Zarkower D. Establishing sexual dimorphism:conservation amidst diversity[J]? Nature Reviews Genetics, 2001, 2(3):175-185

Burtis K C, Baker B S. Drosophila doublesex gene controls somatic sexual differentiation by producing alterna-tively spliced mRNAs encoding related sex-specific polypeptides[J]. Cell, 1989, 56(6):997-1010

Zhu L, Wilken J, Phillips N, U, et al. Sexual dimorphism in diverse metazoans is regulated by a novel class of intertwined zinc fingers[J]. Genes Development, 2000, 14(14):1750-1764

Hildreth P E. Doublesex, a recessive gene that tranforms both males and females of drosophila into intersexes[J]. Genetics, 1965, 51(4):659-678

Erdman S E, Burtis K C. The Drosophila doublesex proteins share a novel zinc finger related DNA binding domain[J]. The EMBO Journal, 1993, 12(2):527-535

Cheng Z H. The function and trait of Dmrt gene[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Agricultural, 2006, 34(5):835-836[程子华. Dmrt基因的功能和特点. 安徽农业科学, 2006, 34(5):835-836]

Ellegren H. Hens, cocks and avian sex determination. A quest for genes on Z or W[J]? Embo Reports, 2001, 2(3):192-196

Kim S, Kettlewell J R, Anderson R C, et al. Sexually dimorphic expression of multiple doublesex-related genes in the embryonic mouse gonad[J]. Gene Expression Patterns, 2003, 3(1):77-82

Ottolenghi C, Fellous M, Barbieri M, et al. Novel paralogy relations among human chromosomes support a link between the phylogeny of doublesex-related genes and the evolution of sex determination[J]. Genomics, 2002, 79(3):333-343

Hong C S, Park B Y, Saint J P. The function of Dmrt genes in vertebrate development:it is not just about sex[J]. Developmental Biology, 2007, 310(1):1-9

Wang H, Wang T R, Yuan J, et al. Advances in Dmrt gene family of vertebrates[J]. Guizhou Agricultural Science, 2012, 40(5):148-152[汪海, 王婷茹, 袁静, 等. 脊椎动物Dmrt基因的研究进展. 贵州农业科学, 2012, 40(5):148-152]

Wang Z, Miyake T, Edwards S V, et al. Tuatara (Sphe-nodon) genomics:BAC library construction, sequence survey, and application to the DMRT gene family[J]. Journal of Heredity, 2006, 97(6):541-548

Bewick A J, Anderson D W, Evans B J. Evolution of the closely related, sex-related genes dmw and dmrt1 in af-rican clawed frogs (Xenopus)[J]. Evolution, 2011, 65(3):698-712

Picard A L, Cosseau C, Mouahid G, et al. The roles of Dmrt (Double sex/Male-abnormal-3 Related Transcription factor) genes in sex determination and differentiation mechanisms:Ubiquity and diversity across the animal kingdom[J]. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 2015, 338(7):451-462

Cao J L, Chen J J, Gan X, et al. Advances of Dmrt gene for fish[J]. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 2011, 31(1):94-98[曹谨玲, 陈剑杰, 甘西, 等. 鱼类DMRT基因的研究进展. 广东海洋大学学报, 2011, 31(1):94-98]

Bellefroid E J, Leclre L, Saulnier A, et al. Expanding roles for the evolutionarily conserved Dmrt sex transcriptional regulators during embryogenesis[J]. Cellular Molecular Life Sciences, 2013, 70(20):3829-3845

Wexler J R, Plachetzki D C, Kopp A. Pan-metazoan phylogeny of the DMRT gene family:a framework for functional studies[J]. Development Genes and Evolution, 2014, 224(3):175-181

Miller S W, Hayward D C, Bunch T A, et al. A DM domain protein from a coral, Acropora millepora, homolo-gous to proteins important for sex determination[J]. Evolution Development, 2003, 5(3):251-258

Traylor N G, Kane E G, Sombatsaphay V, et al. Sex-specific and developmental expression of Dmrt genes in the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis[J]. Evolutio-nary Developmental Biology, 2015, 6(1):13-19

Chong T, Collins J J, Brubacher J L, et al. A sex-specific transcription factor controls male identity in a simulta-neous hermaphrodite[J]. Nature Communications, 2013, 4:1814-1826

Yu F F, Zhou L, Wang M F, et al. Cloning and sequence analysis of three DM domain in Pinctada matensii[J]. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2007, 15(5):905-906[于非非, 周莉, 王梅芳, 等. 马氏珠母贝(Pinctada matensii)3个DM结构域的克隆及序列分析. 农业生物技术学报, 2007, 15(5):905-906]

Yu F F, Wang M F, Zhou L, et al. Molecular cloning and expression characterization of dmrt2 in akoya pearl oysters, Pinctada martensii[J]. Journal of Shellfish Research, 2011, 30(2):247-254

Feng Z F, Shao M Y, Sun D P, et al. Cloning, characteri-zation and expression analysis of Cf-dmrt4-like gene in Chlamys farreri[J]. Journal of Fishery Scicnece of China, 2010, 17(5):930-940[冯政夫, 邵明瑜, 孙大鹏, 等. 栉孔扇贝Cf-dmrt4-like基因的克隆、序列特征及表达分析. 中国水产科学, 2010, 17(5):930-940]

Zhou L Q, Yang A G, Wang Y Q, et al. Sequence analy-sis of DM domain in two Dmrt genes of three sex types of Patinopecten yessoensis[J]. Marine Sciences, 2015, 39(3):19-25[周丽青, 杨爱国, 王清印, 等. 虾夷扇贝不同性别类型2个Dmrt基因DM结构域分析. 海洋科学, 2015, 39(3):19-25]

Zhang N, Huang W, Xu F, et al. Expression of two Dmrt family genes in the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2015, 46(3):717-724[张娜, 黄雯, 许飞, 等. 长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)两个Dmrt基因家族的时空表达. 海洋与湖沼, 2015, 46(3):717-724]

Naimi A, Martinez A S, Specq M L, et al. Identification and expression of a factor of the DM family in the oyster Crassostrea gigas[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular Integrative Physiology, 2009, 152(2):189-196

Teaniniuraitemoana V, Huvet A, Levy P, et al. Gonad transcriptome analysis of pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera:identification of potential sex differentiation and sex determining genes[J]. BMC Genomics, 2014, 15(1):1-20

Klinbunga S, Amparyup P, Khamnamtong B, et al. Isolation and characterization of testis-specific DMRT1 in the tropical abalone (Haliotis asinina)[J]. Biochemical Genetics, 2009, 47(1-2):66-79

Zhang M, Li H, Liu A, et al. Cloning, expression and cellular localization of the Doublesex gene in the water flea, Daphnia carinata, during different developmental stages[J]. Gene, 2014, 550(2):185-192

Zhang M, Ma C, Lv W, et al. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of a Doublesex gene from Daphnia carinata (Crustacea:Cladocera) during different reproductive stages[J]. Genetics and Molecular Research, 2015, 14(2):5930-5942

Xu S L, Zhou W, Chen P, et al. Identification and expression analysis of a doublesex1 gene in Daphnia pulex during different reproductive stages[J]. Development Genes and Evolution, 2014, 224(3):147-157

Kato Y, Kobayashi K, Oda S, et al. Molecular cloning and sexually dimorphic expression of DM-domain genes in Daphnia magna[J]. Genomics, 2008, 91(1):94-101

Toyota K, Kato Y, Sato M, et al. Molecular cloning of doublesex genes of four cladocera (water flea) species[J]. BMC Genomics, 2013, 14(1):239-252

Kato Y, Kobayashi K, Watanabe H, et al. Environmental sex determination in the branchiopod crustacean Daphnia magna:deep conservation of a Doublesex gene in the sex-determining pathway[J]. PLoS Genetics, 2011, 7(3):e1001345

Zhang E F, Qiu G F. A novel Dmrt gene is specifically expressed in the testis of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis[J]. Development Genes and Evolution, 2010, 220(5-6):151-159

Yu Y Q, Ma W M, Zeng Q G, et al. Molecular cloning and sexually dimorphic expression of two dmrt genes in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobra-chium rosenbergii[J]. Agricultural Research, 2014, 3(2):181-191

Matsuda M, Shinomiya A, Kinoshita M, et al. DMY gene induces male development in genetically female (XX) medaka fish[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007, 104(10):3865-3870

Matsuda M. Sex determination in the teleost medaka, Oryzias latipes[J]. Annual Review of Genetics, 2005, 39:293-307

Matson C K, Zarkower D. Sex and the singular DM domain:insights into sexual regulation, evolution and plasticity[J]. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2012, 13(3):163-174

Kopp A. Dmrt genes in the development and evolution of sexual dimorphism[J]. Trends in Genetics, 2012, 28(4):175-184

Matsuda M, Nagahama Y, Shinomiya A, et al. DMY is a Y-specific DM-domain gene required for male development in the medaka fish[J]. Nature, 2002, 417(6888):559-563

Kondo M, Hornung U, Nanda I, et al. Genomic organization of the sex-determining and adjacent regions of the sex chromosomes of medaka[J]. Genome Research, 2006, 16(7):815-826

Indrajit N, Mariko K, Ute H, et al. A duplicated copy of DMRT1 in the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome of the medaka, Oryzias latipes[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 2002, 99(18):11778-11783

Masuyama H, Yamada M, Kamei Y, et al. Dmrt1 mutation causes a male-to-female sex reversal after the sex determination by Dmy in the medaka[J]. Chromosome Research, 2012, 20(1):163-176

Paul B, Matsuda M, Lau E L, et al. Knock-down of DMY initiates female pathway in the genetic male medaka, Oryzias latipes[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2006, 351(4):815-819

Kobayashi T, Matsuda M, Kajiura H, et al. Two DM domain genes, DMY and DMRT1, involved in testicular differentiation and development in the medaka, Oryzias latipes[J]. Developmental Dynamics, 2004, 231(3):518-526

Matsuda M, Sato T, Toyazaki Y, et al. Oryzias curvinotus has DMY, a gene that is required for male development in the medaka, O. latipes[J]. Zoological Science, 2003, 20(2):159-161

Kondo M, Nanda I, Hornung U, et al. Absence of the candidate male sex-determining gene dmrt1b (Y) of medaka from other fish species[J]. Current Biology, 2003, 13(5):416-420

Zheng Y, Wang Z Z, Chen J Z. Progresses on the study of sex differentiation genes in fish[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2015, 39(4):798-810[郑尧, 王在照, 陈家长. 调控鱼类性腺分化基因的研究进展. 水生生物学报, 2015, 39(4):798-810]

Chen S, Zhang G, Shao C, et al. Whole-genome sequence of a flatfish provides insights into ZW sex chromosome evolution and adaptation to a benthic lifestyle[J]. Nature Genetics, 2014, 46(3):253-260

Raghuveer K, Senthilkumaran B. Identification of multiple dmrt1s in catfish:localization, dimorphic expression pattern, changes during testicular cycle and after methyltestosterone treatment[J]. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 2009, 42(5):437-448

Zhang X, Zha J, Wang Z. Influences of 4-nonylphenol on doublesex and mab-3-related transcription factor 1 gene expression and vitellogenin mRNA induction of adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2008, 27(1):196-205

Kobayashi T, Kajiura H, Guan G, et al. Sexual dimorphic expression of DMRT1 and Sox9 a during gonadal differentiation and hormone-induced sex reversal in the teleost fish Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)[J]. Developmental Dynamics, 2008, 237(1):297-306

Wang D S, Zhou L Y, Kobayashi T, et al. Doublesex-and Mab-3-related transcription factor-1 repression of aromatase transcription, a possible mechanism favoring the male pathway in tilapia[J]. Endocrinology, 2010, 151(3):1331-1340

Wen A, You F, Sun P, et al. Sexually dimorphic gene expression patterns during gonadal differentiation in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus[J]. 2015, DOI: 10.1163/15707563-00002470

Veith A M, Schfer M, Klver N, et al. Tissue-specific expression of dmrt genes in embryos and adults of the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus[J]. Zebrafish, 2006, 3(3):325-337

Yamaguchi A, Lee K H, Fujimoto H, et al. Expression of the DMRT gene and its roles in early gonadal development of the Japanese pufferfish Takifugu rubripes[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D:Ge-nomics Proteomics, 2006, 1(1):59-68

Cao J, Cao Z, Wu T. Generation of antibodies against DMRT1 and DMRT4 of Oreochromis aurea and analysis of their expression profile in Oreochromis aurea tissues[J]. Journal of Genetics and Genomics, 2007, 34(6):497-509

Li X Y, Li Z, Zhang X J, et al. Expression characterization of testicular DMRT1 in both Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells of polyploid gibel carp[J]. Gene, 2014, 548(1):119-125

Hale M C, Jackson J R, DeWoody J A. Discovery and evaluation of candidate sex-determining genes and xenobiotics in the gonads of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)[J]. Genetica, 2010, 138(7):745-756

Guo Y, Cheng H, Huang X, et al. Gene structure, multiple alternative splicing, and expression in gonads of zebrafish Dmrt1[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2005, 330(3):950-957

Johnsen H, Seppola M, Torgersen J S, et al. Sexually dimorphic expression of dmrt1 in immature and mature Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)[J]. Comparative Bioche-mistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2010, 156(3):197-205

Fernandino J, Hattori R, Shinoda T, et al. Dimorphic expression of dmrt1 and cyp19a1(ovarian aromatase) during early gonadal development in pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis[J]. Sexual Development, 2008, 2(6):316-324

Marchand O, Govoroun M, D'Cotta H, et al.DMRT1 expression during gonadal differentiation and spermatoge-nesis in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression, 2000, 1493(1):180-187

Amberg J J, Goforth R, Stefanavage T, et al. Sexually dimorphic gene expression in the gonad and liver of shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus)[J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2010, 36(4):923-932

Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wang D. Studies on feminization, sex determination, and differentiation of the Southern catfish, Silurus meridionalis-a review[J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2010, 36(2):223-235

Su L, Zhou F, Ding Z, et al. Transcriptional variants of Dmrt1 and expression of four Dmrt genes in the blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala[J]. Gene, 2015, 573(2):205-215

Ma L, Wang W, Yang X, et al. Characterization of the Dmrt1 gene in the black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli revealed a remarkable sex-dimorphic expression[J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2014, 40(4):1263-1274

beda M, Merlo M A, Ortiz J B, et al. Expression profiling of the sex-related gene Dmrt1 in adults of the Lusi-tanian toadfish Halobatrachus didactylus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)[J]. Gene, 2014, 535(2):255-265

He C L, Du J L, Wu G C, et al. Differential Dmrt1 transcripts in gonads of the protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli[J]. Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 2003, 101(3-4):309-313

Liarte S, Chaves E, Garca A, et al. Testicular involution prior to sex change in gilthead seabream is characterized by a decrease in DMRT1 gene expression and by massive leukocyte infiltration[J]. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinoogyl, 2007, 5:20-35

Xia W, Zhou L, Yao B, et al. Differential and spermatogenic cell-specific expression of DMRT1 during sex reversal in protogynous hermaphroditic groupers[J]. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 2007, 263(1):156-172

Jeong H B, Park J G, Park Y J, et al. Isolation and characterization of DMRT1 and its putative regulatory region in the protogynous wrasse, Halichoeres tenuispinis[J]. Gene, 2009, 438(1):8-16

Huang X, Guo Y, Shui Y, et al. Multiple alternative splicing and differential expression of dmrt1 during gonad transformation of the rice field eel[J]. Biology of Reproduction, 2005, 73(5):1017-1024

Kondo M, Froschauer A, Kitano A, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of DMRT genes from the medaka Oryzias latipes and the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus[J]. Gene, 2002, 295(2):213-222

Sheng Y, Chen B, Zhang L, et al. Identification of Dmrt genes and their up-regulation during gonad transformation in the swamp eel (Monopterus albus)[J]. Molecular Biology Reports, 2014, 41(3):1237-1245

Guan G, Kobayashi T, Nagahama Y. Sexually dimorphic expression of two types of DM (Doublesex/Mab-3)-domain genes in a teleost fish, the Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2000, 272(3):662-666

Cao J L, Yu J H, Cao Z M, et al. Temporal and spatial expression of DMO and DMT gene in Oreochromis aurea[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2007, 31(2):129-136[曹谨玲, 俞菊华, 曹哲民, 等. 奥利亚罗非鱼DMO和DMT基因的时空表达特征分析. 水产学报, 2007, 31(2):129-136]

Wen A, You F, Tan X, et al. Expression pattern of dmrt4 from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in adult go-nads and during embryogenesis[J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2009, 35(3):421-433

Li Q, Zhou X, Guo Y, et al. Nuclear localization, DNA binding and restricted expression in neural and germ cells of zebrafish Dmrt3[J]. Biology of the Cell, 2008, 100(8):453-463

Winkler C, Hornung U, Kondo M, et al. Developmen-tally regulated and non-sex-specific expression of autosomal dmrt genes in embryos of the Medaka fish (Ory-zias latipes)[J]. Mechanisms of Development, 2004, 121(7):997-1005

Zhou X, Li Q, Lu H, et al. Fish specific duplication of Dmrt2:characterization of zebrafish Dmrt2b[J]. Biochimie, 2008, 90(6):878-887

Liu S, Li Z, Gui J F. Fish-specific duplicated dmrt2b contributes to a divergent function through Hedgehog pathway and maintains left-right asymmetry establishment function[J]. PloS One, 2009, 4(9):e7261

Bradley K M, Breyer J P, Melville D B, et al. An SNP-based linkage map for zebrafish reveals sex determination loci[J]. G3:Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 2011, 1(1):3-9

Ma W J, Vavre F, Beukeboom L. Manipulation of arthropod sex determination by endosymbionts:diversity and molecular mechanisms[J]. Sexual Development, 2014, 8(1-3):59-73

Lezer Y, Aflalo E D, Manor R, et al. On the safety of RNAi usage in aquaculture:The case of all-male prawn stocks generated through manipulation of the insulin-like androgenic gland hormone[J]. Aquaculture, 2015, 435:157-166

Ventura T, Manor R, Aflalo E, et al. Timing sexual differentiation:full functional sex reversal achieved in Macrobrachium rosenbergii through silencing of a single insulin-like gene[J]. Biology of Reproduction, 2012, 86(3):90, 1-6

Ventura T, Rosen O, Sagi A. From the discovery of the crustacean androgenic gland to the insulin-like hormone in six decades[J]. General and comparative endocrinology, 2011, 173(3):381-388

Rosen O, Manor R, Weil S, et al. A sexual shift induced by silencing of a single insulin-like gene in crayfish:ovarian upregulation and testicular degeneration[J]. PloS One, 2010, 5(12):e15281

Ventura T, Sagi A. The insulin-like androgenic gland hormone in crustaceans:From a single gene silencing to a wide array of sexual manipulation-based biotechnologies[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2012, 30(6):1543-1550

Yoshimoto S, Okada E, Umemoto H, et al. A W-linked DM-domain gene, DM-W, participates in primary ovary development in Xenopus laevis[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2008, 105(7):2469-2474

Smith C A, Roeszler K N, Ohnesorg T, et al. The avian Z-linked gene DMRT1 is required for male sex determination in the chicken[J]. Nature, 2009, 461(7261):267-271

Yang X L, Jiang H S, Yang N. Mechanism of avian sex determination and differentiation[J]. Hereditas, 2012, 34(4):407-411[杨秀荣, 蒋和生, 杨宁. 鸟类性别决定与性别分化机制. 遗传, 2012, 34(4):407-411]

Qiu X H. Research progress of sex determination[J]. Biological Technology World, 2014, 11:114[丘晓花. 性别决定的研究进展. 生物技术世界, 2014, 11:114]