THE PHOTOCATCLYTIC DEGRADATION OF 17-ETHYNYLESTRADIOL(EE2) WITH ANABAENA

Female hormone,which called endocrine disrupting chemicals and endocrine disrupters,are widely distributed in the environment.These compounds have been found to interfere with hormonal activity through a variety of mechanisms,and they may have adverse effects on the health of animals and humans.They can bind to hormone receptors and either mimic or inhibit the action of natural hormones,or they can affect their synthesis and metabolism.Epidemiological studies have found significant increase in the incidence of breast,prostate and testicular cancer and decreasing sperm counts and semen volume have been observed as well as longer times to conception.Field data indicate that wildlife is also experiencing compromised reproductive fitness:for example,these chemicals have been found to induce the production of vitellogenin,a fish egg protein produced by female fish,in male rainbow trout.Efforts are underway in several countries to develop analytical methods for assessing the distribution,migration and degradation of these compounds in the environment.In the US,the environmental protection agency has established the endocrine disruptor screening and testing advisory committee,and in Japan,The environment agency has organized the environmental endocrine disruptor group. It is now well established that many exogenous chemicals,both natural and synthetic,have been identified to be potential of interfering with the endocrine activity of the natural hormones both in the animals and human,which is called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) or endocrine disruptors(EDs).In the recent years,many researches are underway to develop analytical methods for screening EDCs in the environment and investigate the distribution,migration,degradation and other environmental behaviors of these compounds.Besides industrial chemicals such as DDT,bisphenol A,methoxychlor,chlordecone,alkylphenols,PCBs and phthalic esters,some natural estrogens such as estradiol (E2) and estrone,and synthetic pharmaceuticals such as diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 17-ethynylestradiol(EE2) are found to be one of the most potent endocrine disruptors.These estrogens were detected in municipal wastewaters treatment effluents in UK at the concentration from less than detection to more than 100ng/L,which were released into natural environments.They further pointed out it was these estrogens,not alkylphenols or their derivatives,that caused adverse effects such as feminization of male fish even at extremely low concentrations. There are few published articles focusing the degradation of estrogens in the environment or lab.the enzymatic degradation of five endocrine disrupting chemicals including EE2 were investigated in model bottom sediments and found the concentration EE2 decreased by fungal laccases,which oxidize phenols with the aid of molecular oxygen.It is found that E2,estrone and EE2 were readily biodegradable under a range of conditions typical of a temperate growing environment.It was examined that degradation of 50g/L EE2 by nitrifying activated sludge and found that oxidation of EE2 resulted in the formation of hydrophilic compounds with lower estrogenic activity.Synthetic estrogens (e.g.EE2) are generally more stable in water than natural estrogens and have greater potency.EE2 was found to be unchanged after 120 hours in activated sludge treatment.They are difficult to be totally removed from wastewaters by primary and secondary treatment.New methods are needed for removing these estrogens from wastewaters prior to their release into the environment. As we know,photochemical methods are of great potential of treating persistent organic pollutants(POPs) in environment.However,photochemical method applied in treating EE2 in water has not been reported.To exam the pharmaceutical antioxidation,Segmuller et al.investigated autoxidation and photodegradation of EE2 in acetonitrile solution at a high concentration of 4.3g/L by HPLC-NMR and HPLC-MS.The main product was hydroperoxide derivative of EE2.It is obvious that the results of Segm