver, lung and heart of native diseased turtles with vascular dilatation and congestion, as well as infiltrated eosinophils. All ICR suckling mice were killed at day 3 after oral administrated with T91-1 at concentration ranged from 1.2×106 CFU/mL to 1.2×108 CFU/mL with hemorrhagic subcutis and cerebrum. Four weeks old mice were injected or oral administrated with T91-1 at 1×107—109 CFU/mL, which showed anorexia, lags in responsive within 12h to 24h, but no death was recorded. These results demonstrated that B. cereus T91-1, with the strong pathogenicity to Chinese soft-shelled turtles and enterotoxigenic to mice, could be the pathogen of outbreaks of Chinese soft-shelled turtles diseases in this farm in Hangzhou.
2019, 43(3): 579 -588
doi: 10.7541/2019.070
Abstract:
The morphology and annulus characteristics of Ptychobarbus dipogon were described by eight aging materials in Tibet Autonomous Region, China, and then the suitable aging materials were determined in term of structures and annuli characteristics of eight aging materials. Hip scale was seriously specialized, annulus characteristics of chest scale, lateral-line scale, back scale were not obvious. Compared with the lapillus, the average percentage error was 41.63% for hip scale, 51.26% for chest scale, 50.50% for lateral-line scale, and 51.26% for back scale. The average percentage errors of asteriscus (12.28%), vertebrae (15.67%), and opercular bones (17.81%) were little different from lapillus. Below 23 years old fish, the average age of lapillus was 14.39 years that was similar with asteriscus (13.13 years) and vertebrae (13.20 years), but it was significantly higher than opercular bones and four scales (P<0.05). Above 23 years old fish, the average ages of seven aging materials were significantly lower than that of lapillus (P<0.05). The maximal age was 49 years for lapillus, 35 years for asteriscus, 34 years for vertebrae, 34 years for opercular bones, 22 years for hip scale, 19 years for chest scale, 16 years lateral-line for scale, and 17 years for back scale. The relationship between the age of lapillus and body length was logarithm function (P<0.01). Therefore, the lapillus was the suitable age determination material for Ptychobarbus dipogon.
The morphology and annulus characteristics of Ptychobarbus dipogon were described by eight aging materials in Tibet Autonomous Region, China, and then the suitable aging materials were determined in term of structures and annuli characteristics of eight aging materials. Hip scale was seriously specialized, annulus characteristics of chest scale, lateral-line scale, back scale were not obvious. Compared with the lapillus, the average percentage error was 41.63% for hip scale, 51.26% for chest scale, 50.50% for lateral-line scale, and 51.26% for back scale. The average percentage errors of asteriscus (12.28%), vertebrae (15.67%), and opercular bones (17.81%) were little different from lapillus. Below 23 years old fish, the average age of lapillus was 14.39 years that was similar with asteriscus (13.13 years) and vertebrae (13.20 years), but it was significantly higher than opercular bones and four scales (P<0.05). Above 23 years old fish, the average ages of seven aging materials were significantly lower than that of lapillus (P<0.05). The maximal age was 49 years for lapillus, 35 years for asteriscus, 34 years for vertebrae, 34 years for opercular bones, 22 years for hip scale, 19 years for chest scale, 16 years lateral-line for scale, and 17 years for back scale. The relationship between the age of lapillus and body length was logarithm function (P<0.01). Therefore, the lapillus was the suitable age determination material for Ptychobarbus dipogon.
2019, 43(3): 589 -594
doi: 10.7541/2019.071
Abstract:
Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of herbarium specimens have been used by ecologists to study long-history pollution and climate change. However, whether the preparation and preservation procedure impact isotopic signatures of herbarium specimens remain unclear. We tested the effect of herbarium on three submerged macrophyte species, and found the variations by both preparation and preservation processes. The press procedure significantly reduced carbon stable isotopes of submerged macrophytes for P. malaianus by 1.78‰, M. spicatum by 0.98‰ and C. demersum by 0.72‰. The press procedure reduced C. demersum nitrogen stable isotopes by 1.1‰. The soak procedure did not affect nitrogen stable isotopes of submerged macrophytes, but increased carbon stable isotopes of M. spicatum and P. malaianus by 1.00‰ and 0.52‰, separately. Carbon stable isotopes of C. demersum increased less than 0.08‰. Preparing procedures had larger effect on carbon isotope than nitrogen isotope. These influences were highly variable between species and times. The results suggest that if the interested stable isotopic variations are within 3‰, herbarium specimens are not suitable samples for the relevant studies without the experimental corrections.
Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of herbarium specimens have been used by ecologists to study long-history pollution and climate change. However, whether the preparation and preservation procedure impact isotopic signatures of herbarium specimens remain unclear. We tested the effect of herbarium on three submerged macrophyte species, and found the variations by both preparation and preservation processes. The press procedure significantly reduced carbon stable isotopes of submerged macrophytes for P. malaianus by 1.78‰, M. spicatum by 0.98‰ and C. demersum by 0.72‰. The press procedure reduced C. demersum nitrogen stable isotopes by 1.1‰. The soak procedure did not affect nitrogen stable isotopes of submerged macrophytes, but increased carbon stable isotopes of M. spicatum and P. malaianus by 1.00‰ and 0.52‰, separately. Carbon stable isotopes of C. demersum increased less than 0.08‰. Preparing procedures had larger effect on carbon isotope than nitrogen isotope. These influences were highly variable between species and times. The results suggest that if the interested stable isotopic variations are within 3‰, herbarium specimens are not suitable samples for the relevant studies without the experimental corrections.
2019, 43(3): 595 -605
doi: 10.7541/2019.072
Abstract:
The morphology of four widely distributed ciliates (Stylonychia mytilus, Tetmemena pustulata, Paramecium caudatum, Coleps hirtus) from Songhua River were studied using living observation and silver staining methods to complementally descript the living and ciliary pattern characters of Harbin populations of these four species including the arrangement of six rows of dorsal kineties after protargol impregnation and the specific statistics of the numbers of left and right marginal rows of S. mytilus. The results showed that the morphological features of Harbin population S. mytilus were basically consistent with previous reports, except that small membranes of Harbin population were more than previous populations. Compared with the Mohe population, the Harbin population T. pustulata were similar in morphology, infraciliature and the occurrence pattern, and had slightly higher in the number of left and right marginal and more micronuleus. Compared with the Qingdao populations of P. caudatum, Harbin population had significantly less collecting canals. Compared with previous populations, Harbin population of C. hirtus had slightly larger body size.
The morphology of four widely distributed ciliates (Stylonychia mytilus, Tetmemena pustulata, Paramecium caudatum, Coleps hirtus) from Songhua River were studied using living observation and silver staining methods to complementally descript the living and ciliary pattern characters of Harbin populations of these four species including the arrangement of six rows of dorsal kineties after protargol impregnation and the specific statistics of the numbers of left and right marginal rows of S. mytilus. The results showed that the morphological features of Harbin population S. mytilus were basically consistent with previous reports, except that small membranes of Harbin population were more than previous populations. Compared with the Mohe population, the Harbin population T. pustulata were similar in morphology, infraciliature and the occurrence pattern, and had slightly higher in the number of left and right marginal and more micronuleus. Compared with the Qingdao populations of P. caudatum, Harbin population had significantly less collecting canals. Compared with previous populations, Harbin population of C. hirtus had slightly larger body size.
2019, 43(3): 606 -611
doi: 10.7541/2019.073
Abstract:
Ichthyoplankton were collected in the upper mainstem of the Yangtze River at Yibin, Zhuyang and Mudong in 2009, 2012 and 2015 to determine the occurrence dynamic and abundance of Pseudolaubuca engraulis (Nichols) larvae. The abundance of P. engraulis larval peaked from mid-May in 2009 and 2012 (pre-impoundment of dam cascade in the Jinsha River), while few larvae occurred before late-June and the abundance peaked from mid-July in 2015 (post-impoundment of the dam cascade). Hypolimnetic and clean water discharge from the dam cascade are critical factors on delaying spawning seasons and peak occurrence of the larval fish. The abundance of P. engraulis larvae showed an apparent increase at Yibin and a slight increase at Zhuyang in 2015 comparing to that in 2012 and 2013, indicating that the fish may adapt to the altered habitat environments by the dam cascade. Abundance of P. engraulis larvae at Mudong showed a significant increase during 2009 to 2015. The increase of the fish is probably related to the increasing operational water level (from 156 m to 175 m) of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), which created slow flow habitats at Mudong section and then offered a favorable nursery for the larvae. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the temporal-spatial variation of P. engraulis larvae was jointly controlled by the upstream dam cascade and downstream TGR. Meanwhile, we suggest that the " River-Reservoir” ecosystem, constrained by the tail of reservoir (even all the reservoir) and its upstream river section, may have similar functions as the river-floodplain ecosystem in natural systems, and is valuable to the successful recruitment of fishes which produce drifting-egg.
Ichthyoplankton were collected in the upper mainstem of the Yangtze River at Yibin, Zhuyang and Mudong in 2009, 2012 and 2015 to determine the occurrence dynamic and abundance of Pseudolaubuca engraulis (Nichols) larvae. The abundance of P. engraulis larval peaked from mid-May in 2009 and 2012 (pre-impoundment of dam cascade in the Jinsha River), while few larvae occurred before late-June and the abundance peaked from mid-July in 2015 (post-impoundment of the dam cascade). Hypolimnetic and clean water discharge from the dam cascade are critical factors on delaying spawning seasons and peak occurrence of the larval fish. The abundance of P. engraulis larvae showed an apparent increase at Yibin and a slight increase at Zhuyang in 2015 comparing to that in 2012 and 2013, indicating that the fish may adapt to the altered habitat environments by the dam cascade. Abundance of P. engraulis larvae at Mudong showed a significant increase during 2009 to 2015. The increase of the fish is probably related to the increasing operational water level (from 156 m to 175 m) of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), which created slow flow habitats at Mudong section and then offered a favorable nursery for the larvae. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the temporal-spatial variation of P. engraulis larvae was jointly controlled by the upstream dam cascade and downstream TGR. Meanwhile, we suggest that the " River-Reservoir” ecosystem, constrained by the tail of reservoir (even all the reservoir) and its upstream river section, may have similar functions as the river-floodplain ecosystem in natural systems, and is valuable to the successful recruitment of fishes which produce drifting-egg.
2019, 43(3): 612 -622
doi: 10.7541/2019.074
Abstract:
The coastal waters of Zhejiang Province that contain lots of islands and the water exchange fully in this area were affected by the Yangtze River diluted water, Taiwan warm current, coastal water of Jiangsu Province and the Yellow Sea cold water mass. It was the spawning and feeding grounds of multitudinous crabs because of abundant nutrient salts and food organisms. The crab resources and distribution and community ecology in the East China Sea have been reported since 1990s but mostly concentrated in the sea that was out of the 30 m’s isobath and reported before 2008. Thus, these studies cannot represent the characteristics of crab community in the whole coastal waters of Zhejiang Province due to the small research areas relatively. The current study analyzed the content of coastal crab community including species composition, floristic feature, dominant species, distribution of the resource density, species diversity and the relationship between the community structure and the environmental factors based on the fishery resources in Zhejiang coastal area in 2015 designated survey data using ecosystem diversity indexes, abundance/biomass comparison curve (ABC curve) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The 28 captured crab species were belong to 11 families and 19 genera that were dominated by warm water species with a 78.57%. The dominant species were Charybdis bimaculata, Portunus trituberculatus and Charybdis japonica in spring and Portunus trituberculatus and Charybdis bimaculata in summer. The average resource density was 244.38 and 585.60 kg/km2 in spring and summer respectively, and the density of middle-north Zhejiang coast area was higher than that of the south part. The average values of species abundance index (D), species diversity index (H′) and species evenness index (J′) were not related, indicating a low crab community diversity. According to the abundance/biomass comparison curve (ABC curve), crab community in spring and summer was seriously and moderately disturbed respectively. The result of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) analysis showed that the depth of water was the primary environmental factor regulating the distribution of crab community in all 9 environmental factors, and the salinity was the secondary environmental factor. These results enrich the basic information of crab species diversity in China’s coastal waters, which hold a useful scientific significance for understanding the dynamic changes of crab diversity in Zhejiang even the East China Sea. At the same time, it can provide reference for the establishment of marine ecological and environmental protection measures in offshore of Zhejiang Province.
The coastal waters of Zhejiang Province that contain lots of islands and the water exchange fully in this area were affected by the Yangtze River diluted water, Taiwan warm current, coastal water of Jiangsu Province and the Yellow Sea cold water mass. It was the spawning and feeding grounds of multitudinous crabs because of abundant nutrient salts and food organisms. The crab resources and distribution and community ecology in the East China Sea have been reported since 1990s but mostly concentrated in the sea that was out of the 30 m’s isobath and reported before 2008. Thus, these studies cannot represent the characteristics of crab community in the whole coastal waters of Zhejiang Province due to the small research areas relatively. The current study analyzed the content of coastal crab community including species composition, floristic feature, dominant species, distribution of the resource density, species diversity and the relationship between the community structure and the environmental factors based on the fishery resources in Zhejiang coastal area in 2015 designated survey data using ecosystem diversity indexes, abundance/biomass comparison curve (ABC curve) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The 28 captured crab species were belong to 11 families and 19 genera that were dominated by warm water species with a 78.57%. The dominant species were Charybdis bimaculata, Portunus trituberculatus and Charybdis japonica in spring and Portunus trituberculatus and Charybdis bimaculata in summer. The average resource density was 244.38 and 585.60 kg/km2 in spring and summer respectively, and the density of middle-north Zhejiang coast area was higher than that of the south part. The average values of species abundance index (D), species diversity index (H′) and species evenness index (J′) were not related, indicating a low crab community diversity. According to the abundance/biomass comparison curve (ABC curve), crab community in spring and summer was seriously and moderately disturbed respectively. The result of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) analysis showed that the depth of water was the primary environmental factor regulating the distribution of crab community in all 9 environmental factors, and the salinity was the secondary environmental factor. These results enrich the basic information of crab species diversity in China’s coastal waters, which hold a useful scientific significance for understanding the dynamic changes of crab diversity in Zhejiang even the East China Sea. At the same time, it can provide reference for the establishment of marine ecological and environmental protection measures in offshore of Zhejiang Province.
2019, 43(3): 623 -633
doi: 10.7541/2019.075
Abstract:
The Xijiang Oxbow located in the Anqing section of Yangtze River is the only ex-situ conservation area for the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis). In order to understand the plant community structure in riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow and the habitat of the Yangtze finless porpoise in this area, the vegetation in 10 transects of the Xijiang Oxbow was investigated in the summer, 2017. This study identified 166 species of vascular plants with 50 families and 131 genera including 1 family with 1 genus and 1 species of algae, and, 1 family with 1 genus and 2 species of ferns, as well as 163 species of 129 genus belonging to 48 families of seed plants. The main families were the Papilionaceae, Compositae and Gramineae, and the distribution types of families and genera were relatively rich. Besides, plant community structure showed that Shannon-Wiener indexes were between 0.213—0.899 with a mean of 0.629±0.399, and Simpson indexes were between 0.135—0.465 with a mean of 0.315±0.204. The richness of species ranged from 3 to 14 with the same trend as the diversity indexes. The vegetation distribution in riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow presents a significant spatial feature. The areas destroyed by human activities on both sides of the river have lower diversity compared to the natural area covered by plant that has higher community diversity and richness. In general, the riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow has rich vegetation and high coverage to improve water quality and provide a good spawning and feeding ground for small settled fish, which own great significance to maintain the habitat and breeding for the migratory population of the Yangtze finless porpoise.
The Xijiang Oxbow located in the Anqing section of Yangtze River is the only ex-situ conservation area for the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis). In order to understand the plant community structure in riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow and the habitat of the Yangtze finless porpoise in this area, the vegetation in 10 transects of the Xijiang Oxbow was investigated in the summer, 2017. This study identified 166 species of vascular plants with 50 families and 131 genera including 1 family with 1 genus and 1 species of algae, and, 1 family with 1 genus and 2 species of ferns, as well as 163 species of 129 genus belonging to 48 families of seed plants. The main families were the Papilionaceae, Compositae and Gramineae, and the distribution types of families and genera were relatively rich. Besides, plant community structure showed that Shannon-Wiener indexes were between 0.213—0.899 with a mean of 0.629±0.399, and Simpson indexes were between 0.135—0.465 with a mean of 0.315±0.204. The richness of species ranged from 3 to 14 with the same trend as the diversity indexes. The vegetation distribution in riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow presents a significant spatial feature. The areas destroyed by human activities on both sides of the river have lower diversity compared to the natural area covered by plant that has higher community diversity and richness. In general, the riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow has rich vegetation and high coverage to improve water quality and provide a good spawning and feeding ground for small settled fish, which own great significance to maintain the habitat and breeding for the migratory population of the Yangtze finless porpoise.
2019, 43(3): 634 -642
doi: 10.7541/2019.076
Abstract:
To systematically understand the community structure of macrozoobethos in the mid-lower Yangtze mainstem, two field investigations were conducted on 13 sections along Yichang-Anqing reaches in May-June and October-December 2016, respectively. A total of 96 taxa of macrozoobenthos were recorded with the most abundant group of aquatic insects that account for 49.0% of the total. The frequency of occurrence was relatively low (<1%) for most species (58.7%), and species composition were obviously different among reaches. The density of macrozoobenthos was (213±58) ind./m2, and the biomass was (0.202±0.066) g/m2. Community structure was different between pre-flood and post-flood periods, where obvious decreases in both species number and standing crops were found in the latter. Compared with the pre-damming data, community structure of macrozoobenthos had increased species number and decreased standing crops. Environmental analyses showed that velocity was the key factor affecting the distribution of macrozoobenthos, while substrate and water quality parameters were of little importance. The sharp decline in standing crops of macrozoobenthos was closely related to the increased scouring effects in post-damming period. These results suggest to carry out regulation of flow and sediment, to create slow-flow habitats and to strengthen protection of sand bars with regard to macrozoobenthos conservation in the Yangtze mainstem.
To systematically understand the community structure of macrozoobethos in the mid-lower Yangtze mainstem, two field investigations were conducted on 13 sections along Yichang-Anqing reaches in May-June and October-December 2016, respectively. A total of 96 taxa of macrozoobenthos were recorded with the most abundant group of aquatic insects that account for 49.0% of the total. The frequency of occurrence was relatively low (<1%) for most species (58.7%), and species composition were obviously different among reaches. The density of macrozoobenthos was (213±58) ind./m2, and the biomass was (0.202±0.066) g/m2. Community structure was different between pre-flood and post-flood periods, where obvious decreases in both species number and standing crops were found in the latter. Compared with the pre-damming data, community structure of macrozoobenthos had increased species number and decreased standing crops. Environmental analyses showed that velocity was the key factor affecting the distribution of macrozoobenthos, while substrate and water quality parameters were of little importance. The sharp decline in standing crops of macrozoobenthos was closely related to the increased scouring effects in post-damming period. These results suggest to carry out regulation of flow and sediment, to create slow-flow habitats and to strengthen protection of sand bars with regard to macrozoobenthos conservation in the Yangtze mainstem.
2019, 43(3): 643 -653
doi: 10.7541/2019.077
Abstract:
To understand the structure and its driving factors of macroinvertebrate community, two surveys were conducted in the Anning River and its tributaries in wet season (July and August 2016) and dry season (January and February 2016). Furthermore, sampling was also performed monthly from July 2015 to June 2016 in the tributaries of the Anning River. As a result, a total of 122 species of macroinvertebrates were collected, which belonged to 115 genera of 5 phyla. Among them, aquatic insects (109 species) were dominant taxa. The densities and biomass of macroinvertebrate community were much higher in the tributaries than those in the mainstream both in the wet and dry seasons, and were much higher in the dry season than those in the wet season both in the mainstream and tributaries. All through the year, the dominant species in the tributaries were Baetis sp., Simulium sp., Epeorus sp., Baetiella sp., Peltoperlidae spp. and Ephemerella sp. Temporal variability of macroinvertebrates showed that the highest density was in December and the lowest one in July; while the highest biomass was in January and the lowest one in July. Canonical correspondences analysis (CCA) indicated that substrate type and altitude were the key factors driving the macroinvertebrate distribution in the wet season, whereas flow velocity, altitude and water temperature were the significant driving factors in the dry season. In addition, monthly variations of macroinvertebrate structure in the tributaries were relative to the ecological factors such as water temperature and conductivity. Overall, this study provides a scientific basis for the studies and conservation of biodiversity in high altitude areas.
To understand the structure and its driving factors of macroinvertebrate community, two surveys were conducted in the Anning River and its tributaries in wet season (July and August 2016) and dry season (January and February 2016). Furthermore, sampling was also performed monthly from July 2015 to June 2016 in the tributaries of the Anning River. As a result, a total of 122 species of macroinvertebrates were collected, which belonged to 115 genera of 5 phyla. Among them, aquatic insects (109 species) were dominant taxa. The densities and biomass of macroinvertebrate community were much higher in the tributaries than those in the mainstream both in the wet and dry seasons, and were much higher in the dry season than those in the wet season both in the mainstream and tributaries. All through the year, the dominant species in the tributaries were Baetis sp., Simulium sp., Epeorus sp., Baetiella sp., Peltoperlidae spp. and Ephemerella sp. Temporal variability of macroinvertebrates showed that the highest density was in December and the lowest one in July; while the highest biomass was in January and the lowest one in July. Canonical correspondences analysis (CCA) indicated that substrate type and altitude were the key factors driving the macroinvertebrate distribution in the wet season, whereas flow velocity, altitude and water temperature were the significant driving factors in the dry season. In addition, monthly variations of macroinvertebrate structure in the tributaries were relative to the ecological factors such as water temperature and conductivity. Overall, this study provides a scientific basis for the studies and conservation of biodiversity in high altitude areas.
2019, 43(3): 654 -663
doi: 10.7541/2019.078
Abstract:
This study explored effects of 3 light-paths (LP) of column and flat plat photobioreactors under two kinds of nitrogen concentrations on the growth, total lipid and AA content of Parietochloris incisa using BG-11 medium. The results showed that cell growth rate increased by the smaller light-path of two kinds of photobioreactors. The maximal biomass were 5.09 g/L in column photobioreactor (2.5 cm LP) and 2.98 g/L (3.0 cm LP) in flat plate photobioreactor with nitrogen concentration at 17.6 mmol/L. The highest total lipid and AA content at the biggest length of light-path under 1.0 mmol/L nitrogen concentration were 39.23% and 13.21% in column photobioreactor (6.0 cm LP) and there were 40.74% and 11.33% in flat plate photobioreactor (5.0 cm LP). In addition, the maximal volumetric productivity of total lipid was 216.39 mg/(L·d) in column photobioreactor (2.5 cm LP) under 17.6 mmol/L nitrogen concentration and it was 135.93 mg/(L·d) in flat plate photobioreactor (1.5 cm LP) under 1.0 mmol/L nitrogen concentration. The AA volumetric productivity reached the maximum level in the biggest light-path of column [21.65 mg/(L·d)] and flat plate photobiorector [19.42 mg/(L·d)] under 1.0 mmol/L nitrogen concentration. These results indicate that the 6.0 cm light-path column photobioreactor or 5.0 cm light-path of flat plate photobioreactor under 1.0 mmol/L nitrogen concentration are the best condition to culture Parietochloris incisa for AA production.
This study explored effects of 3 light-paths (LP) of column and flat plat photobioreactors under two kinds of nitrogen concentrations on the growth, total lipid and AA content of Parietochloris incisa using BG-11 medium. The results showed that cell growth rate increased by the smaller light-path of two kinds of photobioreactors. The maximal biomass were 5.09 g/L in column photobioreactor (2.5 cm LP) and 2.98 g/L (3.0 cm LP) in flat plate photobioreactor with nitrogen concentration at 17.6 mmol/L. The highest total lipid and AA content at the biggest length of light-path under 1.0 mmol/L nitrogen concentration were 39.23% and 13.21% in column photobioreactor (6.0 cm LP) and there were 40.74% and 11.33% in flat plate photobioreactor (5.0 cm LP). In addition, the maximal volumetric productivity of total lipid was 216.39 mg/(L·d) in column photobioreactor (2.5 cm LP) under 17.6 mmol/L nitrogen concentration and it was 135.93 mg/(L·d) in flat plate photobioreactor (1.5 cm LP) under 1.0 mmol/L nitrogen concentration. The AA volumetric productivity reached the maximum level in the biggest light-path of column [21.65 mg/(L·d)] and flat plate photobiorector [19.42 mg/(L·d)] under 1.0 mmol/L nitrogen concentration. These results indicate that the 6.0 cm light-path column photobioreactor or 5.0 cm light-path of flat plate photobioreactor under 1.0 mmol/L nitrogen concentration are the best condition to culture Parietochloris incisa for AA production.
2019, 43(3): 664 -669
doi: 10.7541/2019.079
Abstract:
To explore the toxic effects of streptomycin, the growth and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in Nostoc treated with different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50 and 1 mg/L) of streptomycin. The results indicated that the EC50 of streptomycin to Nostoc (96h-EC50) was (0.13±0.037) mg/L at the 96h. Streptomycin significantly decreased the content of chlorophyll a at all concentrations. In a concentration-dependent pattern, streptomycin significantly reduced the maximum photochemical efficiency (φP0), variable fluorescence (Fv), potential activity of PSⅡ (Fv/F0), active reaction center per unit area (RC/CS0), the performance index based on absorbed light energy (PIabs) and the quantum energy yield of the light energy absorbed by the reaction center for electron transfer (φE0). However, Streptomycin significantly increased the maximum fluorescence relative to chlorophyll a (Fm/Chl. a), the light energy absorbed by each active reaction center (ABS/RC) and heat dissipation (DI0/RC) in a concentration-dependent pattern. A K-point at chlorophyll a fluorescence transient curve was found when the concentration is greater than 0.1 mg/L. These results suggest that streptomycin might affect the growth of Nostoc by inhibiting the electron transport of photosynthetic system Ⅱ (PSⅡ) and reducing active reaction centers, and that high concentrations of streptomycin showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of algae.
To explore the toxic effects of streptomycin, the growth and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in Nostoc treated with different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50 and 1 mg/L) of streptomycin. The results indicated that the EC50 of streptomycin to Nostoc (96h-EC50) was (0.13±0.037) mg/L at the 96h. Streptomycin significantly decreased the content of chlorophyll a at all concentrations. In a concentration-dependent pattern, streptomycin significantly reduced the maximum photochemical efficiency (φP0), variable fluorescence (Fv), potential activity of PSⅡ (Fv/F0), active reaction center per unit area (RC/CS0), the performance index based on absorbed light energy (PIabs) and the quantum energy yield of the light energy absorbed by the reaction center for electron transfer (φE0). However, Streptomycin significantly increased the maximum fluorescence relative to chlorophyll a (Fm/Chl. a), the light energy absorbed by each active reaction center (ABS/RC) and heat dissipation (DI0/RC) in a concentration-dependent pattern. A K-point at chlorophyll a fluorescence transient curve was found when the concentration is greater than 0.1 mg/L. These results suggest that streptomycin might affect the growth of Nostoc by inhibiting the electron transport of photosynthetic system Ⅱ (PSⅡ) and reducing active reaction centers, and that high concentrations of streptomycin showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of algae.
2019, 43(3): 670 -679
doi: 10.7541/2019.080
Abstract:
To optimize the cultivation condition of microalgae, single-factor design and orthogonal experiments were performed to assess the growth rate, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of STR01 by temperature, light intensity and salinity. The results showed that all these ecological factors exerted significant effects on the growth, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of STR01 (P< 0.05) with the appropriate temperature for growth at 15—35℃, the optimum temperature at 25—30℃ (K-value 0.679—0.682) and the optimum temperature for total lipid content accumulation at 25℃ (17.23%). The highest PUFA content at 34.23% appeared at 20℃. The appropriate light intensity for growth was 40—120 μmol/(m2·s) and the optimum one was 60 μmol/(m2·s). The light intensity of 40 μmol/(m2·s) had the highest PUFA accumulation at 34.29%. The appropriate salinity for growth was 10—35 and the optimum salinity was 25. The orthogonal experiments showed that the optimum condition for growth was temperature 30℃, light intensity 60 μmol/(m2·s), and salinity 25, and that the optimum total lipid accumulation was temperature 30℃, light intensity 60 μmol/(m2·s) and salinity 20, and that the optimum PUFA content was temperature 25℃, light intensity 60 μmol/(m2·s), and salinity 20 at 37%. In conclusion, STR01 was promising prospect in future aquaculture with fast growth rate and high total lipid and PUFA contents.
To optimize the cultivation condition of microalgae, single-factor design and orthogonal experiments were performed to assess the growth rate, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of STR01 by temperature, light intensity and salinity. The results showed that all these ecological factors exerted significant effects on the growth, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of STR01 (P< 0.05) with the appropriate temperature for growth at 15—35℃, the optimum temperature at 25—30℃ (K-value 0.679—0.682) and the optimum temperature for total lipid content accumulation at 25℃ (17.23%). The highest PUFA content at 34.23% appeared at 20℃. The appropriate light intensity for growth was 40—120 μmol/(m2·s) and the optimum one was 60 μmol/(m2·s). The light intensity of 40 μmol/(m2·s) had the highest PUFA accumulation at 34.29%. The appropriate salinity for growth was 10—35 and the optimum salinity was 25. The orthogonal experiments showed that the optimum condition for growth was temperature 30℃, light intensity 60 μmol/(m2·s), and salinity 25, and that the optimum total lipid accumulation was temperature 30℃, light intensity 60 μmol/(m2·s) and salinity 20, and that the optimum PUFA content was temperature 25℃, light intensity 60 μmol/(m2·s), and salinity 20 at 37%. In conclusion, STR01 was promising prospect in future aquaculture with fast growth rate and high total lipid and PUFA contents.
2019, 43(3): 680 -692
doi: 10.7541/2019.081
Abstract:
Farmed fish has become the main source to meet the demand of human for aquatic products. Cobia Rachycentron canadum is one of the main farmed marine fish in southern China, which were cultured in sea net due to its fast growth, tender meat and high nutritional value. However, the cobia cultivation mainly depends on iced fresh fish, especially for the culture of large-size fish, which seriously restricts the development of farming industry. It is urgent to develop the corresponding formula for fish growth at different stages. This article summarized the research progress of cobia on nutrients requirements such as protein, fat, amino acids, fatty acids and micronutrients, the alternative of fish meal and fish oil in feed, the application of feed additives, as well as the developmental status of feed industry to provide reference for studies on nutritional requirements and the development of compound feeds of cobia.
Farmed fish has become the main source to meet the demand of human for aquatic products. Cobia Rachycentron canadum is one of the main farmed marine fish in southern China, which were cultured in sea net due to its fast growth, tender meat and high nutritional value. However, the cobia cultivation mainly depends on iced fresh fish, especially for the culture of large-size fish, which seriously restricts the development of farming industry. It is urgent to develop the corresponding formula for fish growth at different stages. This article summarized the research progress of cobia on nutrients requirements such as protein, fat, amino acids, fatty acids and micronutrients, the alternative of fish meal and fish oil in feed, the application of feed additives, as well as the developmental status of feed industry to provide reference for studies on nutritional requirements and the development of compound feeds of cobia.
Journal Introduction
- Establishment Time：1955 Bimonthly
- Competent unit：Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Host unit：Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Society for Oceanology and Limnology
- Editor-in-Chief：GUI Jian-Fang
- ISSN 1000-3207
- CN 42-1230/Q
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