THE EFFECT OF PREDATION ACCLIMATION ON SWIMMING BEHAVIOR, STRESS AND IMMUNE RESPONSES OF JUVENILE MYXOCYPRINUS ASIATICUS AND SPINIBARBUS SINENSIS
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摘要: 鱼类对环境的行为和生理适应能力与其在自然界的资源变动状况密切相关, 研究选取胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)和中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼为研究对象, 考察1周捕食者(乌鳢, Channa argus)驯化对2种鱼类的运动能力(最大匀加速速度)、特异(血浆IgM水平)和非特异免疫(血浆溶菌酶含量)指标和抗氧化能力(血浆超氧化物歧化酶活性)的影响, 及在有无捕食者急性暴露两种条件下的驯化和非驯化鱼群自发游泳行为(游泳速度、运动时间比和个体间距离)和应激反应(血浆皮质醇水平)。研究发现: (1)总体上中华倒刺鲃比胭脂鱼有更快的游泳速度、更为活跃的自发游泳行为、更高的血浆皮质醇和IgM水平; (2)1周捕食驯化导致两种鱼类血浆皮质醇水平、特异免疫和非特异免疫水平的上升, 并且中华倒刺鲃比起胭脂鱼表现的更加明显; (3)急性捕食者暴露导致血浆皮质醇水平上升, 个体间距离下降, 但后者仅在非驯化组有所体现。研究表明: (1)捕食驯化鱼类通过皮质醇动员特异和非特异免疫应对应激, 这些生理和行为的改变可能有利于鱼类增强避敌能力或加快非致死捕食损伤的快速恢复。这表明捕食驯化可作为潜在的增殖放流前的生态锻炼; (2)2种鱼类的行为、免疫等生理基础状态及其对外界刺激的响应程度不尽相同, 未来相似的环境变化可能对两种鱼类的资源产生不同影响。Abstract: Whether fish species can adjust their physiological and behavioral traits well to the change of environmental condition of their habitats are key for the future fate of the local population. The aim of the present study was to investigate the physiological and behavioral responses of two endangered fish species, i.e. Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus) and Qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) subjected to short-term predation acclimation. We measured the maximum acceleration swimming speed (Ucat), spontaneous shoal behavior (percent time spent moving, median swimming speed and inter-individual distance), innate immune indicator (plasma lysosome activity), specific immune indicator (plasma IgM level), and antioxidant defense ability (plasma SOD activity) of either predation acclimated (reared with snakehead, Channa argus without direct contact) or non-acclimated (as control) juveniles of Chinese sucker and Qingbo for a period of 1 week. The plasma cortisol level and spontaneous activity were measured under both predator present and predator absent conditions. The main results of this study are as follows: (1) Qingbo showed stronger swimming capacity, more active spontaneous behavior, higher plasma cortisol and IgM levels as well as more profound response of both plasma cortisol and IgM level to predation acclimation, compared to those of Chinese sucker. (2) predation acclimation elicited higher plasma cortisol and IgM levels and higher plasma lysosome activity, especially in Qingbo. (3) acute predator exposure resulted in higher plasma cortisol and shorter inter-individual distance whereas the later only manifested in non-acclimated groups. In conclusion, both non-specific and specific immune function up-regulated after predation acclimation possible via the increased release of cortisol which might evolved with purpose to a fast recovery after possible non-lethal hunting. These adjustments indicated that predation training might act as a potential training process for fisheries releasing in the Yangtze River water system. The distinct difference in behavior, immune system and their response to predation acclimation or acute predator exposure suggested that these two fish species might have different fate in near future due to the unpredictable change in environmental factor such as predation.
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Keywords:
- Predation acclimation /
- Behaviour /
- Stress /
- Homeostasis /
- Immune response /
- Physiological response
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图 1 捕食驯化对胭脂鱼和中华倒刺鲃游泳速度、血浆免疫和抗氧化指标的影响(平均值±标准误, 游泳速度: n=9; 其他; n=6)
不同字母者(a, b)表示胭脂鱼和中华倒刺鲃存在种间差异(P<0.05); 星号(*)表示对照组和捕食驯化组数据存在差异(P<0.05)。
Figure 1. Effect of predation acclimation on variables of Chinese sucker and Qingbo (Mean±SE, n=9 for swimming speed and n=6 for other variables)
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图 2 捕食驯化和急性捕食者暴露对胭脂鱼和中华倒刺鲃运动能力和自发游泳行为的影响(平均值±标准误, 血浆皮质醇: n=6或自发行为: n=5)
所有指标中华倒刺鲃显著高于胭脂鱼(P<0.05, 详见表 3); 不同字母者(a, b)表示对照组和捕食驯化组间存在差异(P<0.05); 星号(*)表示有、无急性捕食者暴露个体存在差异(P<0.05)。
Figure 2. Effect of predation acclimation and acute predator exposure on variables of Chinese sucker and Qingbo(Mean±SE, n=6 for plasma cortisol level and n=5 for other variables)
表 1 捕食驯化对胭脂鱼和中华倒刺鲃鱼体大小的影响(平均值±标准误, n=135)
Table 1 The body length and body mass of two fish species in the present study (Mean±SE, n=135)
指标Index 胭脂鱼Chinese sucker 中华倒刺鲃Qingbo 对照组Control 捕食组Predation t-test 对照组Control 捕食组Predation t-test 体长Body length (cm) 6.41±0.05 6.64±0.05 P=0.082 7.29±0.03 7.39±0.03 P=0.178 体重Body mass (mg) 4.82±0.11 5.53±0.13 P=0.032 7.49±0.08 7.69±0.08 P=0.348 
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表 2 种类和捕食驯化对实验参数的双因素协方差统计分析表
Table 2 The effect of species and predation acclimation on the measured variables based on a two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
指标Index 最大游泳速度Ucat 免疫球蛋白M水平IgM 溶菌酶含量Lysozyme 超氧化物歧化酶活性SOD 协变量Covariate F1,31=6.913
P=0.021F1, 19=10.275
P =0.606F1, 19=5.755
P=0.027F1, 19=2.327
P=0.144种类影响Species effect (S) F1,31=184.070
P<0.001F1, 19=58.643
P<0.001F1, 19=3.602
P=0.073F1, 19=2.407
P=0.137处理影响Treatment effect (T) F1,31=0.395
P=0.534F1, 19=31.227
P<0.001F1, 19=43.673
P<0.001F1,19=2/712
P=0.116交互作用S×T F1,31=0.993
P=0.327F1, 19=11.193
P=0.003F1, 19=1.501
P=0.235F1, 19=0.412
P=0.529
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表 3 种类、捕食驯化和急性捕食者暴露对血浆皮质醇水平和自发游泳行为参数的三因素协方差分析表
Table 3 The effect of species, predation acclimation and predator exposure on plasma cortisol level and variables of spontaneous shoaling behavior based on a three-way ANCOVA in the present study
指标Index 皮质醇
Cortisol游泳速度中值
Median speed运动时间比
Time spent moving个体间距离
Inter-individual distance协变量Covariate F1,63=4.476
P=0.038种类影响Species effect (S) F1,63=46.949
P<0.001F1,32=5.739
P=0.023F1,32=65.579
P<0.001F1,32=21.194
P<0.001处理影响Treatment effect (T) F1,63=17.203
P<0.001F1,32=1.019
P=0.320F1,32=1.641
P=0.209F1,32=0.157
P=0.695暴露影响Exploration effect (E) F1,63=18.489
P<0.001F1,32=0.251
P=0.620F1,32=2.809
P=0.104F1,32=4.147
P=0.049交互作用S×T F1,63=0.929
P=0.339F1,32=0.061
P=0.806F1,32=0.017
P=0.897F1,32=0.681
P=0.415交互作用S×E F1,63=12.805
P=0.001F1,32=0.025
P=0.877F1,32=0.054
P=0.818F1,32=0.002
P=0.964交互作用T×E F1,63=0.653
P=0.422F1,32=0.005
P=0.946F1,32=0.041
P=0.841F1,32=4.679
P=0.038交互作用S×T×E F1,63=2.097
P=0.153F1,32=0.282
P=0.599F1,32=0.857
P=0.361F1,32=0.067
P=0.797
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