ASSESSMENT OF SEVERAL FISHING GEAR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ON ECONOMIC SPECIES YIELD AND BIOCOMMUNITY IN ZHOUSHAN FISHING GROUND FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MIXED FISHERIES
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摘要:
为了探究混合渔业中不同捕捞渔具捕捞努力量变化对渔业活动经济效益及生态效益带来的潜在影响, 研究根据2022年在舟山渔场作业的4种渔船的渔捞日志数据, 构建舟山渔场质量谱模型(Size Spectrum Model, SSM), 评估了混合渔业中各作业方式捕捞变化对各物种产量、生物量和生物群落结构的影响。研究通过对13种渔具管理场景进行模拟, 分析不同场景下各物种产量的年际变化趋势, 并结合群落总生物量、大型鱼类指数、平均体重、平均最大体重和质量谱斜率5种群落生态指标监测群落对不同捕捞活动水平的响应。结果显示: (1)当拖网捕捞努力量下降时, 群落总生物量、平均体重及大型鱼类资源量明显上升, 银鲳(Pampus argenteus)、黑鮟鱇(Lophiomus setigerus)和大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)资源量有所回升, 黑鮟鱇和大黄鱼产量显著提高; (2)张网捕捞努力量下降会使群落总生物量有所上升, 海鳗(Muraenesox spp.)、棘头梅童(Collichthys lucidus)和带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)资源量有所回升, 海鳗产量显著提高。相反, 当张网捕捞努力量上升时, 棘头梅童生物量资源及产量逐年下降; (3)当拖虾网捕捞努力量下降时, 总产量及群落总生物量有所下降, 管鞭虾(Solenocera spp.)和大黄鱼资源量有所回升。而当拖虾网捕捞努力量上升, 总产量及群落总生物量有所上升; (4)刺网捕捞努力量变化对于渔业产量、生物量及群落结构影响较小。研究结果对于保护舟山渔场各经济物种资源可持续利用及制定可行和更有效的渔业管理策略提供参考。
Abstract:In order to explore the potential effects of different fishing gear and fishing efforts on the economic and ecological benefits of fishery activities in mixed fisheries, the Size Spectrum Model (SSM) was constructed based on the fishing log data from four types of vessels operating in the Zhoushan fishing ground in 2022. The study evaluated the effects of changes in fishing methods on the yield, biomass, and community structure of each species in the mixed fishery. Thirteen fishing gear management scenarios were simulated, and the interannual variation trends in species yield under different scenarios were analyzed. Additionally, community responses to different levels of fishing activity were monitored using five ecological indicators: total community biomass, large fish index, mean weight, mean maximum weight, and size spectrum slope. The results showed that: (1) When trawling effort decreased, the total biomass, average body weight, and large fish resources increased significantly, particularly for Pampus argenteus, Lophiomus setigerus, and Larimichthys crocea. The yield of Lophiomus setigerus and Larimichthys crocea also increased significantly. (2) The total biomass of the community increased with the decrease of stow net fishing effort, leading to the recovery of Muraenesox spp., Collichthys lucidus, and Trichiurus lepturus. The yield of Muraenesox spp. increased significantly. On the contrary, as net fishing effort increased, the biomass resources and yield of the plum child decreased year by year. (3) When the fishing effort of the shrimp net decreased, the total yield and total biomass of the community decreased, while the resources of Solenocera spp. and Larimichthys crocea increased. When the fishing effort of shrimp net increased, the total production and biomass of community increased. (4) The change in gillnet fishing effort had little effect on fishery yield, biomass, and community structure. The research results provide important insights for the sustainable use of economic species resources in the Zhoushan fishing ground, and they can help managers better understand the potential impact of changes in fishing effort of various fishing gear on fishery output and community ecology, so as to formulate feasible and more effective fishery management strategies according to the importance of species and the actual situation of fishing vessels.
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Keywords:
- Mixed fisheries /
- Zhoushan fishing ground /
- Size spectrum model /
- Fishing effort /
- Fishery yield
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表 1 质量谱模型方程总结
Table 1 Summary of equations in the multispecies size-spectrum model
过程
Process子过程(符号)
Sub-process (symbol)方程
Equation相遇及消耗
Encounter and consumption摄食选择性Prey size selection ($ {\phi }_{} $) $ {\phi }_{i}\left(\dfrac{{w}_{p}}{w}\right)=\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left[-{\left(\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\left(\dfrac{w}{{w}_{p}{\beta }_{i}}\right)\right)}^{2}/\left(2{\sigma }_{i}^{2}\right)\right] $ (1) 食物相遇概率Encountered food (E) $ {E}_{i}\left(w\right)={V}_{i}\left(w\right)\sum _{i}{\theta }_{i}\int {N}_{i}\left(w\right)\varphi \left(\dfrac{{w}_{p}}{w}\right){w}_{p}\mathrm{d}{w}_{p} $ (2) 体积搜索率Volumetric search rate (V) $ {V}_{i}\left(w\right)=\left[\dfrac{{f}_{0}h{\beta }^{2-\lambda }}{\left(1-{f}_{0}\right)\sqrt{2{\text{π}} }\kappa \sigma }\right]{w}^{q} $ (3) 摄食水平 Feeding level (f) $ {f}_{i}\left(w\right)=\dfrac{{E}_{i}\left(w\right)}{{E}_{i}\left(w\right)+{I}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x},i}\left(w\right)} $ (4) 最大消耗速率Maximum consumption rate (I) $ {I}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x},i}\left(w\right)=h{w}^{n} $ (5) 生长及繁殖
Growth and production生长Somatic growth ($ {g}_{i} $) $ {g}_{i}\left(w\right)=\left(\alpha {f}_{i}\left(w\right){I}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x},i}\left(w\right)-{k}_{s}{w}^{p}\right)\left(1-{\psi }_{i}\left(w\right)\right) $ (6) 繁殖能量Energy for reproduction ($ {g}_{r} $) $ {g}_{r}\left(w\right)=\left(\alpha f\left(w\right){I}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{k}_{s}{w}^{p}\right)\psi \left(w\right) $ (7) 成熟Maturation ($ {\psi }_{} $) $ {\psi }_{i}\left(w\right)={\left[1+{\left(\dfrac{w}{{w}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}}}\right)}^{-10}\right]}^{-1}{\left(\dfrac{w}{W}\right)}^{1-n} $ (8) 补充量Recruitment ($ R $) $ {R}_{i}={R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x},i}\dfrac{{R}_{{\mathrm{ep}}}}{{R}_{{\mathrm{ep}}}+{R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x},i}} $ (9) 产卵量Egg production ($ {R}_{{\mathrm{ep}}} $) $ {R}_{{\mathrm{ep}}}=\dfrac{\varepsilon}{2{w}_{0}}\int N\left(w\right){g}_{r}\left(w\right)\mathrm{d}w $ (10) 死亡Mortality 被捕食死亡率Predation mortality ($ {\mu }_{{\mathrm{p}}} $) $ {\mu }_{p,\,i}\left(w\right)=\sum _{i}\int {\phi }_{i}\left(\dfrac{{w}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{w}\right)\left(-{f}_{i}\left(w\right)\right){V}_{i}\left(w\right){\theta }_{i}{N}_{i}\left(w\right)\mathrm{d}w $ (11) 捕捞死亡率Fishing mortality (F) $ {F}_{i}\left(w\right)={\mathrm{S}}{{\mathrm{S}}}_{i}\left(w\right){Q}_{i}E $ (12) 背景死亡率Background mortality ($ {\mu }_{{\mathrm{b}}} $) $ {\mu }_{b,i}={Z}_{0}{w}^{n-1} $ (13) 背景资源Background 背景承载力Carrying capacity (κ) $ {\textit{κ}} \left(w\right)={{\textit{κ}} }_{r}{w}^{-\lambda } $ (14) 资源动态Resources dynamics $ \dfrac{\partial {N}_{r}\left(w\right)}{\partial t}={r}_{0}{w}^{n-1}\left[{\textit{κ}} \left(w\right)-{N}_{r}\left(w\right)\right]-{\mu }_{p,i}\left(w\right){N}_{r}\left(w\right) $ (15) 注: 各式中i为物种; t为时间; w为重量, w0为后代重量; σ为选择宽度; SS为物种选择性大小; Q为捕捞能力; E为捕捞努力量; α为同化效率, 使用默认值0.6; f0为初始摄食水平; h为最大消耗常数, 使用默认值40 g1−n/year; ks为标准代谢系数, 使用默认值4 g1−p/year; ε为后代生产效率, 使用默认值1; n为最大消耗指数, 使用默认值2/3; q为体积搜索速率指数, 使用默认值0.8; p为标准代谢指数, 使用默认值0.75; Z0为背景死亡率的因子, 使用默认值0.6; λ为资源谱指数, 值为2−n+q; r0为资源谱生产力, 使用默认值4 g1−p/yearNote: i represent species; t represent time; w represent the weight, w0 represent the weight of the offspring; σ represent the selection width; SS represent the selective size of species; Q represent fishing capacity; E represent fishing effort; α represent assimilation efficiency, using the default value 0.6; f0 represent the initial feeding level; h indicates the maximum consumption constant, using the default value 40 g1−p/year; ks represent the coefficient of standard metabolic, and the default value represent 4 g1−p/year; ε represent the efficiency of offspring production, using the default value 1; n represent the exponent of maximum consumption, using the default value 2/3; q represent the volumetric search rate, using the default value of 0.8; p represent the exponent of standard metabolism, using the default value of 0.75; Z0 represent the factor for background mortality, using the default value of 0.6; λ represent the exponent of resource spectrum, the value represent 2−n+q; r0 represent the resource productivity, using the default value 4 g1−p/year 
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表 2 构建质量谱模型所选物种及参数
Table 2 Species and parameters selected for constructing size-spectrum model
物种Species Winf (g) Wmat (g) β Rmax SS (g) σ Kvb Q Gear Yieldobserved (g) 海鳗Muraenesox spp. 13860.78 680.10 205 5.72×106 34.01 1.30 0.50 1 SN 1.60×109 日本鲭Scomber japonicus 2900.00 263.56 45 2.25×109 13.18 1.30 0.30 1 TN 5.50×109 鮸Miichthys miiuy 2913.00 342.00 35 2.80×108 17.10 1.30 0.32 1 TN 8.50×108 大黄鱼Larimichthys crocea 10659.05 101.33 95 1.08×107 5.07 1.30 0.43 1 TN 8.00×108 小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis 1081.15 36.75 310 4.61×109 1.84 1.30 0.44 1 GN 1.00×1010 棘头梅童Collichthys lucidus 78.90 16.00 25 2.00×1011 0.80 1.30 0.42 1 SN 7.50×109 带鱼Trichiurus lepturus 5000.00 326.27 20 8.76×108 16.31 1.30 0.42 1 SN 2.10×1010 龙头鱼Harpadon nehereus 283.00 60.40 100 4.69×109 3.02 1.30 0.55 1 GN 2.00×109 银鲳Pampus argenteus 6437.09 186.82 5000 8.90×108 9.34 1.30 0.25 1 TN 5.00×109 黑鮟鱇Lophiomus setigerus 13496.00 260.00 260 1.93×107 13.00 1.30 0.35 1 TN 1.35×109 舌鳎Cynoglossus spp. 231.00 27.00 30 3.32×109 1.35 1.30 0.57 1 TN 1.80×109 管鞭虾Solenocera spp. 22.10 5.27 10 9.83×1010 0.26 1.30 1.00 1 SHN 1.80×1010 三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus 639.29 159.82 10 4.79×108 7.99 1.30 1.62 1 SHN 1.25×1010 短蛸Octopus ocellatus 252.00 63.00 55 1.13×108 3.15 1.30 1.44 1 TN 6.60×108 副渔获物种Bycatch species 45.00 6.16 410 1.84×1011 0.31 1.30 0.60 1 TN 2.20×1010 注: Gear中TN为单拖网; SN为张网; SHN为拖虾网; GN为刺网Note: TN in Gear represent single trawl; SN represent stow net; SHN represent shrimp net; GN represent gillnet
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表 3 模拟场景及场景下不同渔具捕捞努力量变化
Table 3 Scenarios and changes in fishing effort of different fishing gear under different scenarios
模拟场景
Scenarios场景效果
Scenario effects场景下渔具捕捞
努力量变化组合
Change combination of
fishing gear fishing effort under scenarios1 拖网捕捞努力量下降 拖网↓ 2 拖网捕捞努力量转移至张网 拖网↓张网↑ 3 拖网捕捞努力量转移至拖虾网 拖网↓拖虾网↑ 4 拖网捕捞努力量转移至刺网 拖网↓刺网↑ 5 张网捕捞努力量下降 张网↓ 6 张网捕捞努力量转移至拖虾网 张网↓拖虾网↑ 7 张网捕捞努力量转移至刺网 张网↓刺网↑ 8 拖虾网捕捞努力量下降 拖虾网↓ 9 拖虾网捕捞努力量转移至张网 拖虾网↓张网↑ 10 拖虾网捕捞努力量转移至刺网 拖虾网↓刺网↑ 11 刺网捕捞努力量下降 刺网↓ 12 刺网捕捞努力量转移至张网 刺网↓张网↑ 13 刺网捕捞努力量转移至拖虾网 刺网↓拖虾网↑ 注: 表中“↑”“↓”代表渔具捕捞努力量E在当前基础上十年间等差上升50% (1.5E)或等差下降50% (0.5E); “渔具A↓渔具B↑”指将减少渔具A捕捞努力量, 同时增加渔具B捕捞努力量, 即渔具A捕捞努力量转移至渔具BNote: “↑” and “↓” indicate the gear fishing effort E has increased by 50% (1.5E) or decreased by 50% (0.5E) in the past ten years from the current basis; “Fishing gear A↓ Fishing gear B↑” means the fishing effort of fishing gear A will be reduced while the fishing effort of fishing gear B will be increased, that is, the fishing effort of fishing gear A will be transferred to fishing gear B
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表 4 不同场景下生态指标前后十年均值变化
Table 4 Ten-year average changes of ecological indicators before and after different scenarios (%)
场景
Scenarios管理策略
Management strategy总产量
Total yield总生物量
Biomass大型鱼类指数
LFI平均体重
MW最大平均体重
MMW质量谱斜率
SLOPE1 拖网↓ –11.65 +15.50 +8.58 +18.97 –0.27 +17.80 2 拖网↓张网↑ –11.95 +12.59 +9.35 +23.49 +2.13 +18.68 3 拖网↓拖虾网↑ –1.10 +19.54 +9.85 +26.58 +5.17 +19.98 4 拖网↓刺网↑ –9.24 +15.21 +9.80 +19.33 +0.94 +19.04 5 张网↓ –11.99 +12.93 +2.41 +1.41 –9.47 +14.05 6 张网↓拖虾网↑ –2.95 +14.98 +1.41 +1.41 –7.60 +14.07 7 张网↓刺网↑ –9.57 +12.33 +3.77 +1.56 –8.56 +14.89 8 拖虾网↓ –20.87 –2.33 –0.72 –6.88 –9.64 –3.77 9 拖虾网↓张网↑ –22.99 –8.84 –4.46 –12.33 –9.77 –14.36 10 拖虾网↓刺网↑ –18.49 –2.82 +0.69 –6.82 –8.49 –2.66 11 刺网↓ –6.90 +1.44 +1.37 +7.82 –0.18 +0.17 12 刺网↓张网↑ –7.63 –4.37 +0.86 +9.59 +1.74 –7.67 13 刺网↓拖虾网↑ +3.72 +4.21 +2.86 +15.79 +5.57 +2.71
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