WANG Jin-Qiu, LI De-Shang, CAO Ji-Xiang. THE PROTEIN NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF ROTIFER BRACHIONUS CALYCIFLORUS AND ITS FOODS[J]. ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA, 2003, 27(5): 476-486.
Citation: WANG Jin-Qiu, LI De-Shang, CAO Ji-Xiang. THE PROTEIN NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF ROTIFER BRACHIONUS CALYCIFLORUS AND ITS FOODS[J]. ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA, 2003, 27(5): 476-486.

THE PROTEIN NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF ROTIFER BRACHIONUS CALYCIFLORUS AND ITS FOODS

  • Received Date: October 20, 2002
  • Rev Recd Date: May 30, 2003
  • Published Date: September 24, 2003
  • In the study the nutritive value of seven kinds of foods, including five kinds of algae(Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlamydomonas microsphaera, Cryptomonas ovata, Euglena intermedia) and two kinds of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis) to rotifer(Brachionus plicatilis) was appraised using two indexes of protein and fatty acid. The appraisal results of the protein showed that the content of the total nitrogen (TN) and the crude protein (CP) are 10.08% and 63.0% in the rotifer's body respectively. The total amino acid (TAA) and the total essential amino acid (TEAA) account for 48% and 22.02% of crude protein respectively. The ratio of total essential amino acid with total amino acid (TEAA/TAA) is 45.8. The contents of TN are between 6.57%—10.96% of seven kinds of foods and among them the contents show highest and lowest value in Cryptomonas ovata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae respectively. The contents of CP lie between 41.06%—68.54% and keep the same with TN from high to the low permutation order of various kinds of food. The contents of TAA are between 54.694%—73.235% and show highest and lowest value in Scenedesmus obliquus and Cryptomonas ovata respectively. The contents of TEAA are between 23.836%—34.136% and show highest and lowest value in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptomonas ovata.The ratio of TEAA/TAA are between 43.3—49.1 and show highest value in two kinds of yeasts. In the study the seventeen kinds of amino acid were mensurated. The content of the HIS is lowest (0.540%) in the protein of the rotifer, secondly it is the MET (0.556%) and the CYS (0.762%). And the contents of the ASP is the highest (5.206%), secondly it is the GLY (4.571%). In the proteins of foods the content of the MTE is lowest(0.421%—1.495%), secondly it is the HIS (0.675%—1.967%) and the GYS (0.439%—3.332%). And the content of the GLU is highest (6.073%—11.447%), secondly it is the ASP (5.519%—8.281%) and the LEU (4.143%—7.473%). When use protein of the whole ovum as the standard the first limitative amino acids are HIS for Chlorella pyrenoidosa and MET for other six kind of food respectively. When using rotifer's protein as standard the first limitative amino acid are MET for Chlorella pyrenoidosa, LYS for Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and LEU for other five kinds of food respectively. The evaluative comparative result with protein showed that the foods of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus obliquus and two kinds of yeast have bester nutritional value. The appraisal results of the fatty acid showed the contents of crude fat are a wide range from 1.64 to 15.41% and there are found a highest level in Euglena intermedia and a lowest level in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The twenty nine kinds of fatty acid were measured in seven and a greatest number was found in Euglena intermedia in twenty four kinds and in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in twenty two kinds, but was snowed absehce of kind's amount of fatty acid in two yeasts that they contain only nine and thirteen of kind. content of unsaturated fatty acid higher than saturated fatty acid of live kinds of foods among them, whereas was educed opposite outcome in other two kinds of foods, such as Scenedesmus obliquus and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis,namely the content of saturated fatty acid higher than unsaturated fatty acid. Main unsaturated fatty acid was α-linolenic acid (18:3ω3) (Which ranged from 11.76% to 26.58%) for live algae. Also in certain algal treatment, such as in Cryptomonas ovata the steridonic acid (18:4ω3) was higher level, the content is 22.59%, and in Chlamydomonas microsphaera the hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4ω3) was higher level too, its contents is 15.48%. The long chain (longer than twenty carbon atomy) unsaturated fatty acids was found in a higher proportion in both algae, such as Cryptomonas ovata and Euglena intermedia, the contents are 18.7% and 16.2% respectively. In fatty acids of rotifer fed sex foods (except Saccharomyces carlsbergensis) was contained high unsaturated fatty acid.
  • [1]
    Corner E D S, Cowey C B. Biochemical studies on the production of marine zooplankton [J]. Biol Res,1968,43:393-426[2] Cheng Y X, Wang W, Wu J M, et al. Effect of dietary lipid sources on fatty acid composition of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2001, 8(4):52-57[3] Biolo M, Rosenthal H, Sindermann C J. Realims in aquaculture: Achievement, Connstraints, Perpectives[M]. European Aquaculture Society, Bredene, Belgium, 1986, 77-106[4] Burns C W. The relationship between the body size of filter-feeding cladocera and the maximum size of particle ingestion. [J]. Limnol Oceanogr, 1968, 13:675-678[5] Porter K R R. Selective grazing and differential digestion of algae by zooplankton [J]. Nature, 1973,44:179-180[6] Lampert W, Fleckner W, Rai H, et al. Phytoplankton control by grazing zooplankton: A study on the spring clear water phase [J]. Limnol Oceannogr, 1986, 31:478-480[7] Lampert W. Laboratory studies on zooplankton cyanobacteria interaction [J]N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res,1987,21:483-490[8] Skogstad A, Granskog L, Klaveness D. Growth of freshwater ciliates of fered planktonic algae as food [J]. J Plankton Res, 1987,9:503-512[9] Burns C W. Insights into zooplankton-cyanobacteria interactions derived from enclosure studies [J]N Z J Mar Freshwater Rev, 1987,21:477-482[10] Rothhaupt K O. Differences in particle size dependent feeding efficiencies of closely related rotifer species [J]. Limnol Oceanogr, 1990,35:(1): 16-23[11] Rothhaupt K O. Changes of the functional responses of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus with particle sizes[J]. Limnol Oceanogr, 1990, 35(1):24-32[12] Awaiss A, Kestemont P, Micha J C. Nutritional suitability of the rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, for rearing freshwater fish larvae[J]. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 1992, 8(1-4):263-270[13] Awaiss A, Kestemont P, Micha J C. An investigation into the mass-production of the fresh-water rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Palls. 1. An ecophysiological approach to nutrition [J]. Aquaculture, 1992,105(3-4):325-336[14] Isik O, Sarihan E, Kusvuran E, et al. Comparison of the fatty acid composition of the freshwater fish larvae, Tilapia zillii, the rotifer, Brachionus, calyciflorus, and the microalgae, Scenedesmus abundans, Monoraphidium minitum and Chlorella vulgaris in the algae-rotifer-fish larvae food chains [J]. Aquaculture, 1999, 174(3-4):299-311[15] Oltra R, Todoli R, Bosque T, et al. Life history and fatty acid composition of the marine rotifer Synchaeta cecilia valentina fed different algae [J]. Marine Ecology-progress series, 2000,193:125-133[16] Wang J Q, Li D S, Cao J X. Comparative studies on feed efficiency of five freshwater planktonic algae for the rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus.--Optimal algae densities and corresponding population increases of the rotifer[J]. Oceanologia et Limnolohia Sinica, 1998,29(1):15-21.[王金秋,李德尚,曹吉祥. 5种淡水浮游藻对萼花臂尾轮虫饵料效果的比较研究--藻的最适密度及轮虫相应的种群增长[J]. 海洋与湖沼,1998,29(1):15-21][17] Wang J Q, Li D X. Feeding effect of yeast and yeast-alga mixture on Brachionus calyciflorus [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1998,9(3):301-304.[王金秋,李德尚.酵母及与藻类搭配对萼花臂尾轮虫饵料效果的研究[J]. 应用生态学报,1998,9(3):301-304][18] Zhang Z S, Huang X F. Investigation method of freshwater plankton[M]. Beijing: Science Press,1991,342-344.[章宗涉,黄祥飞. 淡水浮游生物研究方法.北京:科学出版社,1991,342-344][19] Li S H, Zhu H. Experiment of mass culture of the single algae. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1959,4:463-463. [黎尚豪,朱惠.单细胞藻类的大量培养试验[J].水生生物学集刊,1959,4:463-463][20] Guillard R R L, Lorenzen C J. Yellow-green algae with chlorophyllide [J]. C J Phycol, 1972,8:10-14[21] Wang J Q. Effects of ecological factors on the population dynamic of Brachionus calyciflorus--The effect of temperature and food density [J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 1995,(4):21-27.[王金秋. 影响萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的生态学因子的研究--温度和饵料密度的影响[J].海洋湖沼通报,1995,(4):21-27][22] Osborne D R, Voont P. The analysis of nutrients in foods[M]Beijing:Academic Press, 1978. [胡正芝,刘仪,尹宗伦译. 食品中营养素的分析. 北京:科学出版社,1987,150][23] Wang Y Y. conspectus of nutrition for fish and shrimp[M]Xiamen: Xiamen University Press,1993,21. [王渊源.鱼虾营养概论.厦门:厦门大学出版社,1993,21][24] Yang J S, Li F X, Guan Y H. Fodder study of amino acid[M]. Beijing: Agriculture Press, 1989,44-47. [杨嘉实,李复兴,关彦华.氨基酸饲料学.北京:农业出版社.1989,44-47][25] Frolov A V, Pankov S L, Geradze K N, et al. Influence of biochemical composition of food on the biochemical composition of the rotiferBrachionus plicatilis [J]. Aquacuture, 1991,97(2-3):181-202[26] Chen G M, Huang X Q. Nutrition and fodder of fish [M]. Beijing: Ocean Press, 1987. [陈国铭,黄小秋译.鱼类的营养和饲料[M]. 北京:海洋出版社,1987][27] Stemberger R A. General approach to the culture of planktonic rotifer [J]. Can J Fish Aquat Sci, 1981,38:721-724[28] May L. Culturing freshwater, planktonic rotifers on the Rhodomonas minutaVar,nannoplanctica Skuja and Stichococcus bacillaris Nageli[J]. J Plankton Res, 1987,9:1217-1223[29] Ye G R. Linolenic acid may be change to DHA in body [M]. Beijing: Agriculture press,1991. 25-28. [叶桂蓉译(铃木平光). 亚麻酸在体内可转换成DHA. 吃鱼健脑. 北京:农业出版社. 1991,25-28]

    Corner E D S, Cowey C B. Biochemical studies on the production of marine zooplankton [J]. Biol Res,1968,43:393-426[2] Cheng Y X, Wang W, Wu J M, et al. Effect of dietary lipid sources on fatty acid composition of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2001, 8(4):52-57[3] Biolo M, Rosenthal H, Sindermann C J. Realims in aquaculture: Achievement, Connstraints, Perpectives[M]. European Aquaculture Society, Bredene, Belgium, 1986, 77-106[4] Burns C W. The relationship between the body size of filter-feeding cladocera and the maximum size of particle ingestion. [J]. Limnol Oceanogr, 1968, 13:675-678[5] Porter K R R. Selective grazing and differential digestion of algae by zooplankton [J]. Nature, 1973,44:179-180[6] Lampert W, Fleckner W, Rai H, et al. Phytoplankton control by grazing zooplankton: A study on the spring clear water phase [J]. Limnol Oceannogr, 1986, 31:478-480[7] Lampert W. Laboratory studies on zooplankton cyanobacteria interaction [J]N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res,1987,21:483-490[8] Skogstad A, Granskog L, Klaveness D. Growth of freshwater ciliates of fered planktonic algae as food [J]. J Plankton Res, 1987,9:503-512[9] Burns C W. Insights into zooplankton-cyanobacteria interactions derived from enclosure studies [J]N Z J Mar Freshwater Rev, 1987,21:477-482[10] Rothhaupt K O. Differences in particle size dependent feeding efficiencies of closely related rotifer species [J]. Limnol Oceanogr, 1990,35:(1): 16-23[11] Rothhaupt K O. Changes of the functional responses of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus with particle sizes[J]. Limnol Oceanogr, 1990, 35(1):24-32[12] Awaiss A, Kestemont P, Micha J C. Nutritional suitability of the rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, for rearing freshwater fish larvae[J]. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 1992, 8(1-4):263-270[13] Awaiss A, Kestemont P, Micha J C. An investigation into the mass-production of the fresh-water rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Palls. 1. An ecophysiological approach to nutrition [J]. Aquaculture, 1992,105(3-4):325-336[14] Isik O, Sarihan E, Kusvuran E, et al. Comparison of the fatty acid composition of the freshwater fish larvae, Tilapia zillii, the rotifer, Brachionus, calyciflorus, and the microalgae, Scenedesmus abundans, Monoraphidium minitum and Chlorella vulgaris in the algae-rotifer-fish larvae food chains [J]. Aquaculture, 1999, 174(3-4):299-311[15] Oltra R, Todoli R, Bosque T, et al. Life history and fatty acid composition of the marine rotifer Synchaeta cecilia valentina fed different algae [J]. Marine Ecology-progress series, 2000,193:125-133[16] Wang J Q, Li D S, Cao J X. Comparative studies on feed efficiency of five freshwater planktonic algae for the rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus.--Optimal algae densities and corresponding population increases of the rotifer[J]. Oceanologia et Limnolohia Sinica, 1998,29(1):15-21.[王金秋,李德尚,曹吉祥. 5种淡水浮游藻对萼花臂尾轮虫饵料效果的比较研究--藻的最适密度及轮虫相应的种群增长[J]. 海洋与湖沼,1998,29(1):15-21][17] Wang J Q, Li D X. Feeding effect of yeast and yeast-alga mixture on Brachionus calyciflorus [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1998,9(3):301-304.[王金秋,李德尚.酵母及与藻类搭配对萼花臂尾轮虫饵料效果的研究[J]. 应用生态学报,1998,9(3):301-304][18] Zhang Z S, Huang X F. Investigation method of freshwater plankton[M]. Beijing: Science Press,1991,342-344.[章宗涉,黄祥飞. 淡水浮游生物研究方法.北京:科学出版社,1991,342-344][19] Li S H, Zhu H. Experiment of mass culture of the single algae. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1959,4:463-463. [黎尚豪,朱惠.单细胞藻类的大量培养试验[J].水生生物学集刊,1959,4:463-463][20] Guillard R R L, Lorenzen C J. Yellow-green algae with chlorophyllide [J]. C J Phycol, 1972,8:10-14[21] Wang J Q. Effects of ecological factors on the population dynamic of Brachionus calyciflorus--The effect of temperature and food density [J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 1995,(4):21-27.[王金秋. 影响萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的生态学因子的研究--温度和饵料密度的影响[J].海洋湖沼通报,1995,(4):21-27][22] Osborne D R, Voont P. The analysis of nutrients in foods[M]Beijing:Academic Press, 1978. [胡正芝,刘仪,尹宗伦译. 食品中营养素的分析. 北京:科学出版社,1987,150][23] Wang Y Y. conspectus of nutrition for fish and shrimp[M]Xiamen: Xiamen University Press,1993,21. [王渊源.鱼虾营养概论.厦门:厦门大学出版社,1993,21][24] Yang J S, Li F X, Guan Y H. Fodder study of amino acid[M]. Beijing: Agriculture Press, 1989,44-47. [杨嘉实,李复兴,关彦华.氨基酸饲料学.北京:农业出版社.1989,44-47][25] Frolov A V, Pankov S L, Geradze K N, et al. Influence of biochemical composition of food on the biochemical composition of the rotiferBrachionus plicatilis [J]. Aquacuture, 1991,97(2-3):181-202[26] Chen G M, Huang X Q. Nutrition and fodder of fish [M]. Beijing: Ocean Press, 1987. [陈国铭,黄小秋译.鱼类的营养和饲料[M]. 北京:海洋出版社,1987][27] Stemberger R A. General approach to the culture of planktonic rotifer [J]. Can J Fish Aquat Sci, 1981,38:721-724[28] May L. Culturing freshwater, planktonic rotifers on the Rhodomonas minutaVar,nannoplanctica Skuja and Stichococcus bacillaris Nageli[J]. J Plankton Res, 1987,9:1217-1223[29] Ye G R. Linolenic acid may be change to DHA in body [M]. Beijing: Agriculture press,1991. 25-28. [叶桂蓉译(铃木平光). 亚麻酸在体内可转换成DHA. 吃鱼健脑. 北京:农业出版社. 1991,25-28]
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