1993 Vol. 17 No. 1
Open Access
Abstract：
Chemical composition and energy contents were determined for seven aquatic plants which are natural foods of herbivorous fishes Under laboratory conditions(water temperature= 30℃;dissolved oxygen=8ppm;pH=7—8;light intensity=1800—2800Lx),measurements were made on the maximum rate of consumption and digestibilities of dry matter,protein, amino acids,fat,ash and carbohydrates in Ctenopharyngodon idella and Megalobrama amblycephala fed various aquatic plants.The size range was 8.70—22.02cm in length and 10.50— 226.56g in weight for C.idella,and 8.50—24.96cm in length and 6.50—381.05g in weight for M.amblycephala. 1.In the seven aquatic plants(Potamogeton crispus,Potamogeton maackianus,Myriophyllum spicatum,Vallisneria spiralis,Najas minor,Hydrilla verticillata and Spirodela polyrhiza), water content ranged from 80.85—92.72%,protein content ranged from 1.69—4.96%,fat content ranged from 0.35—1.09% ash content ranged from 0.98—2.45%,cellulose content ranged from 0.66—2.17%,and the content of non-nitrogen extracts ranged from 2.30—9.95%. The proteins of all the seven plants contained 17 common amino acids(tryptophane was not measured),including 9 essential amino acids for fish.The content of amino acids was highest in P.crispus(36.63mg/g wet wt.)and lowest in V.spiralis(12.92mg/g).Energy content was highest in P.crispus(3.36KJ/g wet wt.)and lowest in N.minor(1.28KJ/g). 2.Maximum rate of food consumption and digestibility in the two fish species fed each plant were related to the body weight(X,g)of the fish by the equation:Y=aXb,where Y (g/24hr or %)is either maximum rate of food consumption or digestibility.As body weight increased,the relative consumption rate decreased and digestibility increased.Usually,C.idella had higher rates of maximum food consumption,but lower digestibilities than M.amblycephala.
Chemical composition and energy contents were determined for seven aquatic plants which are natural foods of herbivorous fishes Under laboratory conditions(water temperature= 30℃;dissolved oxygen=8ppm;pH=7—8;light intensity=1800—2800Lx),measurements were made on the maximum rate of consumption and digestibilities of dry matter,protein, amino acids,fat,ash and carbohydrates in Ctenopharyngodon idella and Megalobrama amblycephala fed various aquatic plants.The size range was 8.70—22.02cm in length and 10.50— 226.56g in weight for C.idella,and 8.50—24.96cm in length and 6.50—381.05g in weight for M.amblycephala. 1.In the seven aquatic plants(Potamogeton crispus,Potamogeton maackianus,Myriophyllum spicatum,Vallisneria spiralis,Najas minor,Hydrilla verticillata and Spirodela polyrhiza), water content ranged from 80.85—92.72%,protein content ranged from 1.69—4.96%,fat content ranged from 0.35—1.09% ash content ranged from 0.98—2.45%,cellulose content ranged from 0.66—2.17%,and the content of non-nitrogen extracts ranged from 2.30—9.95%. The proteins of all the seven plants contained 17 common amino acids(tryptophane was not measured),including 9 essential amino acids for fish.The content of amino acids was highest in P.crispus(36.63mg/g wet wt.)and lowest in V.spiralis(12.92mg/g).Energy content was highest in P.crispus(3.36KJ/g wet wt.)and lowest in N.minor(1.28KJ/g). 2.Maximum rate of food consumption and digestibility in the two fish species fed each plant were related to the body weight(X,g)of the fish by the equation:Y=aXb,where Y (g/24hr or %)is either maximum rate of food consumption or digestibility.As body weight increased,the relative consumption rate decreased and digestibility increased.Usually,C.idella had higher rates of maximum food consumption,but lower digestibilities than M.amblycephala.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 13-21.
Abstract：
The anterior vertebrae of nine species cyprinid juveniles,including Carassius cuvier,Cirrhinus molitorella,Coreius sp.,Erythrcoulter sp.,Labeo lohita,Magalobrama terminalis,Pseudorasbora parva,Puntius gonionotus,Rhodeus sp.,and one species catostomid juveniles Myxocyprinus asiaticus have been studied.They are similar in structure to those in the juvenile of the characin,Brycon,but exhibit two ossification centers above the anterior vertebrae.The anterior center,which represents the second supraneural,forms a plate-like bone and the second one,which may be in connection with the third and fourth supraneural,becomes the webrian complex. In the early juvenile stage of cyprinids,a bony spine appears on the upper anterior margin of the second ossification center.Two types of weberian complex growth can be recognized based on different developmental patterns of the bony spine.In Tribe Leuciscini species,the front and posterior bony spine both exist in the juvenile and enlarge themselves into the main part of the weberian complex,but in Tribe Barbini species the bony spine are weakly developed and a dorsal ridge processes from the second ossification center expands in front and behind the bony spine,forming a thin plate structure,which is the main part of the weberian complex. In agreement with the weberian complex development,the second and third vertebrae are seperated in most juveniles of Tribe Leuciscini.On the other hand,the second and third vertebrae are invariably fused in all juveniles of Tribe Barbini,representing a more derived condition.These two features of juvenile cyprinids provide clearer information on phylogenesis than the features of the adults.
The anterior vertebrae of nine species cyprinid juveniles,including Carassius cuvier,Cirrhinus molitorella,Coreius sp.,Erythrcoulter sp.,Labeo lohita,Magalobrama terminalis,Pseudorasbora parva,Puntius gonionotus,Rhodeus sp.,and one species catostomid juveniles Myxocyprinus asiaticus have been studied.They are similar in structure to those in the juvenile of the characin,Brycon,but exhibit two ossification centers above the anterior vertebrae.The anterior center,which represents the second supraneural,forms a plate-like bone and the second one,which may be in connection with the third and fourth supraneural,becomes the webrian complex. In the early juvenile stage of cyprinids,a bony spine appears on the upper anterior margin of the second ossification center.Two types of weberian complex growth can be recognized based on different developmental patterns of the bony spine.In Tribe Leuciscini species,the front and posterior bony spine both exist in the juvenile and enlarge themselves into the main part of the weberian complex,but in Tribe Barbini species the bony spine are weakly developed and a dorsal ridge processes from the second ossification center expands in front and behind the bony spine,forming a thin plate structure,which is the main part of the weberian complex. In agreement with the weberian complex development,the second and third vertebrae are seperated in most juveniles of Tribe Leuciscini.On the other hand,the second and third vertebrae are invariably fused in all juveniles of Tribe Barbini,representing a more derived condition.These two features of juvenile cyprinids provide clearer information on phylogenesis than the features of the adults.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 22-26.
Abstract：
In this paper,the heterologous genetic materials in allogynogenetic crucian carp and its artificial hybrids were analysed by using the method of dot hybridization of DNA.There were some positive dots when the DNA in two clones of allogynogenetic crucian carp and their artificial hybrids were crossed with the pieces of DNA in red carp.Based on this result,it was suggested that,in the breeding of the allogynogenetic crucian carp and its artificial hybrids, some pieces of paternal DNA can integrate to maternal DNA at random,resulting in the effect of allogynogenesis',i.e.the allogynogenetic offspring have higher growth rate and some paternal characteristics.
In this paper,the heterologous genetic materials in allogynogenetic crucian carp and its artificial hybrids were analysed by using the method of dot hybridization of DNA.There were some positive dots when the DNA in two clones of allogynogenetic crucian carp and their artificial hybrids were crossed with the pieces of DNA in red carp.Based on this result,it was suggested that,in the breeding of the allogynogenetic crucian carp and its artificial hybrids, some pieces of paternal DNA can integrate to maternal DNA at random,resulting in the effect of allogynogenesis',i.e.the allogynogenetic offspring have higher growth rate and some paternal characteristics.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 27-34.
Abstract：
The seasanal changes in the ecological features of phytoplankton community including species composition,population size,dominant species,saprobic indicators,diversity index, diatom biotic index,comprehensive index ect,were preliminarily studied at 30 sampling stations in the Dalaihu Lake,Manzhouli.By using population densities(individuals and cells per litre),dominant species,saprobic indicators,diatom biotic indices and compre hensive index as the important biological parameters,the trophic level and saprobic degree were evaluated for both the whole and subareas of the lake.In the Dalaihu Lake,the annual mean density of phytoplankton reached 54.7?06 cells per litre or 2.3?06 individuals per litre. The diatom biotic index was 149.3,the comprehensive index was 5.6 and the saprobic indicators comprised 65% of the total species in the community.In Spring,the dominant species of planktonic algae were almost entirely composed of green algae,especially Crucigenia quadrata and Oocystis.In Summer,Autumn and Winter,the dominant species of planktonic algae were almost entirely composed of blue-green algae,especially Microcystis(M.aeruginosa and M. flosaquae)and Anabaena(A.spiroides and A.flos-aquae). All these features indicate that the lake has suffered from moderate pollution and can be regarded as a blue-green and green algae-eutrophic lake.
The seasanal changes in the ecological features of phytoplankton community including species composition,population size,dominant species,saprobic indicators,diversity index, diatom biotic index,comprehensive index ect,were preliminarily studied at 30 sampling stations in the Dalaihu Lake,Manzhouli.By using population densities(individuals and cells per litre),dominant species,saprobic indicators,diatom biotic indices and compre hensive index as the important biological parameters,the trophic level and saprobic degree were evaluated for both the whole and subareas of the lake.In the Dalaihu Lake,the annual mean density of phytoplankton reached 54.7?06 cells per litre or 2.3?06 individuals per litre. The diatom biotic index was 149.3,the comprehensive index was 5.6 and the saprobic indicators comprised 65% of the total species in the community.In Spring,the dominant species of planktonic algae were almost entirely composed of green algae,especially Crucigenia quadrata and Oocystis.In Summer,Autumn and Winter,the dominant species of planktonic algae were almost entirely composed of blue-green algae,especially Microcystis(M.aeruginosa and M. flosaquae)and Anabaena(A.spiroides and A.flos-aquae). All these features indicate that the lake has suffered from moderate pollution and can be regarded as a blue-green and green algae-eutrophic lake.
Open Access
Abstract：
By using scanning electron microscope and phase contrast microscope,the authors have studied the secretion by the cultured and non-cultur cells of the pallial tissue in Anodonta woodiana elliptica,and observed that both kinds of cells have very vigorous secretion activities.The cultured cells show merocrine and apocrine secretion.There are three modes of secretion:1.The secretory end forms a bulge wraped by a membrane.The bulges stretch gradually, and then their bases turn into narrow tubes,which finally separate from the cells and become secretory vesicles(merocrine).2.Long footlike structure begins to grow at the end of the cells,pushs the secretory substances into a distance and secretes them.Afterwards,the footlike structure shrinks into its original form.3.Many narrow branches are formed at the secretory end,and the secretory substances are secreted out of the branches-like fluid(apocrine secretion).When the rim zone of chromogenesis tissue of pallial layer is cultured,dark brown conchiolin-like crystals are similar to the sustances on the outermost layer of the shell, formed in the tissue piece and on the cells;When the exocuticle tissue piece without rim zone of chromogenesis is cultured,white or pale-yellow pearl-like crystals(similar to the substances on the inner-most layer of the shell)are produced.These results show that,if cultured under proper conditions,the cells may pnoduce the secretory substances having the same property as the substances produced in vivo.It is thus feasible to obtain the cell products by mass culturing cells.
By using scanning electron microscope and phase contrast microscope,the authors have studied the secretion by the cultured and non-cultur cells of the pallial tissue in Anodonta woodiana elliptica,and observed that both kinds of cells have very vigorous secretion activities.The cultured cells show merocrine and apocrine secretion.There are three modes of secretion:1.The secretory end forms a bulge wraped by a membrane.The bulges stretch gradually, and then their bases turn into narrow tubes,which finally separate from the cells and become secretory vesicles(merocrine).2.Long footlike structure begins to grow at the end of the cells,pushs the secretory substances into a distance and secretes them.Afterwards,the footlike structure shrinks into its original form.3.Many narrow branches are formed at the secretory end,and the secretory substances are secreted out of the branches-like fluid(apocrine secretion).When the rim zone of chromogenesis tissue of pallial layer is cultured,dark brown conchiolin-like crystals are similar to the sustances on the outermost layer of the shell, formed in the tissue piece and on the cells;When the exocuticle tissue piece without rim zone of chromogenesis is cultured,white or pale-yellow pearl-like crystals(similar to the substances on the inner-most layer of the shell)are produced.These results show that,if cultured under proper conditions,the cells may pnoduce the secretory substances having the same property as the substances produced in vivo.It is thus feasible to obtain the cell products by mass culturing cells.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 40-45.
Abstract：
The kidney and spleen are the principal organs producing blood cells in grass carp. Smears from kidney and spleen revealed three stages of blood cell development:the primitive stage,the immature stage and the mature stage.Morphological characters of the blood cells at different stages were described in this paper.A preliminary discussion was made on the nomenclature and developmental patterns of blood cells in the grass carp.
The kidney and spleen are the principal organs producing blood cells in grass carp. Smears from kidney and spleen revealed three stages of blood cell development:the primitive stage,the immature stage and the mature stage.Morphological characters of the blood cells at different stages were described in this paper.A preliminary discussion was made on the nomenclature and developmental patterns of blood cells in the grass carp.
Open Access
Abstract：
The stability of the vaccine is relatively high.After 8 months'storage at 4℃,the antiserum neutralization titre(ANT)were 119.24±8.8(2),and was not significantly different from that at start of storage period;the relative protection of grass carp immunized with the vaccine was 83.6%.After a storage period of 8 days at 28℃,the ANT and relative protection remained the same as those at start of the storage period.The incomplete Freund's adjuvant enhanced the immune effect of the vaccine.Both relative and ANT in the booster immunized grass carp were significantly different from those in the single immunized group.
The stability of the vaccine is relatively high.After 8 months'storage at 4℃,the antiserum neutralization titre(ANT)were 119.24±8.8(2),and was not significantly different from that at start of storage period;the relative protection of grass carp immunized with the vaccine was 83.6%.After a storage period of 8 days at 28℃,the ANT and relative protection remained the same as those at start of the storage period.The incomplete Freund's adjuvant enhanced the immune effect of the vaccine.Both relative and ANT in the booster immunized grass carp were significantly different from those in the single immunized group.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 53-57.
Abstract：
Fish were exposed to either soft water or hard water containing 1,4,8 and 12 ppm ZnSO4.The sublethal effects of Zn2+ on respiration and cough frequencies were studied over a period of 15 days.Changes in the respiratory activities were recorded after the addition of EDTA.Methods for detoxication were explored.The results are as follows.(1)Respiratory frequency and cough response were apparently affected by Zn2+ concentration.The higher the Zn2+ concentration,the further the respiratory frequency curve deviated from the control,and the higher the cough frequency.These responses can be used as indices for the physiological monitoring of toxication and detoxication in fish.(2)Zn2+ toxicity was apparently lower in hard water than in soft water.(3)EDTA can eliminate or lessen the toxic effect of Zn2+;its detoxication effects were similar in soft and hard water.
Fish were exposed to either soft water or hard water containing 1,4,8 and 12 ppm ZnSO4.The sublethal effects of Zn2+ on respiration and cough frequencies were studied over a period of 15 days.Changes in the respiratory activities were recorded after the addition of EDTA.Methods for detoxication were explored.The results are as follows.(1)Respiratory frequency and cough response were apparently affected by Zn2+ concentration.The higher the Zn2+ concentration,the further the respiratory frequency curve deviated from the control,and the higher the cough frequency.These responses can be used as indices for the physiological monitoring of toxication and detoxication in fish.(2)Zn2+ toxicity was apparently lower in hard water than in soft water.(3)EDTA can eliminate or lessen the toxic effect of Zn2+;its detoxication effects were similar in soft and hard water.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 58-65.
Abstract：
Digestive enzyme activities of grass carp fed with two test diets were studied at 0,5,10 and 15 hours over a period of two weeks.The experiments showed that intestinal protease activity in the fish meal group reaches a maximal level 10 hours after feeding,but in the case of the soybean meal group,the peak appears at the 15th hour.Amylase activity reaches a maximun at 10 hours for both fish meal and soybean meal groups.Hepatopancreatic protease activity decreases immediately after feeding,drops to its minimum after 5 hours,and then increases gradually.In the case of amylase,similar changes are noticed,though they take place more slowly. In conclusion,the activities of protease and amylase in the fish meal group are higher than those in the soybean meal group.The protease activity is highest in the fore intestine and lowest in the hind intestine.
Digestive enzyme activities of grass carp fed with two test diets were studied at 0,5,10 and 15 hours over a period of two weeks.The experiments showed that intestinal protease activity in the fish meal group reaches a maximal level 10 hours after feeding,but in the case of the soybean meal group,the peak appears at the 15th hour.Amylase activity reaches a maximun at 10 hours for both fish meal and soybean meal groups.Hepatopancreatic protease activity decreases immediately after feeding,drops to its minimum after 5 hours,and then increases gradually.In the case of amylase,similar changes are noticed,though they take place more slowly. In conclusion,the activities of protease and amylase in the fish meal group are higher than those in the soybean meal group.The protease activity is highest in the fore intestine and lowest in the hind intestine.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 66-74.
Abstract：
This paper describes the morphology and changes in the major measurable characters and their ratios in 1—3 year-old Catla carla.1—3 year-old fish feed chiefly on artificial food,they also eat a large part of plankton.The taxes and ratios of plankton have been analysed.There existed a linear correlation between intestine length(Y)and body length(X): Y=6.38X-89.95. Relative growth rates and growth index in body length and body weight decreased gradually with increases in age over the range of 1—4 years.The relationship between body length(L)and body weight(W)was:W=0.00002261L3.0669.The characters of growth were analysed using Von.Bertalanffy growth equation.The estimated parameters were:L∞=821.2 mm;W∞=19616.6g;t0=0.6year;k=0.3.There was no turning point in the growth of body length.The growth rate decreased gradually with increased age.In the growth of body weight, a turning point was found at the age of 4.3 years,at which the weight growth rate reached the maximum.The fish exhibited rapid weight growth before the age of 4.3 years;afterwords, weight growth slowed down.
This paper describes the morphology and changes in the major measurable characters and their ratios in 1—3 year-old Catla carla.1—3 year-old fish feed chiefly on artificial food,they also eat a large part of plankton.The taxes and ratios of plankton have been analysed.There existed a linear correlation between intestine length(Y)and body length(X): Y=6.38X-89.95. Relative growth rates and growth index in body length and body weight decreased gradually with increases in age over the range of 1—4 years.The relationship between body length(L)and body weight(W)was:W=0.00002261L3.0669.The characters of growth were analysed using Von.Bertalanffy growth equation.The estimated parameters were:L∞=821.2 mm;W∞=19616.6g;t0=0.6year;k=0.3.There was no turning point in the growth of body length.The growth rate decreased gradually with increased age.In the growth of body weight, a turning point was found at the age of 4.3 years,at which the weight growth rate reached the maximum.The fish exhibited rapid weight growth before the age of 4.3 years;afterwords, weight growth slowed down.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 75-82.
Abstract：
The paper represents part of the results of a study on algae in a synthetic biological pond system(SBPS).Toxicity test on the alga Scenedesmus obliquus indicated that the wastewater was not toxic to algal growth but rather stimulated growth.A few malformed cells were observed in the cultures exposed to high concentrations(COD over 200mg/L)for 24h,indicating that mutagenic activity may be present in the water.AIgal growth potential in the wastewater was essentially the same as that of control. The photosynthetic production was significantly correlated with the water temperature. The bioproduction rates of water column a low and high water temperatures were 1.8—4.1 and 7—10 O2g/m2·d respectively.Stratification of metabolic process in the water column was notable. The ratio of algal biomass(fresh weight mg/L)to COD(ppm)was estimated to be 1:0.21 (±0.05).
The paper represents part of the results of a study on algae in a synthetic biological pond system(SBPS).Toxicity test on the alga Scenedesmus obliquus indicated that the wastewater was not toxic to algal growth but rather stimulated growth.A few malformed cells were observed in the cultures exposed to high concentrations(COD over 200mg/L)for 24h,indicating that mutagenic activity may be present in the water.AIgal growth potential in the wastewater was essentially the same as that of control. The photosynthetic production was significantly correlated with the water temperature. The bioproduction rates of water column a low and high water temperatures were 1.8—4.1 and 7—10 O2g/m2·d respectively.Stratification of metabolic process in the water column was notable. The ratio of algal biomass(fresh weight mg/L)to COD(ppm)was estimated to be 1:0.21 (±0.05).
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 83-87.
Abstract：
A new suctorian species,(Trichophrya bivacuola,sp.nov.),parasitized on the gill of Megalobrama amblycephala has been described.The living organism is transparent to yellowish in colour,and oviform to elongated ellipsoid in front view,with a somewhat flat body. It is od or sausage-like in lateral view and usually creeps on the lamellae of gill filament. Many small inconspicuous granules may exist within the pellicle of this suctorian.There is a bundle of tentacles at the anterior end of the body,and the number of tentacles usually varies from 4 to 8 and was 23 in one case.In contrac ed condition,part of the tentacle may show 8 to 11 spiral folds.T.bivacuola has two contractile vacuoles,which are about 7 μm in maximum diameter and located parallely near the anterior part of the body keeping about 10 μm apart in distance.They contract alternatel in living body.The macronucleus is ellipsoid or short rod-like with many coarse granular chromatin.Only one spherical micronucleus is detected.The adult or immature suctorians have no stalk.The young ciliophora have a wide ciliary band which is 6—7μm in width and consists of 7 to 11 ciliary rows.
A new suctorian species,(Trichophrya bivacuola,sp.nov.),parasitized on the gill of Megalobrama amblycephala has been described.The living organism is transparent to yellowish in colour,and oviform to elongated ellipsoid in front view,with a somewhat flat body. It is od or sausage-like in lateral view and usually creeps on the lamellae of gill filament. Many small inconspicuous granules may exist within the pellicle of this suctorian.There is a bundle of tentacles at the anterior end of the body,and the number of tentacles usually varies from 4 to 8 and was 23 in one case.In contrac ed condition,part of the tentacle may show 8 to 11 spiral folds.T.bivacuola has two contractile vacuoles,which are about 7 μm in maximum diameter and located parallely near the anterior part of the body keeping about 10 μm apart in distance.They contract alternatel in living body.The macronucleus is ellipsoid or short rod-like with many coarse granular chromatin.Only one spherical micronucleus is detected.The adult or immature suctorians have no stalk.The young ciliophora have a wide ciliary band which is 6—7μm in width and consists of 7 to 11 ciliary rows.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 88-89.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 90-92.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 93-94.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 95-97.
Open Access
1993, 17(1): 98-100.
