RIVER BANK HABITAT ASSESSMENT OF THE YANGTZE FINLESS PORPOISE IN THE MAIN STEM OF MIDDLE-LOWER YANGTZE RIVER
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摘要: 栖息地环境质量直接影响长江江豚的种群数量与分布, 但当前长江中下游全尺度的江豚栖息地质量状况尚不清楚。研究于2017年11月10日至12月17日“2017年长江江豚生态科学考察”期间, 使用相机拍照采样的方法, 开展了长江中下游干流宜昌至上海江段江豚岸线栖息地质量现状调查。一共采集了794个有效岸线样点, 观察到江豚318次631头次。卡方拟合优度检验结果显示, 江豚在自然岸线的观测频数占比显著性高于其期望频数占比(χ2=68.99, P<0.001), 而在半自然岸线和固化岸线中结果却相反(χ2=39.26, P<0.001; χ2=12.15, P<0.001), 自然岸线是江豚偏好分布的栖息地类型。同时调查表明长江中下游干流自然岸线受到严重破坏, 半自然岸线和固化岸线占比达45.47%。此外, 岸线栖息地破碎化显著, 自然岸线的区域中间都间杂了半固化的或者完全固化的岸线, 这可能是导致长江干流江豚破碎化分布的主要原因。当前长江中下游干流岸线栖息地质量衰退与破碎化现象十分显著, 是江豚生存的重要威胁, 建议实施硬化岸线的自然恢复和重建破碎化岸线的连通性。Abstract: Habitat quality can directly affect population abundance and distribution of the Yangtze finless porpoise. This study investigated habitat status of both south and north banks of the main stem of the Yangtze River by taking high-resolution digital photos systematically during the 2017 Yangtze Freshwater Dolphin Expedition from 10th November to 17th December, 2017. The survey area covered the entire middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Yichang to Shanghai (1669 km in length) and a total of 794 photo samples were collected. We recorded 318 sightings with 631 individuals of the Yangtze finless porpoise. The Chi-squared goodness of fit test revealed that proportions of observed frequency are significantly higher than the expected frequency in natural river banks (χ2=69.81, P<0.001). Whereas the result is opposite in the semi-natural and solidified river banks (χ2=39.26, P<0.001; χ2=12.15, P<0.001), indicating that the natural river banks were the preferred habitat of the Yangtze finless porpoise. The length of the semi-natural river and solidified banks accounted for 45.47% of the total length of the river bank, which intermingled with the patches of the natural river banks, demonstrating that the natural habitat was severely degraded and highly fragmented to impact the distribution of the Yangtze finless porpoise. Our study suggested that habitat degradation and fragmentation pose a significant threat to the survival of the Yangtze finless porpoise. Future conservation research and practice should focus on habitat restoration of the solidified river banks to reestablish and enhance habitat connectivity.
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Keywords:
- Yangtze finless porpoise /
- Yangtze River /
- Habitat assessment /
- Fragmentation
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图 2 长江中下游干流岸线环境现状
Figure 2. The river bank status of the main stem of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
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图 3 三种岸线类型中江豚目击的观测频数分布与期望频数分布(误差条表示各观测频数占比的95%置信区间)
Figure 3. Observed and expected frequent distribution of individuals in three river bank types (Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals for each observed frequencies proportion)
表 1 岸线拍摄影像判读指标及标准
Table 1 Indicators and criteria for river bank images
岸线类型Type of river banks 判读标准Criteria 自然泥质或沙质岸线Muddy or sandy river bank 迎水坡面为裸露的洲滩, 自然长草, 底质为泥质或者沙质Riverside slope is covered by plants and the substrate is muddy or sandy 自然岩石质岸线Rocky river bank 迎水坡面为岩石质, 少量有自然长草Riverside slope is covered by rocks and sporadic plants 自然岸线+抛石护坡Natural river bank and riprapping revetment 迎水坡面堤脚用干砌块石、浆砌块石或浆砌预制块进行加固, 上半部分自然长草Lower parts of the riverside slope of the levee are reinforced with riprap and upper parts remains natural 自然岸线+水泥护坡Natural river bank and concrete revetment 迎水坡面堤脚用水泥混凝土硬化加固, 上半部分自然长草Lower parts of the riverside slope of the levee are reinforced with concrete and upper part remains natural 水泥护坡Concrete revetment 迎水坡面全部被水泥混凝土硬化加固Riverside slope is reinforced with concrete 抛石护坡Riprapping revetment 迎水坡面全部被干砌块石、浆砌块石或浆砌预制块进行加固Riverside slope is reinforced with riprap 水泥+抛石护坡Concrete and riprapping revetment 迎水坡面一部分用混凝土加固, 另一部分用干砌块石、浆砌块石或浆砌预制块进行加固Riverside slope is partially reinforced with concrete and partially reinforced with riprap 
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表 2 长江中下游干流不同区域岸线现状
Table 2 Length of differently types of river banks in the three sections of the middle and lower reachesof the Yangtze River
区域Area 北岸岸线长度Length of the north river bank (km) 南岸岸线长度Length of the south river bank (km) 自然Natural 半自然Semi-natural 固化Solidified 自然Natural 半自然Semi-natural 固化Solidified 宜昌-鄂州Yichang-Ezhou 382 148 168 308 199 191 鄂州-华阳Ezhou-Huayang 142 23 44 138 30 41 华阳-上海Huayang-Shanghai 322 103 315 411 54 275
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